The Friction and Wear Properties of the Spherical Plain Bearings with Self-lubricating Composite Liner in Oscillatory Movement

A test method based on the condition simulation and a friction and wear test machine featuring in oscillatory movement were set up for self-lubricating spherical plain bearings (SPB). In the machine the condition parameters such as load, angle and frequency of oscillation and number of test cycles can be properly controlled. The data relating to the tribological properties of the bearing, in terms of friction coefficient, linear wear amount, temperature near friction surface and applied load, can be monitored and recorded simultaneously during test process by a computerized measuring system of the machine. Efforts were made to improve the measurement technology of the friction coefficient in oscillating motion. In result, a well-designed bearing torque mechanism was developed, which could reveal the relation between the friction coefficient and the displacement of oscillating angle in any defined cycle while the curve of friction coefficient vs number of testing cycles was continuously plotted. The tribological properties and service life of four kinds of the bearings, i.e, the sampleⅠ-Ⅳ with different self-lubricating composite liners, including three kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber weave/epoxy resin composite liners and a PTFE plastic/copper grid composite liner, were evaluated by testing, and the wear mechanisms of the liner materials were analyzed.

织物衬垫磨损对自润滑关节轴承动力学的影响

自润滑关节轴承在服役过程中,衬垫的磨损导致自润滑关节轴承内外圈之间产生间隙,自润滑运动副间隙的存在加速了内外圈之间的碰撞以及衬垫的进一步磨损,对自润滑关节轴承的动力学特性产生较大的影响。此外,衬垫的磨损还会导致各构件非线性特性的恶化,降低自润滑关节轴承的稳定性。为研究织物衬垫磨损对自润滑关节轴承动力学响应的影响,文中建立了带间隙的自润滑关节轴承运动副矢量模型。首先,通过修正Lankarani-Nikravesh(L-N)法向接触力模型和改进的库仑摩擦力模型,对内外圈间隙处的碰撞力进行建模;然后,基于牛顿第二定律建立了含间隙的刚柔耦合动力学方程;最后,分析讨论不同织物衬垫磨损量和不同摩擦因数条件下含间隙的自润滑关节轴承传动系统的动力学特性,并利用相图和Poincare映射图分析了自润滑关节轴承的非线性特性。结果表明:随着织物衬垫磨损量的增加,自润滑关节轴承内圈和外圈的动力学行为表现出非线性特性;衬垫磨损量一定时,随着衬垫摩擦因数的增加,系统稳定性得到提高,抑制了混沌现象的发生。

低硫条件下船舶主机缸套-活塞环磨损现状与应对策略

国际海事组织(IMO)的“限硫令”于2020年1月在全球范围内实施后,燃用低硫燃油(LSFO)成为许多远洋公司的主要选择。对多家远洋公司船舶主机燃用LSFO后的运行状况进行调研,发现缸套、活塞环等零部件存在异常磨损及故障显著增多的现象。将LSFO对船舶主机的影响以及其实际应用案例进行分析与总结,并针对燃用LSFO的主机所出现的异常磨损和故障现象提出应对策略。该研究有助于解决LSFO条件下船舶主机缸套和活塞环异常磨损问题的实际需求,希望进一步推动LSFO条件下缸套和活塞环异常磨损的机理研究。

合金灰口铸铁气缸套组织形貌与耐磨性研究

针对5种成分和组织的灰口铸铁气缸套,包括2种贝氏体铸铁气缸套和3种珠光体铸铁气缸套,全面分析了其成分、相组成及硬度等材料特性,将喷钼活塞环与5种合金灰口铸铁气缸套对磨,通过比较各配对副的摩擦磨损性能,获得了喷钼活塞环与5种合金灰口铸铁气缸套的匹配规律。研究结果表明:5种气缸套材料均为由硬质相、基体和石墨构成的复合耐磨结构,各组分的性能、分布及其配比,是决定耐磨性的关键因素。珠光体基体气缸套的磨损量相对稳定,气缸套与活塞环的相对磨损量正常;铸态贝氏体气缸套磨损较轻,配对活塞环的磨损量比珠光体气缸套大;贝氏体气缸套和活塞环的磨损均量很小。

自润滑纤维织物复合材料及其在关节轴承中的应用研究现状与展望

自润滑关节轴承是1种球面滑动轴承,因其结构简单、承载能力强、可靠性高以及免维护(不需要润滑油脂)等优异性能受到广泛关注.目前,自润滑关节轴承已广泛应用于飞机发动机、起落架、机体襟副翼以及直升机旋翼系统,其在航天飞行器、汽车、核电和水利水电等领域中的应用也越来越多.随着高端装备极限性能不断提升,对自润滑轴承的服役性能及寿命要求越来越高.因此,自润滑关节轴承寿命提升、损伤失效机制和轴承寿命预测等方面的研究变得尤为重要.本文中从摩擦学视角出发,总结了自润滑关节轴承用自润滑纤维织物复合材料的研究现状,包括织物坯布组织结构、增强纤维、树脂基体、功能增强材料以及纤维-树脂界面改性等内容.此外,文中还介绍了自润滑关节轴承寿命评价方面的研究进展,包括自润滑关节轴承试验规范及产品标准、轴承寿命试验及预测、轴承寿命及可靠性影响因素.最后对关节轴承用自润滑纤维织物复合材料的重点研究方向进行了展望.

基于声发射的缸套珩磨网纹磨损深度检测

珩磨网纹对维持活塞-缸套间润滑状态至关重要,磨损造成的网纹深度变浅会引起润滑恶化并加剧摩擦磨损,甚至造成拉缸等重大机械事故。提出一种基于声发射的缸套珩磨网纹磨损深度检测方法,从声发射信号中识别提取了网纹深度有关特征变量,通过构建卷积神经网络模型建立了声发射特征信号与网纹深度的映射关系。基于长行程往复式摩擦试验机,对不同网纹简约谷深的缸套试样在变转速、变载荷工况下实测的声发射信号进行采集分析,发现网纹简约谷深与声发射信号低频和高频段存在较强相关性。基于所建模型对早期缸套网纹磨损进行了检测评估,结果表明:珩磨网纹深度识别平均准确率达94%,证实了基于声发射技术进行缸套网纹磨损深度非介入式检测的可行性。

自润滑关节轴承在不同应力下的摩擦磨损特性

为了研究应力对自润滑关节轴承摩擦磨损性能的影响,依据SAE AS 81820对EN2584R12轴承在常温下分别进行了50%、100%和150%标准应力条件下的全寿命摆动磨损测试,并对粘贴衬垫的平板样件进行静应力承载测试。采用三维白光干涉形貌仪与金相显微镜(OM)观察静应力承载后衬垫的变形情况,采用体视显微镜(SM)、光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察不同应力下轴承全寿命摆动磨损后内外圈磨损形貌与磨屑形貌。结果表明:全寿命周期内,三种应力下的自润滑衬垫均已磨穿,磨损规律和摩擦因数差异不大,应力越大,轴承表面温度越高,磨屑颜色越深、尺寸越大,失稳期来得更早,破坏更为剧烈;应力对轴承的寿命有显著影响,低应力和中应力条件下的摆动磨损寿命分别是高应力条件的17.95倍和7.86倍;三种应力下的磨损机理均为磨粒磨损与黏着磨损的混合磨损,直接受力区的黏着磨损随载荷的增大而加剧,非直接受力区的磨粒磨损随载荷的增大而减弱。

基于CPA-FM-MEM磨粒分析的缸套-活塞系统健康状态评估

以内燃机典型摩擦副缸套-活塞系统为研究对象,设计和搭建内燃机缸套-活塞系统状态监测试验台。针对传统最大熵方法分析润滑油中磨粒监测数据存在的缺点,提出改进的分数矩最大熵方法(Fractional Moment Maximum Entropy Method, FM-MEM),并结合食肉植物优化算法(Carnivorous Plant Algorithm, CPA)对关键参数进行寻优求解。对润滑油中磨粒监测数据进行阈值划分,实现内燃机健康状态评估,然后将理论与试验相结合,以在线磨粒监测为主,从润滑油磨粒、理化指标以及表面形貌3个方面对内燃机缸套-活塞系统的运行状态进行监测,分析低速工况下缸套-活塞系统各个时间段的磨损健康状态及磨粒含量变化趋势,通过内燃机整机的在线磨粒监测试验,证明该方法可实现对内燃机缸套-活塞系统的实时状态监测。

海上平台柴油机气缸套磨损原因及应对措施

在海上平台运行中,柴油机作为关键的动力装置,扮演着至关重要的角色,但是由于特殊的海洋环境和高强度的工作负荷,柴油机气缸套的磨损问题一直是困扰海上平台工程师和操作人员的难题。柴油机气缸套磨损问题会导致机械性能下降、油耗增加以及维护成本的上升,因此迫切需要深入了解其磨损原因,制订有效的对策。将深入探讨海上平台柴油机气缸套磨损的原因以及相应的应对措施,旨在为保障海上平台运行安全和提高柴油机寿命提供有益的参考。

Tribological Properties of the Plating Chromic Layer for 38CrMoAl Cylinder Liner

A chromium layer about 100 μm thickness was plated on the 38CrMoAl cylinder liner and the chromium layer was mcro quilting milled by using quilting grinding machine. The tribological properties and wear comparison test were studied. The friction coefficient of the cylinder liner plated chromic layer and micro quilting milled is 15%-30% lower than the ordinary cylinder liner. The pits generated by micro quilting milling on the chromic layer surface had good effect of accommodating the abrasive grains and storaging lubricants, which improved the effect of the friction pair significantly. The single-cylinder machine run-in tests revealed that the cylinder liner with plated chromic layer and micro quilting milling had good wear durability, and was different wear mechanisms to ordinary cylinder liner.

Study and Application of Heat Treat ment of Multi-Element Wear-Resistant Low-Alloy Steel

The effects of heat treatment on the properties of multi element wear-resistant low-alloy steel （MLAWS） which is used to make the liner of rolling mill torus were researched. The results show that when quenching temperature is lower than 900℃, the hardness increases with the increase of temperature, and when quenching temperature is higher than 900℃, the hardness decreases with the increase of temperature. As quenching temperature is lower than 920℃, the effect of quenching temperature on the impact toughness is not obvious. When quenching temperature is higher than 920℃ , impact toughness decreases with the increase of temperature. When tempering temperature is higher than 450 ℃ , the hardness begins to decrease obviously. After tempering at 350℃, the best wear resistance was obtained. According to the service condition of rolling mill torus liner, the MLAWS is quenched from 900-920 ℃ and tempered at 350-370℃.

Effects of Friction Heat on the Tribological Properties of the Woven Self-lubricating Liner

In the dry-sliding process of the woven self-lubricating liner which is used in the self-lubricating spherical plain bearing, the friction heat plays an important role in the tribological performances of the liner. It has important value to study on the relationship between tribological performances of the liner and the friction heat. Unforttmately, up to now, published work on this relationship is quite scarce. Therefore, the effect of friction heat on the tribological performances of the liner was investigated in the present work. The tribological behaviors of the liner were evaluated by using the high temperature end surface wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to examine the morphologies of worn surfaces of the liner and study the failure modes. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） measurement and X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis were performed to study the behaviors of the wear debris. The temperature rise on the worn surface was calculated according to classical models. SEM observation shows that the dominating wear mechanism for the liner is mainly affected by friction shear force, contact pressure and friction heat. Higher fusion heat for the wear debris than that for the pure polytetrafluroethylene （PTFE） indicates that the PTFE is the main portion of the wear debris, and, the PTFE in the wear debris shows a higher crystallisation degree owing to the effects of friction shear force and the friction heat. Combining the calculated temperature rise results with the wear rate of the liner, it can be concluded that the effects of temperature rise o n the tribological performances of the liner become more obvious when the temperature rise exceeds the glass transition temperature （Tg） of the PTFE. The wear resistance of the liner deteriorates dramatically when the temperature rise approaches to the melting point （Ton） of the PTFE. The tribological performances of the liner can be improved when the temperature rise exceeds Tg but is far lower than Ton- The present study on the relationship between the temperature rise and the tribological performances of the liner may provide the basis for further understanding of the wear mechanisms of the liner as well as the relationship between the formation of the PTFE transfer film and the friction heat during the dry-sliding of the Finer.

Sliding Wear of the Hybrid Kevlar/PTFE Fabric Reinforced Phenolic Composite Filled with Nano-titania

The Kevlar/polytetrafluroethylene（Kevlar/PTFE） fabric composite can be used as a self-lubricating liner of the self-lubricating bearing.Many types of nano-particles can improve the tribological performance of the polymer-based composite.Unfortunately,up to now,published work on the effect of nano-particles on the tribological performance of the fabric composite which can be used as a self-lubricating liner is quite scarce.Therefore,for the purpose of exploring a way to significantly improve the tribological performance of the fabric composite,the tribological performance of the Kevlar/PTFE fabric composite filled with nano-titania is evaluated by using the block-on-ring wear tester.The scanning electron microscopy is utilized to observe the morphologies of worn surfaces of the fabric composites and the counterparts.The tensile properties of the composites are evaluated on the universal material testing machine.The test results show that the addition of nano-titania at a proper mass fraction of the matrix resin improves the wear resistance and the tensile strength,decreases the friction coefficient,and makes the wear volume of the composite reach a relative steady state more quickly;plastic deformation and microcutting are important for the wear of the fabric composite;a lubricating layer is formed on the worn surface of the composite during sliding,and the lubricating layer is critical for the tribological performance of the composite;the formation and properties of the lubricating layer are influenced by the nano-titania particles.The proposed study on the effect of nano-titania on the tribological performance of the Kevlar/PTFE fabric composite,especially on the evolution of the worn surface of the composite,provides the basis for further understanding of the influence mechanism of the nano-particles on the tribological performance of the composite and explores a method of improving the tribological performance of the composite.

New Mg_2Si based Alloy for Automobile Engine Cylinder Liner

New Mg2Si based alloy were prepared by mechanical alloying. Sintering temperature was from 825 to 865K, which indicated that few Mg2Si were produced at lower temperature while MgO were produced at higher temperature. Microstructure image showed that at sintering temperature of 855K, Mg2Si were mostly synthesized with the reaction of purity magnesia powder and silicon powder. Hardness and wear tests proved that the new synthetic silicon magnesium alloy had higher hardness and good wear resistance. Under the same testing conditions, it is found that the hardness of the new material is 420.50, and pure magnesium is only 41.65.In the same experiments it is also found that under the same pressure, pure magnesium alloys than silicon wearing capacity of pure magnesium is 2 times as high that of Mg2Si based alloy. It shows that Mg2Si based alloy is the ideal material for the wear parts of car engine cylinder liner because of its small density, stable dimension, high hardness and wear-resisting.

Optimum Combination of Femoral Head Size, Femoral Head Material, and Acetabular Cup Liner’s Highly-Cross-Linked Polyethylene Brand for Hip Implant

Clinical two-dimensional linear wear rate data for acetabular cup liners fabricated using approved brands of highly cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, as reported in 39 articles in the literature, were analyzed using a statistical technique called response surface methodology. The output was a series comprising16 acceptable combinations of femoral head diameter (HD), femoral head material (HM), and HXLPE brand (PB), each of which would yield the optimum wear rate (herein taken to be a wear rate of practically zero). An example of such a combination is 28- mm-diameter Oxinium? femoral head articulated against an acetabular cup liner fabricated from ReflectionTM HXLPE. The findings in this work may guide an orthopaedic surgeon’s selection of the combination of HD, HM, and PB to use in a primary total hip joint replacement.

流体润滑条件下复合润滑织构改善缸套表面摩擦性能

为了改善缸套表面摩擦性能,以YTRC2110D型柴油机为研究对象,在缸套流体润滑区域进行复合润滑结构设计.基于摩擦试验,探讨了润滑条件下复合润滑结构改善缸套表面的摩擦性能和磨损机理,并找到性能最优的复合润滑结构.结果表明,在流体润滑条件下,复合润滑结构比单一微织构减摩性能更好.相比光滑表面,单一微织构表面平均摩擦系数下降32.86%,磨损质量最多只降低9.6%,磨损表面粗糙度Sa最高只下降了16.57%,分形维数D只上升4.67%.其表面磨损区域主要为浅犁,还伴随着少量的深犁,复合润滑结构表面平均摩擦系数可以下降42.2%,磨损质量最多减少了17.6%,磨损表面粗糙度Sa最高下降26.86%,分形维数D上升8.77%.复合润滑结构接触表面通过动压油膜和二硫化钼转移薄膜共同作用,磨损表面只产生少量浅犁.研究结果为缸套表面摩擦性能的改善提供了理论依据.

活塞-缸套表面纹理摩擦磨损特性研究进展

减少摩擦损失是高性能发动机效率的一个重要方面。活塞作为发动机组成的一个重要部件,在机械损失上损耗了发动机产生的总能量的40%,近乎于占据了发动机摩擦损失能量的一半,因此在发动机活塞-缸套上制备表面织构以改善活塞摩擦副的摩擦学性能,保持发动机在实际运行中拥有良好的性能是现在发动机发展不可或缺的。表面纹理已广泛应用于改善滑动表面的摩擦性能,减少磨损、减低摩擦等是表面纹理化应用在减摩抗磨方面最直接的效果体现。主要围绕近些年发表关于表面织构几何参数对活塞-缸套的影响,从有限元模拟分析以及实验室试验研究等两个方面综述织构应用在活塞-缸套上的研究进展,再从织构形状、织构面密度、织构排列方式及其他参数方面等方面对活塞/缸套的摩擦磨损影响进行对比分析,以帮助后续研究者在该方向的研究提供参考。依据机械部件之间的磨损量以及摩擦因数体现出表面织构运用之后的摩擦学性能。最后对表面织构在活塞-缸套上的发展趋势进行展望。

润滑油缺失工况下不同活塞环涂层对缸套摩擦磨损对比研究

为研究润滑油缺失工况下不同活塞环涂层在不同温度下与缸套的摩擦学性能,选取5种商用活塞环涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜观察不同涂层的截面形貌,利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机,在润滑油缺失工况下,分别在常温、200℃和350℃条件下进行摩擦磨损试验,利用轮廓仪和光学显微镜分别观察摩擦试验后的磨损量和磨痕形貌。结果表明:CrN基涂层和CKS涂层主要为黏着磨损,对缸套磨损大,不同温度下摩擦学性能稳定;含DLC涂层主要为磨料磨损,常温摩擦因数小,高温下不同涂层有较大差异,其中CDC+DLC涂层综合性能最佳。

低硫燃油对低速船机燃烧过程的影响

收集和整理实际加注的多种低硫燃油样品,研究不同黏度低硫燃油对低速船机燃烧过程的影响,详细分析和对比燃烧过程中气缸套壁面附近高温区域的变化。结果表明:低硫燃油黏度分布跨度较大,且整体低于高硫燃油;不同黏度低硫燃油对低速船机缸内燃烧压力的影响不明显,但对放热率曲线及缸内平均温度存在一定影响;低速船机气缸套壁面在约11.5~60°CA之间都会持续受到高温影响,且壁面附近高温区域体积呈现先快速增加后逐渐减小趋势;低硫燃油的黏度越低,其燃烧过程中壁面附近高温区域占比越大,且持续时间越长,低黏度低硫燃油引发气缸套异常磨损的趋势更明显。

不同加速应力下PTFE/Kevlar编织衬垫寿命及摩擦学性能研究

自润滑编织衬垫是自润滑关节轴承中的关键材料,其摩擦学性能及服役寿命直接影响关节轴承的可靠性及寿命.为解决衬垫寿命评价周期长和效率低问题,本文中以PTFE/Kevlar编织衬垫为研究对象,分别以载荷和频率作为加速应力,对PTFE/Kevlar编织衬垫进行加速寿命试验研究,并用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对磨屑及不同阶段衬垫表面进行表征,获得载荷20~50 MPa和频率5~10 Hz下衬垫的加速寿命与不同阶段的磨损特征,通过最佳线性无偏估计法及最小二乘法建立威布尔-逆幂律加速寿命模型.研究结果表明:PTFE/Kevlar编织衬垫的磨损过程主要分为轻微磨损、稳定磨损和剧烈磨损3个阶段.相比于载荷,频率对不同阶段衬垫摩擦学行为的影响更为复杂,对加速模型的精度影响更大.以载荷为加速应力的加速寿命模型实际可靠度为98%,而以频率为加速应力的加速寿命模型实际可靠度仅为78%.在加速载荷为20~50 MPa条件下,实现衬垫的寿命预测及可靠性估计.