Friction and Wear Behaviors of Nanostructured Metals

Nanostructured （ns） materials, i.e., polycrystalline materials with grain sizes in the nanometer regime （typically below 100 nm）, have drawn considerable attention in the past decades due to their unique properties such as high strength and hardness. Wear resistance of ns materials, one of the most important properties for engineering materials, has been extensively investigated in the past decades. Obvious differences have been identified in friction and wear behaviors Between the ns materials and their corresponding coarse-grained （cg） counterparts, consistently correlating with their unique structure characteristics and mechanical properties. On the other hand, the superior tribological properties of ns materials illustrate their potential applications under contact loads. The present overview will summarize the important progresses achieved on friction and wear behaviors of ns metallic materials, including ultrafine-grained （ufg） materials in recent years. Tribological properties and effects on friction and wear behaviors of ns materials will be discussed under different wear conditions including abrasive wear, sliding wear, and fretting wear. Their correlations with mechanical properties will be analyzed. Perspectives on development of this field will be highlighted as well.

Wear Studies on Metal Matrix Composites: a Taguchi Approach

An attempt has been made to study the influence of wear parameters like applied load, sliding speed, sliding distance and percentage of reinforcement on the dry sliding wear of the metal matrix composites. A plan of experiments, based on techniques of Taguchi, was performed to acquire data in controlled way. An orthogonal array and the analysis of variance were employed to investigate the influence of process parameters on the wear of composites. The objective is to establish a correlation between dry sliding wear of composites and wear parameters. These correlations were obtained by multiple regressions. Finally, confirmation tests were conducted to verify the experimental results foreseen from the mentioned correlations.

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of FeBSiNbCr Metallic Glass Coatings

In this paper, FeBSiNbCr metallic glass coatings were prepared onto AISI 1045 steel substrate by using wire arc spraying process. The phase and structure of the coating were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning election microscopy （SEM） equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. The microstructure of the coating consists of full amorphous phase. The coating has high hardness and low porosity. Full density and little oxides are detected in the coating. The mechanical properties, especially wear resistance, were investigated. The relationship between wear behavior and structure of the coatings were analyzed in detail. The main failure mechanism of the metallic glass coating is brittle breaking and fracture. The results indicate that FeBSiNbCr metallic glass coating has excellent resistance to abrasive wear.

Effect of Carbon Nanotube on the Oscillating Wear Behaviour of Metal-PTFE Multilayer Composites

Two kinds of metal-PTFE multilayer composites, which were composed of a steel backing, a middle layer of sintered porous bronze and a surface layer of polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE） filled by carbon nanotubes（CNTs） or not, were prepared. The wear properties of metal-PTFE multilayer composites oscillating against 45 carbon steel under dry condition were evaluated on an oscillating wear tester, and the effect of CNTs on wear behaviour of metal-PTFE multilayer composites was studied. The results showed that the worn surface of metal-PTFE multilayer composites was characterized by adhesive wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear. The CNTs greatly increased the adhesion strength of PTFE in the metal-PTFE composites and thereby greatly reduced puck, ploughing, and fatigue failure of PTFE during wearing. The PTFE filled with CNTs prevented direct contact between the mating surfaces and served as fine self-lubricating film, in which the oscillating wear mechanism of the composites was changed to a slightly adhesive wear. Therefore, the CNTs significantly decreased the weight loss and obviously increased the wear resistance of metal-PTFE multilayer composites.

Fabrication and abrasive wear properties of metal matrix composites reinforced with three-dimensional network structure

Reticulated polyurethane was chosen as the preceramic material for preparing the porous preform using the replication process. The immersing and sintering processes were each performed twice for fabricating a high-porosity and super-strong skeleton. The aluminum magnesium matrix composites reinforced with three-dimensional network structure were prepared using the infiltration technique by pressure assisting and vacuum driving. Light interfacial reactions have played a profitable role in most of the ceramic-metal systems. The metal matrix composites interpenetrated with the ceramic phase have a higher wear resistance than the metal matrix phase. The volume fraction of ceramic reinforcement has a significant effect on the abrasive wear, and the wear rate can be decreased with the increase of the volume fraction of reinforcement.

Impact Wear Properties of Metal-Plastic Multilayer Composites Filled with Glass Fiber Treated with Rare Earth Element Surface Modifier

The friction and wear properties of metal-plastic multilayer composites filled with glass fiber, which is treated with rare earth element surface modifier, under impact load and dry friction conditions were investigated. Experimental results show that the metal-plastic multilayer composite filled with glass fiber exhibits excellent friction and impact wear properties when using rare earth elements as surface modifier for the surface treatment of glass fiber.

Effect of Rare Earths-Treated Glass Fiber on Impact Wear-Resistance of Metal-Plastic Multilayer Composites

The friction and wear properties under impact load and dry friction conditions of metal-plastic multilayer composites filled with glass fiber, treated with rare earth elements, were investigated. The worn surfaces were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It shows that applying rare earth elements surface modifier to treat the glass fiber surface can enhance the interfacial adhesion between the glass fiber and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as well as promote the interface properties of the composites. This helps to form a uniformly distributed and high adhesive transfer film on the counterface and abate the friction between the composite and the counterface. As a result, the wear of composite is greatly reduced. The composite exhibits excellent friction properties and impact wear-resistance.

Optimization of Wear Factors of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Using Taguchi Method

Hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmc) are found to be more superior than the conventional composite materials because of their improved mechanical properties, which can be suited for an extensive range of engineering applications. Automobile and aerospace industries widely make use of hybrid composites as they possess excellent corrosion, wear resistance, low density, and high strength. This paper displays the strategy to build the hybrid composite utilizing Stir casting Method. Present investigation includes the creation of composites utilizing boron carbide (2%, 4%, 6% volume) and Red mud (2% volume) as the reinforcements and Structural aluminium as the matrix. Experimental investigation of wear analysis of the composites was carried out according to the L9 Taguchi method. The designated number of experiments was accomplished to probe the impact of control factors on the specific wear rate (SWR) of the developed composites. ANOVA was carried out and Wt%. Reinforcement was found to be the decisive factor on the SWR of the developed hybrid composite. The Confirmatory test was successfully carried out and the computed error was found to be varying from 0.878% to 2.58%.

Wear Behaviour of Al-SiCp Metal Matrix Composites and Optimization Using Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis

Aluminium metal matrix composite is a relatively new material that has proved its position in automobile, aerospace and other engineering design applications due to its wear resistance and substantial hardness. Need for improved tribological performance has led to the design and selection of newer variants of the composite. The present investigation deals with the study of wear behaviour of Al-SiCp metal matrix composite for varying reinforcement content, applied load, sliding speed and time. Aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles are prepared by liquid metallurgy route using LM6 aluminium alloy and silicon carbide particles (size ~ 37 μm) by varying the weight fraction of SiC in the range of 5% - 10%. The material is synthesized by stir casting process in an electric melting furnace. The materials are then subjected to wear testing in a multitribotester using block on roller configuration. A plan of experiments based on L27 Taguchi orthogonal array is used to acquire the wear data in a controlled way. An analysis of variance is employed to investigate the influence of four controlling parameters, viz., SiC content, normal load, sliding speed and sliding time on dry sliding wear of the composites. It is observed that SiC content, sliding speed and normal load significantly affect the dry sliding wear. The optimal combination of the four controlling parameters is also obtained for minimum wear. The microstructure study of worn surfaces indicates nature of wear to be mostly abrasive.

Optimization of Friction and Wear Behaviour in Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Using Taguchi Technique

Al-7075 alloy-base matrix, reinforced with mixtures of silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C) particles, know as hybrid composites have been fabricated by stir casting technique (liquid metallurgy route) and optimized at different parameters like sliding speed, applied load, sliding time, and percentage of reinforcement by Taguchi method. The specimens were examined by Rockwell hardness test machine, Pin on Disc, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope. A plan of experiment generated through Taguchi’s technique is used to conduct experiments based on L27 orthogonal array. The developed ANOVA and the regression equations were used to find the optimum wear as well as co-efficient of friction under the influence of sliding speed, applied load, sliding time and percentage of reinforcement. The dry sliding wear resistance was analyzed on the basis of “smaller the best”. Finally, confirmation tests were carried out to verify the experimental results.

Research on Wheel Rail Wear for a 140 t Open Type Hot Metal Car

To maintain the safety of an open-type hot-metal car and to reduce wheel-rail wear during transportation, simulation models of the main components of such car were built using Pro/E software and then tested. In particular, the Pro/E models were imported into ADAMS/Rail for assembly and then used to construct a complete hot-metal car dynamic model. Locomotive wheel-rail attack angle, wheel-rail lateral force, and wear index were used as evaluation parameters during the simulation to analyze the effects of bogie parameter, rail parameter, and speed of the hot-metal car on wheel-rail wear. An improvement scheme for reducing wheel-rail wear was proposed based on the result of the dynamic simulation, wherein wheel-rail wear and curving performance were analyzed and compared. The simulation provided an important reference for evaluating and improving the dynamic performance of the hot-metal car. The applied effect showed that the improvement scheme is effective.

Nanowear of a Zr Based Bulk Metallic Glass/Nanocrystalline Alloy

The hardness, elastic modulus, nano-scratch resistance and wear depth for a bulk metallic glass of and its partial crystallization alloys have been measured by using nanoindentation method. The results showed that partial crystallization did not influence the reduced elastic modulus but increased the hardness, and then increased the scratch coefficient. The scratch coefficient increased linearly with increasing the hardness H but decreases when W>6.2GPa. Partial crystallization decreased evidently the wear depth, and when the load was large the wear depth decreased with increasing the hardness.

Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of SiC Particles Reinforced Zinc-Aluminium (ZA43) Alloy Metal Matrix Composites

The present paper reveals the wear behaviour of Zinc - Aluminium alloy reinforced with SiC particulate metal matrix composite. The composite is prepared using liquid metallurgy technique. The unlubricated pin-on disc wear test is conducted to find the wear behaviour of the ZA43 alloy based composite. The sliding wear test is conducted for different load, speed and time. The result reveals that wear rates of composite is reduced as reinforcement increases. For the same working conditions wear rate increases with increasing load and with increasing speed. The tested samples are examined by taking micro structure photos and analyzed for the type of wear. Dominating wear types observed are delamination and abrasion.

混杂颗粒增强Ni基复合材料的冲蚀磨损性能研究

煤炭开采、石油化工等极端工况条件下的机械装备对部分关键零部件材料的磨损性能提出了更高要求。本研究设计制备了大尺寸氧化锆颗粒(ZTAp)承载与小尺寸碳化钨颗粒(WCp)强化基体相结合的混杂颗粒增强金属基复合材料,研究了介质、冲蚀角度、ZTAp尺寸、WCp含量对复合材料冲蚀磨损性能的影响及其机理。结果表明,适量ZTAp、WCp的添加能够显著提高复合材料的抗冲蚀磨损性能。固定体积分数的ZTA颗粒,尺寸越大,复合材料冲蚀磨损性能越好,其主要失效形式为脆性剥落和疲劳断裂。WC颗粒通过第二相增强、固溶强化以及析出强化的方式,提高了基体的硬度和耐磨性,抑制了酸性介质中腐蚀与磨损的交互作用,冲蚀过程中主要失效形式为脆性断裂剥落。

金属矿山高浓度充填管道磨损规律与防控技术

金属矿高浓度充填能有效消除尾矿库和采空区危害,但充填管道磨损问题也成为制约充填效率的因素之一。基于对管道磨损类型的划分,从颗粒性质、料浆性质、料浆—管壁接触条件、管材性质和管道所处外部环境5个方面综述了充填管道磨损的影响因素;基于理论分析和现场实测归纳了5种不同形式充填管道的磨损规律,以此总结了充填管道磨损的防控技术。现有研究结果表明,不满管流时,充填管道最主要的磨损形式是冲蚀磨损,料浆流速的影响最显著;满管流时,磨蚀和腐蚀对管道磨损起重要作用,料浆浓度的影响最显著。垂直管道中,料浆—空气交界面处磨损最严重,提高满管率并采用等倍线设计可有效控制其磨损。水平直管和倾斜直管底部磨损最严重,水平弯管的底部和垂直弯管外侧为易磨部位。使用新型管道结构和耐磨管材,提高料浆均质性,优化充填骨料级配,改进充填作业制度,全面监测管网压力,革新管道磨损数据获取手段,采用数值模拟技术深入揭示管道磨损规律等措施,可直接或间接对充填管道磨损防控起到积极作用。研究结果可为矿山充填管道磨损控制提供指导。

激光熔覆WC/316L复合涂层结构及磨损性能

为改善激光熔覆过程中WC增强金属基复合涂层分解与分布不均匀的问题,采用激光熔覆技术制备了50%WC含量的WC/316L复合涂层,分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机表征了熔敷层的组织形貌、硬度与摩擦磨损性能。结果显示,低热输入量可以防止WC颗粒下沉,提升熔覆层厚度方向上的WC颗粒分布均匀性;但WC的平面分布均匀性较差,同时低热输入导致WC颗粒结合较弱,易发生脱落;熔覆过程中,粉末中15%的WC发生分解。研究表明,通过降低激光热输入量,可以制备WC厚度方向较为均匀的复合涂层,提升熔覆层耐磨性,但是需要优化WC平面分布均匀性与WC颗粒结合性能。

氮空位调控晶格畸变度强化(NbMoTaW)N_(x)薄膜的力学性质和耐磨损性

高熵过渡金属氮化物(HENs)具有热稳定性,抗腐蚀、抗氧化性以及优异的力学性质,可用作结构部件及运动部件的表面防护薄膜。然而,受HENs组元多样性的影响,宽泛可调的金属组分与HENs力学性质之间的映射关系相当复杂。本工作以(NbMoTaW)N_(x)薄膜为研究对象,基于磁控溅射方法调节薄膜生长过程中氮气流量,制备了不同氮含量的(NbMoTaW)N_(x)(x=0,0.59,0.80,0.95)薄膜,研究了(NbMoTaW)N_(x)薄膜的成分、结构、形貌与性能,并对薄膜力学性质的主要影响机制进行了系统探究。结果表明,通过调节氮空位,实现了对氮原子及金属原子亚晶格畸变度的协同调控,得益于氮原子和金属原子亚晶格的高畸变度,(NbMoTaW)N_(0.80)样品具有最高的硬度与最好的耐磨损性能。排除电子结构、残余应力、晶粒尺寸等力学性质影响因素后,进一步确认了HENs薄膜晶格畸变度与力学性质之间的直接关系。本研究寻找到一条简洁的晶格畸变度调控策略,为调节、优化氮化物薄膜性能,进而更好地解决复杂服役环境下防护薄膜的机械损伤问题提供了新的思路。

基于金属电化学腐蚀的单晶SiC表面腐蚀和磨损性能研究

针对化学机械抛光中抛光液的环境污染,提出一种基于金属电化学腐蚀的单晶SiC化学机械抛光方法.通过腐蚀实验和摩擦磨损实验,研究了电化学腐蚀单晶SiC的Si面腐蚀性能和磨损性能.通过对比Al、Cu、Fe金属在Na_(2)SO_(4)电解质溶液中对Si面的腐蚀性能,发现Al在Si面产生明显的腐蚀层,EDS和XPS检测证实该腐蚀产物为SiO_(2).采用摩擦磨损实验研究溶液组分对SiC的Si面磨损影响规律.结果表明,提高Na_(2)SO_(4)电解质溶液浓度能获得更大的磨损量,当Na_(2)SO_(4)电解质溶液浓度为1.00 mol/L时,得到最大为7.19µm^(2)的磨损量;在酸性的金属电化学腐蚀溶液中,Si面具有更好的材料去除性能,在pH=3时磨损量达到11.97µm^(2).单晶SiC的金属电化学腐蚀材料去除机制为阴极的Al金属发生电偶腐蚀反应产生腐蚀电流,促使阳极SiC表面氧化生成SiO_(2)氧化层,进而去除材料.

触土部件耐磨性分析及金属自修复技术展望

农业触土部件的磨损主要来自与土壤之间的接触,在耕作过程中,触土部件受到土壤中细小颗粒的作用导致触土部件表面发生磨损甚至失效。为提高触土部件的耐磨性能和使用寿命,降低零部件的磨损量,从触土部件的失效形式、运动学规律以及提高农机触土部件耐磨性能的方法等几个方面进行综合论述,基于金属自修复技术进行分析,以期望为我国农业触土部件耐磨性方面提供理论参考,为改善触土部件综合性能提供思路。

刮板输送机中部槽金属对磨试验分析

本文设计对磨试验,探究不同工况对刮板输送机中部槽金属耐磨情况的影响。对磨实验采用控制变量法,使用16Mn、NM400和HD400三种钢材料制作了试样,将试样置于万能摩擦磨损试验机中,分别探究了磨损行程、加载压力、滑动速度等变量对于中部槽试样磨损量的影响。结果表明,磨损行程与磨损量呈正相关;在低压低速工况下HD400的耐磨性较好,在高压高速时HD400的耐磨性较好,任意工况下16Mn的耐磨性最差。由此可得,应根据刮板输送机的运行工况选择合适材质的中部槽金属,并且在满足采煤运煤需要的前提下,科学设置刮板输送机的加载压力、滑动速度等参数,对延长中部槽金属使用寿命有积极作用。