Recent advances in wheel–rail RCF and wear testing

The wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) testing approaches for wheels and rails have been reviewedand evaluated in this study. The study points out the advantages and limitations of the existing approaches. Thebroad analysis revealed that scaled laboratory-based wear testing is widely applied. However, it is necessary topredetermine the input parameters and observing parameters for scaled wear testing for three reasons: first, toemulate the real-world scenarios as closely as possible;second, to postprocess the results received from the scaledtesting and transfer them into real practice at full scale;third, to present the results in a legible/appropriate format.Therefore, most of the important parameters required for wear testing have been discussed with fundamental andsystematic explanations provided. Additionally, the transition of the parameters from the real-world into the testdomain is explained. This study also elaborates on the challenges of the RCF and wear testing processes andconcludes by providing major considerations toward successful testing.

A dual-axis chewing simulator for in vitro wear test of dental restoration materials

The wear rate of dental restoration materials on fixed, removable, and implant prostheses is important in the maintenance of cuspate form, masticatory efficiency and occlusal stability. Many permanent restoration materials such as composite, amalgam, gold, or porcelain show enough resistance to wear, but the wear rates of newly developed materials are generally unknown. To evaluate the wear rate of these dental materials, in vivo (clinic) and in vitro methods can be used. Since in vivo investigations are expensive, time consuming, and difficult to standardize, various in vitro methods have been developed. The use of a chewing machine is considered the best method, because a variety of wear mechanisms, temperature changes, and chemical effects of food and drink can be simulated simultaneously. This paper describes a dual axis chewing simulator for in vitro wear test of dental restoration materials. It consists of 8 test chambers, two stepper motors and related mechanism, a hot and cool water circle system, and a control unit. In the chambers, samples and antagonists make chewing movements vertically and Albert Ludwigs University, School of dentistry, Freiburg, Germany (Lü XY, Kern M and Strub JR) horizontally driven by the stepper motors so that the gnashing and slippage of two teeth against each other is simulated. A weighted test object is programmed to collide with a sample under precise operator control. The antagonists strike against the samples at various speeds from a slow nudge to snapping. Sample holders are designed for installation of varying samples, from single teeth to complete dentures. Two baths, six valves, and a group of pipes are used for the thermocycling. The machine can simulate various chewing modes in the mouth, including fully programmable thermal water cycling between 5℃ and 60℃ The control unit consists of a computer system with a built in specific program. Important operations such as “Start”, “Zero point”, and “Stop” are carried out by pressing the function keys on the front board of the unit. During the programming process and the simulation, several test modes and relevant test parameters are shown on the monitor. The control unit is connected via a series of interfaces to different controlled parts of the machine, such as the stepper motors and the pumps of cool and warm water.

Mechanical Characterization of Rubber Latex-Based Carpets (Hevea bresiliensis): Influence of Rubber Latex Content and Fiber Fabrics (Cotton and Mosquito Nets) on Wear Resistance of Rubber Latex-Based Carpets

This work focuses on the development of carpets from sand, fabrics of cotton fiber and mosquito nets and rubber latex. Following a study on the choice of the best formulations, the quantity of rubber latex used for shaping varies between 14% and 18% (latex/sand + latex ratio) for the carpet with the fabric of mosquito nets and between 16% and 18% for the one made with the fabric of cotton fiber. Thus, with a mixture of sand, fiber fabrics (cotton and mosquito nets) and rubber latex, carpets were developed. In addition, the wear test carried out on these samples indicates that it is possible to produce carpets with the new material made of rubber sand and latex: SABLATEX At room temperature. Following the characterization test, it resorts to only 16% latex with cotton fiber fabric, allowing to have carpets with good mechanical characteristics.

Dry sliding friction and wear behaviors of Mg_2B_2O_5 whisker reinforced 6061Al matrix composites

The friction and wear properties of Mg2B2O5 whisker reinforced 6061Al matrix composite fabricated via power ultrasonic-stir casting process were investigated using a ball-on-disk wear-testing machine against a GCr45 steel counterface under dry sliding conditions. The reinforcements include as-received Mg2B2O5 whiskers and Mg2B2O5 whiskers coated with CuO and ZnO. The volume fraction of the composites is 2%. The relationship between the wear rate and the coefficient of friction was discussed. The results indicate that the wear rate of the Mg2B2O5 whiskers coated with ZnO reinforced aluminum matrix composites is the lowest among the materials. As the applied load and sliding speed steadily increase the coefficients of friction and wear rates of the as-received matrix alloy and the fabricated composites decrease. As the applied load and sliding speed increase, the wear mechanisms of the composites shift from a mild to a severe regime.

基于超声强化研磨加工的GH4099合金耐磨服役性能提升研究

GH4099合金具有优异的高温热稳定性、高温力学性能和高温抗蠕变性能,用于航空发动机涡轮盘和涡轮叶片的制造,常处于高温、重载、高频的工作环境,但因耐磨服役性能差导致其使用寿命较短。通过超声强化研磨加工技术对GH4099合金分别进行0、3、6、9 min的加工,实现其耐磨服役性能提升。采用超声强化研磨加工技术对GH4099合金板表面进行不同时间的加工处理,并对加工前后的截面显微硬度、金相组织以及表面形貌进行分析。同时,通过往复式摩擦磨损试验对加工前后的试样耐磨性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:随着加工时间的增加,材料表面显微硬度逐渐增大,最大为432.83 HV,比未加工试样增加43.8%。当加工时间为6 min时,GH4099合金试样的摩擦系数为0.47,磨损率为5.78×10^(-14)m^(3)/(N·m),与未加工试样相比,分别降低24.2%、68.59%,表明超声强化研磨可有效提升GH4099合金耐磨服役性能。

高碳铬铁渣微表处混合料路用性能研究

针对道路养护工程优质石料资源匮乏,高碳铬铁渣大多采用堆存处理且利用率低等问题,将高碳铬铁渣分别以0%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%的掺量替换常规微表处混合料,通过湿轮磨耗试验、车辙试验、黏聚力试验和构造深度试验研究不同高碳铬铁渣掺量下的微表处混合料的路用性能。试验结果表明:高碳铬铁渣掺量为20%时,混合料的耐磨耗性能和水稳定性与常规微表处混合料相近,抗车辙性能略有下降,早期强度和抗滑性能均优于常规微表处混合料。

FZG齿轮试验机方法在齿轮油上的应用研究

齿轮箱设备所用齿轮油最为关键的性能是承载性能。常规理化测试不足以全面评价齿轮油的承载性能,因此国内外研究机构结合机械设备开发了许多评价齿轮油承载性能的试验方法。研究表明:简单的台架测试方法一般与设备实际工况相关性差,在齿轮试验台上使用指定几何结构的齿轮可以更好地表征齿轮润滑剂的承载性能。文章主要阐述了润滑剂对齿轮不同失效模式的影响,以及如何用适当的测试方法量化,并准确表征润滑剂的承载性能。

超薄磨耗层抗滑性能的衰变规律及其影响因素

为了精确评价沥青超薄磨耗层开放交通后抗滑性能衰变过程、机理及影响因素,首先利用弧形模具及其配套的轮碾机来制备弧形超薄磨耗层试件;然后通过驱动轮式加速加载系统对4种级配类型和3个沥青胶结料等级的沥青超薄磨耗层试件进行加速加载试验;最后借助激光纹理扫描仪对一定轮载次数作用后的试件分别进行扫描。结合试验数据分别建立了基于S型函数的沥青超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度衰变模型,以及基于灰色关联分析方法来分析各空隙率和沥青胶结料对抗滑性能的独立和耦合作用。试验研究结果显示:采用驱动轮式加速加载系统结合S型函数模型可以定量地评价和预测沥青超薄磨耗层性能的演变过程;空隙率影响超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率,空隙率越大,则超薄磨耗层的宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率越大;宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率受沥青胶结料等级影响更大,沥青胶结料性能等级越高,则宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率越慢;空隙率和沥青胶结料等级对超薄磨耗层微观构造深度中后期衰减速率的影响相当。因此,在进行超薄磨耗层抗滑性能设计时,选择大空隙率的开级配超薄磨耗层混合料级配对路面抗滑耐久性是有益的,而沥青胶结料的性能等级则可以根据交通量的大小合理选择。

长石质陶瓷磨损研究及有限元数值模拟

利用高速环-块摩擦磨损实验机在10、20、30、40 N载荷下对Sirona CEREC Blocks长石质瓷块进行3.5×105周次磨损实验,得到磨损质量、磨损速率等参数与载荷、磨损周次的变化关系,根据所得变化关系将长石质陶瓷的磨损过程分为3个阶段,观察了各阶段的磨损表面形貌。对Archard磨损模型进行修正改进并通过ABAQUS中UMESHMOTION子程序开展有限元仿真研究。在ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian)自适应网格区域选取两种节点路径,于3.0×10^(5)周次磨损工况下对4种不同载荷下的磨损深度进行仿真分析,并与实验值对比验证,结果表明10 N载荷工况下磨损深度的最大误差为12.18%,30 N载荷工况下磨损深度的最小误差为8.64%。

表面织构对滑动电接触界面摩擦学行为的影响

目的利用表面织构减摩抗磨的优良特性,将其应用于电接触摩擦表面,探讨它对滑动电接触界面摩擦磨损及电接触可靠性的影响。方法利用激光系统制备2种织构,即方坑型表面织构(SPT)和沟槽型表面织构(GT),并与光滑表面的载流摩擦学信号进行对比分析。利用ABAQUS模拟试验,分析界面接触应力、电压和位移的变化特性。结果随着试验的进行,GT表面的摩擦因数逐渐增大,并与光滑表面达到同一水平(0.7),SPT表面的摩擦因数在整个试验过程中始终较低(0.4)。光滑表面在电接触过程中发生了多频振动现象,2种织构表面的振动信号非常微弱,尤其是SPT表面,仅出现了100 Hz的振动频率。光滑表面和GT表面出现较严重的磨损现象,而SPT表面磨损轻微。有限元分析结果表明,表面织构的存在能够避免应力集中现象,GT表面的应力较大(90MPa),且始终分布在沟槽棱边。结论在电接触状态下,2种织构表面均能不同程度地降低界面的摩擦因数和摩擦力,其中SPT表面的减摩降磨效果最显著。GT表面沟槽棱边的损伤和磨屑堆积是导致其逐渐失去减摩效果的主要原因。模拟分析结果证实,SPT表面织构的存在能避免应力集中,有利于改善磨损和降低振动强度。虽然GT表面的最大应力分布也具有时变特征,但是其值较大,且分布在沟槽棱边,导致沟槽织构的减摩效果逐渐减弱。

泵用机械密封织构端面干摩擦磨损仿真及试验研究

为了减轻泵用机械密封端面在启停阶段和严重振动工况下的干摩擦磨损,对泵用机械密封织构端面进行了干摩擦磨损仿真及试验研究。首先,采用ANSYS软件建立了具有表面织构的动静环密封端面的瞬态有限元模型,基于Archard磨损理论,分析了不同织构分布间隔角度、边长和旋转角度下静环(石墨环)的磨损规律,得到了石墨环的磨损体积分布;然后,采用摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下对不同织构参数的密封环进行了磨损试验,得到了密封环磨损前后的表面形貌和石墨环的磨损质量;最后,对比分析了仿真和试验结果,讨论了不同织构参数对石墨环磨损质量的影响以及织构的减磨机理。研究结果表明:织构凹槽可以在容纳磨粒磨屑的同时生成石墨转移膜进而减轻磨损;减轻密封环端面磨损要求织构面积合适,足够容纳磨粒磨屑,同时不过分增大表面粗糙度;织构分布间隔角度每增大5°且边长每减小0.1 mm,石墨环的磨损质量平均减少约7.83%和7.35%。织构旋转角度每增大15°,石墨环的磨损质量平均增大约4.25%。所得研究结果可为泵用机械密封的表面织构设计提供较好的理论支撑,并提升泵用机械密封的耐磨性能。

304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Inconel625涂层组织与性能分析

目的解决不锈钢零部件在热电厂中由于腐蚀和磨损造成的资源浪费和设备报废等问题,通过表面改性的方式来提高不锈钢零件的耐磨耐腐蚀性能。方法利用激光熔覆技术在304不锈钢表面制备Inconel625涂层,利用工业显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、超景深仪器等设备,系统地探究熔覆层表面形貌、显微组织、元素分布、表面粗糙度。采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损仪、电化学工作站等设备,检测熔覆层的硬度分布规律、耐磨和耐腐蚀特性。结果单因素试验最佳工艺参数为激光功率1200 W、送粉率10 g/min、扫描速度14mm/s。熔覆层底部到顶部组织,主要以不同形态的典型树枝晶组织为主,以及少量胞状晶。熔覆层物相组成主要包括FeCr_(0.29)Ni_(0.16)C_(0.06)、NbC、Cr_(2)Ni_(3)、Mo_(2)C。涂层硬度较基体大幅提升,涂层最高硬度值达425.48HV0.2,约为基体的1.8倍,涂层的磨损量为2.4 mg,约为基材磨损量(4.4 mg)的55%,摩擦系数平稳,变化幅度较小,耐磨性能较基体显著提高。电化学腐蚀试验后,基体开路电位为–0.44 V,熔覆层开路电位稳定在–0.17V,较基体偏正。涂层的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)为–1.00V,大于基体的自腐蚀电位(–1.10V),涂层的自腐蚀电流密度(Jcorr)为3.47×10^(–8)A/cm^(2),小于基体的自腐蚀电流密度(6.43×10^(–8)A/cm^(2)),从而得出涂层腐蚀倾向较基体小。涂层的电容弧半径大于基体,该频率范围内涂层的阻抗模量均大于基体,表明涂层的耐腐蚀性能更好。结论Inconel625合金涂层能够显著提高304不锈钢的表面硬度、耐磨耐腐蚀性能。

Comparison of wear behaviour of LM13 Al−Si alloy based composites reinforced with synthetic(B_(4)C)and natural(ilmenite)ceramic particles

Dry sliding wear behaviour of stir-cast aluminium matrix composites(AMCs)containing LM13 alloy as matrix and ceramic particles as reinforcement was investigated.Two different ceramic particle reinforcements were used separately:synthetic ceramic particles(B_(4)C),and natural ceramic particles(ilmenite).Optical micrographs showed uniform dispersion of reinforced particles in the matrix material.Reinforced particles refined the grain size of eutectic silicon and changed its morphology to globular type.B_(4)C reinforced composites(BRCs)showed maximum improvement in hardness of AMCs.Ilmenite reinforced composites(IRCs)showed maximum reduction in coefficient of friction values due to strong matrix−reinforcement interfacial bonding caused by the formation of interfacial compounds.Dry sliding wear behaviour of composites was significantly improved as compared to base alloy.The low density and high hardness of B_(4)C particles resulted in high dislocation density around filler particles in BRCs.On the other hand,the low thermal conductivity of ilmenite particles resulted in early oxidation and formation of a tribo-layer on surface of IRCs.So,both types of reinforcements led to the improvement in wear properties of AMCs,though the mechanisms involved were very different.Thus,the low-cost ilmenite particles can be used as alternative fillers to the high-cost B_(4)C particles for processing of wear resistant composites.

Influence of niobium and molybdenum addition on microstructure and wear behavior of laser-borided layers produced on Nimonic 80A-alloy

Laser alloying was used for production of thick layers on surface of Nimonic 80A-alloy.For laser surface modification,three types of pre-coated pastes were applied:with amorphous boron,with amorphous boron and molybdenum as well as with amorphous boron and niobium.The microstructure,hardness and wear resistance of produced layers were studied in details.The presence of different types of borides in re-melted zone depended on the paste composition and caused an increase in hardness up to about HV 1000.The wear resistance was evaluated by calculation of mass wear intensity factor Imw and relative mass loss of specimen and counter-specimen.The wear behavior of the tested frictional pairs was determined by 3D interference microscopy,scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDS microanalyzer.The significant increase in abrasive wear resistance was observed in comparison to untreated Nimonic 80A-alloy.The lowest mass loss intensity factor was characteristic of laser-alloyed Nimonic 80A-alloy with boron and niobium(Imw=1.234 mg/(cm2?h)).Laser alloyed-layers indicated abrasive wear mechanism with clearly visible grooves.Laser alloying with boron and niobium resulted in the additional oxidative wear mechanism.In this case,EDS patterns revealed presence of oxygen on the worn surface of specimen.

PEEK滑块摩擦磨损性能研究及润滑油量理论计算

针对高速薄膜生产线横拉轨道运行过程中PEEK滑块磨损和润滑油量设置不合理的问题,以PEEK滑块为研究对象,基于横拉轨道PEEK滑块实际工况,搭建高温销-盘摩擦试验机,用正交试验法,研究在油润滑条件下温度、速度、载荷参数对PEEK滑块摩擦磨损性能的影响,并结合表面形貌分析摩擦磨损机理;依据平面接触混合润滑理论,对PEEK滑块摩擦副润滑供油量进行理论计算,并通过高温销-盘摩擦副进行试验验证。结果表明:温度对PEEK滑块摩擦磨损性能影响最显著,随温度的升高,PEEK滑块黏着磨损效应加剧,对其摩擦学性能造成负面影响;试验结果验证了PEEK滑块/钢导轨摩擦副润滑需油量理论计算的有效性。

考虑齿面磨损的人字齿轮系统振动特性研究

为揭示齿面磨损对人字齿轮系统动力学的影响,建立了人字齿轮系统12自由度弯扭轴耦合模型,该模型考虑了齿面磨损,啮合误差、啮合刚度等因素。研究了人字齿轮系统不同运行次数下,人字齿轮振动位移和振动速度的变化情况。搭建人字齿轮振动测试试验平台,用于测量在不同扭矩和不同速度下的人字齿轮传动系统的动态特性,探讨了人字齿轮系统各构件在不同运行次数下的振动加速度幅值变化情况。结果表明:当输入转矩相同时,振动加速度幅值随着输入转速的增大而快速增大;当输入转速相同时,振动加速度幅值随着输入转矩的增大没有变化;随着运行次数的增加,齿轮系统各构件的振动位移、振动速度、振动加速度幅值先降低后增大。

基于室内加速磨耗的环氧沥青超薄磨耗层抗滑耐久性研究

文中基于湿轮磨耗试验研究磨耗时间、污染物洒布量对环氧超薄抗滑磨耗层抗滑性能的影响,采用延长加速加载磨耗试验试件的BPN、TD以及磨耗质量损失率来评价超薄磨耗层的路用性能.结果表明:环氧超薄抗滑磨耗层的剥落率与磨耗温度、磨耗时间以及骨料粒径成正相关,且在高温高磨耗时间的情况下剥落率仍小于0.6%,环氧超薄抗滑磨耗层随着污染物洒布量的增加BPN均存在不同程度的下降,其中液体污染物比固体沙土对路面抗滑性能衰减的影响更显著.环氧超薄抗滑磨耗层在经过20万次的作用后超薄抗滑磨耗层的BPN、TD以及磨耗质量损失率均体现出优异性.

浮动花键抗磨损强度分析与试验

为了解决航空发动机附件传动系统花键连接结构在正向设计阶段分析能力薄弱、缺少基础数据支撑,以及在复杂工作条件下齿面磨损严重等问题,开展了浮动花键磨损强度评估方法研究,提出适用于发动机附件传动系统浮动花键的齿面接触应力计算方法。并开展了花键磨损影响因素对比试验,测量不同材料、表面粗糙度、表面处理、润滑条件、偏斜角、齿形条件下的磨损量和齿厚变化量。结果表明:花键表面硬度是决定抗磨损能力的主要因素,硬度大抗磨损能力强;在偏斜状态下工作的花键通过齿形修形改善接触区位置,降低接触应力,可提高抗磨损能力;润滑油润滑可以减小摩擦磨损,减少磨屑产生,是减小花键磨损的首要措施;正确选择齿侧间隙有利于减小磨损发生。

CR 200J用树脂基摩擦材料的正交试验及多指标加权优选

为制备CR 200J用高耐磨树脂基摩擦材料,采用正交试验法设计不同含量的减摩组分(鳞片石墨、石油焦)与增摩组分(NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉)的树脂基摩擦材料配方。通过热压成型法制备出样品,在制动压力0.8 MPa和转速3300、4200、5400 r/min下测试试样的平均摩擦因数,并计算试样的体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损。对试样的平均摩擦因数、体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损进行极差分析及均一化处理,使用多指标权重优选了综合性能优异的配方。结果表明:鳞片石墨在高转速下对材料的平均摩擦因数起稳定作用及降低材料的热衰退性能,而石油焦在低速制动过程中可稳定材料的平均摩擦因数;NFJ高温黏结剂对材料的各项性能影响不显著,而腰果壳油摩擦粉在高转速下表现出优异的黏弹性,有利于提高材料的平均摩擦因数,降低材料的体积磨损率及对偶质量磨损。使用多指标权重优选得到较好的配方,其中鳞片石墨、石油焦、NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉的质量分数分别为1%、4%、3%、6%。

自润滑滑动轴承涂层厚度的太赫兹无损检测

[目的]自润滑轴承在服役过程中面临的恶劣工况会加剧涂层磨损,涂层一旦失效则可能发生重大事故,因此对涂层磨损量的检测就显得尤为重要.[方法]针对当前对轴承自润滑涂层磨损失效评价技术存在的精度低、可靠性不足等问题,本研究提出基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的高精度自润滑滑动轴承涂层厚度无损检测方法.在系统探究聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)型涂层材料在太赫兹频段的介电响应特性的基础上,对其厚度及磨损量进行精确测量,并重构涂层界面形貌.[结果]结果表明,太赫兹波对PTFE型涂层具有良好的穿透性和特征响应特性,其厚度检测的理论最大误差为4.69μm,相对误差为2.35%,并且能对1μm的磨损量进行检测.[结论]该方法可满足实际的工程检测需求,为发展更加适用于自润滑涂层的无损检测技术提供了新方案.