Comparative Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Coarse-grained WC-based Cemented Carbides Sintered with Ultrafine WC or (W+C) as Additives

The effects of ultrafine WC(WC_(UF),0.5μm) or W(1μm) and C(0.3μm)(W+C)_(UF) additives on the densification,microstructure and mechanical properties of coarse-grained cemented carbides were compared systematically.Overall,the cemented carbides with WC_(UF)/(W+C)_(UF) additives are almost fully densification to be higher than 99%,and the average grain size is kept above 2.8μm.The WC_(UF) additive assists grains to(truncated)trigonal prism shape by two dimensional(2D) growth,whereas the(W+C)_(UF) additive assists grains to rounded shape by three dimensional(3D) growth,lowers WC contiguity and increases face-centered-cubic Co.The hardness and bending strength of(75WC_(C)-15WC_(UF))-10Co are 86.6 HRA and 2 272 MPa,respectively,both higher than those of(75WC_(C)-15(W+C)_(UF))-10Co,which could be ascribed to the enhanced densification and unblemished grains.However,the fracture toughness of the(75WC_(C)-15(W+C)_(UF))-10Co is 23.5 MPa·m^(1/2),higher than that of the(75WC_(C)-15WC_(UF))-10Co due to the uniform WC-Co structure and flexible binder phase.

Effect of VC and NbC additions on microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides

The nanocomposite WC-Co powders were prepared through planetary ball milling method.Effects of grain growth inhibitor addition and the vacuum sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides were investigated using X-ray diffractometer,scanning electron microscope and mechanical property tester.The results show that VC and NbC additions can refine the WC grains,decrease the volume fraction of Co3W3C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides,and increase the hardness and fracture toughness of the base alloys.After sintering for 60 min at 1 400℃,the average grain size and hardness of ultrafine-grained WC-10Co-1VC cemented carbide are 470 nm and HRA 91.5,respectively.The fracture toughness of cemented carbide WC-10Co-1NbC alloy is over 7 MN·m -3/2 .

Thermal sprayed WC-Co coatings and their mechanical properties

HVOF thermal spraying tests were carried out for thermal spraying the coatings with two kinds of cermet powders,which are microstructured Sulzer Metco Diamalloy 2004 WC-12%Co powders and nanostructured WC-12%Co powders.The microstructures of the as-prepared WC-12%Co coatings were then characterized by using XRD analyzer and SEM.The mechanical properties of the two coatings were evaluated by microhardness test,bend test,cup test,tensile test and abrasive wear test.The results showed that the mechanical properties of WC-12%Co coatings sprayed with nanostructured WC-12%Co powder is higher than that of coatings sprayed with microstructured WC-12%Co powders,and the reasons were discussed.

Structural, elastic, and electronic properties of topological semimetal WC-type MX family by first-principles calculation

Recently, the non-centrosymmetric WC-type materials(i.e., MoP, ZrTe, TaN, etc) have attracted extensive interest due to the discovery of their topological properties.By means of the first-principles calculations, here we have investigated the structural, thermodynamic, elastic, and electronic properties of the WC-type MX compounds(TiS, TiSe, TiTe, ZrS, ZrSe,ZrTe, HfS, HfSe, and HfTe).Among these nine compounds, five of them(TiS, ZrS, ZrSe0.9, ZrTe, and Hf0.92 Se) have been experimentally synthesized to crystallize in the WC-type structure and other four members have never been reported.Our calculations demonstrated that they are all structurally, thermodynamically, and dynamically stable, indicating that all of them should be possibly synthesized.We have also derived their elastic constants of single crystalline and their bulk and shear moduli in terms of the R.Hill approximations.Furthermore, in similarity to ZrTe, all these compounds have been theoretically derived to be topological semimetals.Whereas TiS is unique because of the coexistence of the Dirac nodal lines(DNLs) and sixfold degenerate nodal points(sixfold DNPs), the other eight members are revealed to exhibit coexisted Weyl nodes(WPs) and triply degenerate nodal points(TDNPs).Their electronic and topological properties have been further discussed.

Influences of Carbon Content on the Properties and Microstructure of Ultrafine WC-10Co Cemented Carbide

WC-10Co nanocrystalline composite powders prepared by spray pyrogenation-continuous reduction and carburization technology were consolidated by vacuum sintering plus hot isostatic pressing （HIP）. Influences of carbon content on properties and microstructure of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide were investigated. The results show that the relative density of the ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides can reach 99.72%, and the transverse rupture strength （TRS） was higher than 3 890 MPa, Rockwell A hardness （HRA） was higher than 92.5, the average grain size was less than 460 nm, when carbon content in nanocrystalline composite powder was 5.54wt% and the ball-milled time was 48 hours, ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide with excellent properties and homogeneous microstructure was obtained.

Fabrication and mechanical properties of WC-Co-Al_2O_3 nanocomposites by spark plasma sintering

Small amounts of nanocrystalline Al2O3 particles were doped in WC-Co nanocrystalline powders to study their reinforcing effects, and spark plasma sintering technique was used to fabricate the WC-Co-Al2O3 nanocomposites. Experimental results show that the use of Al2O3 nanoparticles as dispersions to reinforce WC-Co composites can increase the hardness, especially the transverse rupture strength of the WC-Co hardmetal. With addition of （0.5%）（mass fraction） Al2O3 nanoparticles, the spark plasma sintered WC-7Co-0.5Al2O3 nanocomposites exhibit hardness of 21.22 GPa and transverse rupture strength of 3 548 MPa. The fracture surface of the WC-7Co-（0.5Al2O3） nanocomposites mainly fracture with transcrystalline rupture mode. The reinforcing mechanism is maybe related to the hindrance effect of microcracks propagation and the pinning effect for the dislocations movement, as well as the residual compressive strength due to the Al2O3 nanoparticles doped.

Effects of CeO_2 additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-Al_2O_3 composites

To improve the mechanical properties of WC-Al2O3 composites, the effects of trace amount of CeO2 additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the WC-Al2O3 composites prepared by hot pressing were investigated. The results revealed that the WC-Al2O3 composites doped with 0.1% CeOz possessed refined microstructure and enhanced mechanical properties compared with that of the undoped WC-Al2O3composites. Trace CeO2 suppressed the decarburization of WC, promoted the microstructural refinement, and improved the interface coherence of the WC matrix and Al2O3. When 0.1% CeO2 was added to the WC-Al2O3 composites, the effect of CeO2 resulted in the achievement of a relative density of 98.82% with an excellent Vickers hardness of 16.89 GPa, combining a fracture toughness of 9.85 MPa. m1/2 with an acceptable flexural strength of 1 024.05 MPa.

超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF) WC-Co合金涂层微观组织与耐磨性分析

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF)工艺在Q235基体上制备了WC-Co涂层,并研究了涂层的显微组织和磨损性能。结果表明:WC-Co涂层与基体结合良好,涂层致密,孔隙率较低,微观形貌呈层状结构。EDS能谱表明涂层发生了较低氧化。涂层的显微硬度高达1244HV0.1。涂层开始时失重磨损率较高,而且随着法向载荷的增大而增加,随着时间增加磨损率不断降低,体现了WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。

Microstructures of surface modification layer on Q235 steel produced by laser melt injection of WC

WC powder was injected onto the surface of Q235 steel by laser melt injection (LMI). The influence of process parameters was studied. The microstructure and composition of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD and EDS. The hardness and wear-resistant property of the coatings and Q235 steel were measured. The results show that LMI layer can be achieved only under the condition that process parameters meet the strict requirements. By optimizing the process parameter, excellent coatings can be acquired by injecting WC powder onto the surface of Q235 steel. The microstructure in the coatings is complex, which consists of WC, W2C and M6C(Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C) phases. The difference of Fe3W3C microstructure in different zones of the coatings is obvious. Both the compositions of the reaction layers around the particle and dendrite precipitation carbides in the upper coating are Fe3W3C. The average hardness of LMI layer is above HV 900, which is about four times that of Q235 steel. The friction coefficient of LMI layer is only one quarter that of the substrate, which indicates that the wear resistance of the coatings is enhanced sharply.

High Speed Steel and WC Particle-Reinforced Composites Produce by Spray Forming

The process of spray forming utilized to fabricate WC particle-reinforced high speed steel composites has been studied. In addition, microstructures and mechanical properties of M2 high speed steel and its composites made by spray forming have been analyzed. The results show that the primary carbides of high speed steel are of two types: MC and MbC. With the increase in flight distance, the morphology of the primary carbides varies from fine fish-bone-like to islandlike and both bending strength and hardness increase. With the increase in volume fraction of WC reinforcement particles,hardness of the composites increases considerably, but bending strength, however, appears to be a decreasing tendency.

Structure of nanocrystalline WC-10%Co powder

Nanostructured WC Co powders obtained by mechanical milling were investigated by combination of X ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. Rietveld analysis indicates that the experimental XRD patterns cannot be satisfactorily explained with the hexagonal WC structure. HRTEM image analysis shows that in the as milled nanostructured powder, many WC grains contain stacking faults lying on the plane {10·0}. Analysis of phase images show that these defects are nearly periodically ordered along the direction. Based on these observations, a structural model was proposed for the WC grains with ordered stacking faults, which is in fact equivalent to a superstructure of WC with space group Amm2. When this model describing the faulted fraction of WC is introduced together with the normal WC structure (space group P6-m2) into the Rietveld refinement, a much better agreement between the calculated and experimental XRD profiles was obtained. This study allows to obtain the lattice parameters, grain size, microstrain and other structural information on the as milled powders.

Fabrication of ultrafine grain WC alloys by spark plasma sintering

Ultrafine grain WC alloys were prepared by high energy ball milling and subsequent spark plasma sintering from elemental mixed powders of nominal composition of WC-6Co-1.5Al(%, mass fraction). The influences of spark plasma sintering parameters on the density, hardness, bend strength and microstructure of sintered WC alloys were also investigated. The results show that there existed a proper time combination of pulse current and constant current employed for sintering.When the peak, base, frequency and occupational ratio of pulse current, constant current, total sintering time and sintering pressure were chosen as 3000 A, 360 A, 50 Hz, 50%, 1500 A, 6 min and 30 MPa, respectively, the optimal sintering was a combination application of 1min pulse-current and subsequent 5 min constant-current. The density, hardness and bend strength of the as sintered alloys could get up to 14.224 g/cm^3, HRA94 and 1660 MPa, respectively, and the average grain size of WC was only about 500 nm.

Cr_(3)C_(2)对激光熔覆原位生成WC增强颗粒粒度及涂层性能的影响

为了研究 Cr_(3)C_(2)对原位生成WC增强相粒度的抑制作用及对涂层性能的影响,在H13钢表面制备了 Cr_(3)C_(2)含量为0、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%的WC增强镍基涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析涂层的显微组织,比较WC粒度变化情况以及涂层不同形态区域的元素分布;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的物相组成;采用显微硬度计分析涂层的硬度值;采用摩擦磨损试验机对涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行测试。结果表明: Cr_(3)C_(2)能够显著抑制WC颗粒的长大,但存在一个最佳值, Cr_(3)C_(2)抑制WC晶粒生长的主要原因是 Cr_(3)C_(2)能够降低WC在粘结相的溶解度。随着 Cr_(3)C_(2)的加入,涂层中含铬物质增多,涂层显微硬度也随之增大,当 Cr_(3)C_(2)含量为2%时涂层显微硬度最大。添加 Cr_(3)C_(2)抑制剂的涂层摩擦磨损性能也更优,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损。

Re含量对TiCN-WC-HfN陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用真空热压烧结技术制备了TiCN–WC–HfN陶瓷,研究了Re含量(摩尔分数)对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:TiCN–WC–HfN–Ni–Re陶瓷材料由TiC_(0.41)N_(0.5)、WC、HfN、TiC、Ni和Re组成,其中TiC_(0.41)N_(0.5)0是TiC与TiN在烧结过程中生成的固溶体。TiCN–WC–HfN–Ni–Re陶瓷材料断口上存在凹坑和解理面,当Re摩尔分数为2.5%时,材料断口上的凹坑较多。当Re摩尔分数由0增到3.0%时,材料的维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度均先增大后减小。当Re摩尔分数为2.5%时,材料的力学性能最优,其维氏硬度为(19.25±0.21)GPa、抗弯强度为(1304±23)MPa、断裂韧度为(7.73±0.22)MPa∙m^(1/2)。TiCN–WC–HfN–Ni–Re陶瓷在断裂过程中发生了穿晶断裂和沿晶断裂,其增韧机制为裂纹偏转和裂纹桥连。

基于硬质WC涂层的不同摩擦副间的摩擦磨损特性及损伤机制研究

目的探究硬质WC-12Co涂层与摩擦副间的力学性能、摩擦磨损特性的对应关系。方法采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术制备WC-12Co硬质涂层,利用SEM、XRD、EDS等分析涂层的微观形貌、物相组成和元素分布规律等,研究该涂层与不同对偶配副的摩擦学性能及摩擦磨损机理等。结果采用HVOF技术制备的WC-12Co涂层中各元素及物相分布均匀,涂层的显微硬度约为1103.8HV0.3,纳米硬度约为20.47GPa。涂层和不同对偶配副的干摩擦因数均在0.80以上,磨损率在10^(-6)mm^(3/)(N·m)量级,其中与Al_(2)O_(3)对偶球配副时摩擦因数(约0.81)最低,与WC-6Co对偶球配副时摩擦因数(约0.85)最大,在与Al_(2)O_(3)配副时磨损率最大,约为11.09×10^(-6)mm^(3)/(N·m),与GCr15配副时磨损率最小,约为1.60×10^(-6)mm^(3)/(N·m)。结论硬质WC-12Co涂层致密均匀,其力学性能优异,与不同材质对偶球配副时其磨损机制有所不同,导致摩擦副间的摩擦因数和磨损率略有差异,但其耐磨性均良好,可以根据实际应用工况特点选择不同的摩擦副,以保证硬质碳化钨涂层的安全稳定长效服役。

Cr_(3)C_(2)添加量对WC-6%Co超细晶硬质合金微结构及力学性能的影响

本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和性能检测等研究了Cr_(3)C_(2)添加量对WC-6%Co-(0~1.0%)Cr_(3)C_(2)超细晶硬质合金WC粒度、WC形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明:WC平均晶粒尺寸随Cr_(3)C_(2)添加量的增加先快速后缓慢减小;添加0.25%Cr_(3)C_(2)后,诱发WC晶粒各向异向生长,WC晶粒形貌呈准三棱柱状,随Cr_(3)C_(2)添加量的增加,WC晶粒形貌更规则,最终变成三棱柱状;随Cr_(3)C_(2)添加量的增加,WC-6%CoCr_(3)C_(2)超细晶硬质合金的硬度先快速后缓慢增加,而断裂韧性逐渐降低,抗弯强度先增加后缓慢降低;当添加0.6%Cr_(3)C_(2)时,WC-6%Co硬质合金的综合性能最优,其维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为18.42 GPa、3450 MPa和9.32 MPa·m^(1/2)。

WC粉体对ZL102合金组织和性能影响的研究

将不同量的WC粉体加入到ZL102合金试样,利用SEM、三维视频显微镜以及拉伸试验机等表征手段,研究WC粉体对ZL102合金性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着WC粉体加入量的增加,ZL102合金的微观组织明显细化,同时合金的力学性能得到明显的改善。当WC粉体加入量为0.20%时,ZL102合金获得了相对最好的显微组织和拉伸性能。共晶硅由不均匀分布的长针状逐渐转变为短棒状或点状在晶间均匀分布,晶粒组织从大量的柱状晶向等轴晶转化;抗拉强度及拉伸断口最大凸起高度先上升后下降,延伸率变化趋势不明显,抗拉强度237 MPa,提高了10.50%;拉伸断口最大凸起高度是1558.30μm,提高了72.21%。

原位表面改性的纳米WC/AlSi10Mg合金增强机制

采用静电自组装工艺合成-系列不同纳米WC含量的表面改性Al Si10Mg粉末,并使用激光选区熔化(SLM)技术制备纳米WC/AlSi10Mg复合材料。结果表明,SLM制备的纳米WC/AlSi10Mg材料中形成多种Al-W金属间化合物相,通过(002)(α(Al))//(104)Al_(5)W的取向关系,证实具有4.7%的低晶格失配度的Al/Al5W可形成良好共格界面。纳米WC颗粒和Al-W相可促使柱状晶转变为等轴晶,获得精细的等轴晶组织。同时,SLM制备的3%(质量分数)纳米WC/Al Si10Mg复合材料具有最优的力学性能,抗拉强度为(464.1±8.68) MPa,伸长率为(5.6±0.95)%。此外,与其他WC/AlSi10Mg复合材料相比,SLM制备的3%WC/AlSi10Mg样品的平均摩擦因数和磨损率最低,分别为0.429和3.842×10^(-5)mm^(3)/(N·m)。力学和磨损性能的提升主要归因于晶粒细化和第二相析出强化作用。

C_(2)H_(2)气体流量对WC-DLC涂层结构与性能的影响

文章采用直流磁控溅射技术制备WC-DLC耐磨涂层,为了探究C_(2)H_(2)流量对WC-DLC涂层表截面形貌、微观结构、力学和摩擦学性能的影响,在10−50 mL/min C_(2)H_(2)流量下制备了WC-DLC涂层并进行表征分析。结果表明,随着C_(2)H_(2)流量的增加,涂层中碳含量增加,晶粒逐渐细化,由柱状晶逐渐转变为细晶粒,涂层变得更加致密;涂层纳米硬度与sp3杂化的C原子含量密切相关,随着涂层中sp3-C含量的增加,硬度先升高然后降低,磨损率也先升高降低;随着碳原子含量升高,涂层中出现大量的非晶碳,表面晶粒非晶化,涂层的摩擦系数逐渐减小且更加稳定。

WC-10%CoCrFeNi硬质合金的磨损与腐蚀性能

为解决WC-Ni硬质合金力学性能与耐腐蚀性能间的矛盾,以CoCrFeNi高熵合金作为黏结相制备了WC-10%CoCrFeNi硬质合金。利用维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪、电化学工作站、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等,对WC-10%CoCrFeNi与WC-10%Ni硬质合金的磨损与腐蚀性能进行研究比较。结果表明,与WC-10%Ni硬质合金相比,WC-10%CoCrFeNi的硬度和断裂韧性值较高,干摩擦滑动磨损过程中具有较低的摩擦因数和磨损率,在以3.5%NaCl溶液为介质的电化学腐蚀过程中表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能。