2023: Weather and Climate Extremes Hitting the Globe with Emerging Features

Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 years.As in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more extreme weather and climate events throughout the world.Here,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.We also highlight emerging features associated with some of these extreme events.Hot extremes are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly simultaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extremes in the Northern Hemisphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extremes(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in September).Droughts in some regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood conditions.Climate extremes also show increasing interactions with ecosystems via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from spring to autumn 2023)and sandstorms(e.g.,those in Mongolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these emerging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.

Comprehensive applicability evaluation of four precipitation products at multiple spatiotemporal scales in Northwest China

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.

Analysis of Climatic Conditions for the Growth of Longhui Lilium brownii var.viridulum

Based on temperature,precipitation and sunshine data at Longhui National Station during 1981-2021,temperature at 22 regional stations during 2011-2021,and lily planting information of Longya Lily Base,the feasibility of meteorological conditions for the growth of Lilium brownii var.viridulum was analyzed.The results showed that in general,the climatic conditions in Longhui were suitable for planting L.brownii var.viridulum.Among them,the south hilly area was the most suitable climate area,and the north mountain area was the suitable climate area,and the northwest mountain area was the more suitable climate area.It should sufficiently use the climatic conditions of Longhui,do a good job in meteorological service of L.brownii var.viridulum,and provide favorable meteorological guarantee for farmers,to reduce the impact of adverse meteorological conditions on L.brownii var.viridulum,and improve the economic benefits of lily production.

Source Area Weathering and Tectonic History Inferred from the Geochemistry of the Maastrichtian Sandstone from Patti Formation,Southern Bida Basin,North Central Nigeria

Sandstones sampled from Patti Formation,Southern Bida Basin,were studied geochemically using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer(ICP-AES)and an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)technique to evaluate their weathering and tectonic setting as well as to deduce the paleo-climatic conditions that existed during their deposition.Geochemically,SiO_(2)range from 73.9%to 86.2%,Al_(2)O_(3)(6.7%~17.1%),Fe_(2)O_(3)(1.1%~1.9%),K_(2)O(0.1%~0.7%)while MgO,CaO,Na_(2)O,P_(2)O_(5),MnO and TiO_(2)were<1%.Enriched in Ba(Av.622.94),Sr(Av.153.63),Rb(Av.55.08)and Zr(Av.51.86)relatively similar in composition to UCC.High SiO_(2)but low other major oxides signify high mobility during processes of weathering.This was confirmed by high value(>80%)for indices like chemical index of alteration,chemical index of weathering,plagioclase index of alteration,mineralogical index of alteration and relatively lower values for weathering index of parker,recently used alpha indices(α^(Al)_(E))of sodium(326.17α^(Al)_(Na)<344.40),magnesium(100.54α^(Al)_(mg)<398.55),calcium(12.07α^(Al)_(Ca)<198.99),potassium(4.43α^(Al)_(K)<64.33),strontium(0.84α^(Al)_(E)<21.40),barium(0.45α^(Al)_(Ba)<10.52)and rubidium(0.0008α^(Al)_(Rb)<0.06),supported by AI_(2)O_(3)-(CaO^(*)+Na_(2)O)-K_(2)O and CIA vs.SiO_(2)plots that imply intense weathering in the source area.The obtained high CIA values(>80)indicates a steady-state of weathering under a warm/humid climate as confirmed by the SiO_(2)vs.Al_(2)O_(3)+K_(2)O+Na_(2)O plot.High average SiO_(2)(75.41wt%)with K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratio>1(15.63),low Fe_(2)O_(3)(1.27wt%),Al_(2)O_(3)(15.82wt%)and TiO_(2)(0.46)suggest passive margin tectonic setting.This is supported by enrichedΣREE(209.64 ppm),ΣLREE(195.78),LREE/HREE(27.78)and negative Eu/Eu^(*)(0.68),plots of log(K_(2)O/Na_(2)O)vs.SiO_(2)and SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)vs.K_(2)O/Na_(2)O.Major elements discriminant-function multi-dimensional diagram,DF1(arcrift-col)vs.DF2(arc-rift-col),for high-silica sediments revealed a continental rift tectonic setting.Thus,the Patti Formation sandstone underwent a high degree of weathering under a humid climatic condition within a continental rift tectonic setting.

Potassium isotopic signatures of modern offshore detrital sediments from different climatic regimes and the implications

Potassium isotopes are a novel tracer for continental weathering.Previous K isotope studies on chemical weathering generally targeted weathering profiles under a particular climate region,yet the effects of chemical weathering on K isotopes under different climatic backgrounds remain unclear.Moreover,little is known about the K isotope signatures of modern unconsolidated detrital sediments.Here,we report K isotopic data of surficial seafloor sediments from continental shelves along the east coast of China(ECC),as well as those around the tropical Hainan island in the northern South China Sea.The ECC sediments have a relatively narrow distribution ofδ^(41)K(with reference to NIST3141a)values,which range from(-0.40±0.01)‰to(-0.57±0.04)‰,with an average of(-0.51±0.09)‰.By contrast,δ^(41)K values of Hainan offshore sediments display a larger variation,ranging from(-0.28±0.07)‰to(-0.67±0.02)‰.Theδ^(41)K values of Hainan offshore sediments exhibit negative correlations with the chemical index of alteration(CIA),Al/K,Ti/K,and total iron(FeT),which underlines the control of chemical weathering on K isotopic signatures of detritus inputs into oceans.We also measured Mg isotope compositions for the same samples;interestingly,the variability inδ^(26)Mg of the samples is small(~0.24‰)for all ECC and Hainan offshore sediments,andδ^(26)Mg values do not show clear correlations with indexes of chemical weathering.Our study demonstrates the link between K isotopic variability of detrital sediments and climatic conditions including rainfall intensity,which indicates that K isotopes of the detrital component of marine sediments could be applied to study Earth’s climate in deep time.Theδ^(41)K values of the offshore detrital sediments are significantly less variable than those of pelagic marine sediments,highlighting the importance of distinguishing the effects of diagenesis and neoformation of clay minerals from continental weathering in attempts to study deep-time climate-weathering link by K isotopes in detrital sedimentary records.

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere. It is the sec- ond important factor that influences climate change, next to sea surface temperature （SST）. Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China, and only a few laid emphases on arid environments. In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China, the climate is typically arid and semi-arid. During the past 20 years, the pre- cipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend, and it is closely related to oasis irrigation. This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation. The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are inves- tigated by using a regional climate model （RegCM3）. The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months. The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend. The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8℃. The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere, which brought in more precipi- tation. The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.

Estimations of Precipitable Water and Its Characteristics during the HUBEX/IOP 1998

GMS-5 satellite data at channels of infrared split windows and water vapor are analyzed to retrieve the precipitable water (PW) distributions under cloud-free conditions. Radiosonde data and surface station data are applied to estimate the PW distributions under cloudy conditions. These two methods are then merged to obtain the PW distributions under all-weather conditions during the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX). The results of the all-weather PW distributions from these methods demonstrate that this new merging technique may be applied to derive large-scale or global maps of PW. It is revealed that the atmospheric water vapor over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basins came mainly from the southwest during the 1998 prevailing period of Meiyu. Sufficient atmospheric PW is a necessary condition for ground rainfall. Under certain dynamic conditions, it can be partially transformed into surface precipitation. Several types of rain are displayed and their PW conditions and characteristics, as well as atmospheric dynamic conditions, are analyzed. It is demonstrated that surface precipitation centers usually appear not at the high PW centers but on their downwind sides.

Environmental and Economic Impact of Forest Fires in Puerto Rico 2013-2014

This study presents an analysis of the impact of forest fires in Puerto Rico for the period from 2013-2014. The climatological factors analyzed included precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind. Several factors have combined to the increase of these forest fires, among others, a decrease in precipitation during this period, as well as an increase in the human involvement in these fires from approximately 40% occurs in the night period (5:00 pm to 8:00 am), where the weather conditions do not favor the appearance of these phenomena. An increase in fires of 44% occurred in 2013 compared to 2014, causing an economic loss of $13.8 million. Fire also adversely affected the flora and fauna of the island, but this was not evaluated in this paper.

Preventing the Deluge: Climate Change, the Four Spheres, Interactions, and Causalities

Climate change means water change, and the impacts of climate change cause not only global sea levels to rise, but also elicit dangerous levels of coastal and mainland flooding. This study relates the effects of climate-change-induced sea level risings to several harmful, and sometimes preventable, factors causing floods. One topic discussed here will be the ocean’s current (more specifically, “The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Current”) as it continues to warm with increasing temperatures. In addition to discussing the effects of the AMOC, it also relates the increasing causes that are contributing to flooding, plus the proliferation of melt from ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers, which inevitably contributes to the devastating effects of flooding on coastal communities, destroying habitats and contributing to the extinction of both aquatic and land animals, and even impacting human infrastructure and livelihoods. This examination additionally presents the serious implications that climate change and flooding have had on the planet’s freshwater resources and reserves, which are being further destroyed by the added influx of salt water, causing water to then be treated with aquifers, an energy-intensive and highly expensive process. Lastly, this paper provides several suggested possibilities for curbing some of the harmful effects humans have already had on contributing to climate change, as well as the environmental factors that have further caused dangerous levels of flooding.

城市排水系统韧性评估研究进展

【目的】对城市排水系统进行韧性评估,可以了解系统的性能水平,为系统优化提供基础和依据,从而更好的利用地区现有设施的排水能力。【方法】在梳理城市排水系统韧性概念、发展和应用的基础上,从评估情景、评估指标、评估对象和评估方法四个视角系统总结了城市排水系统韧性评估的研究现状,并提出了目前城市排水系统韧性评估存在的不足之处和未来研究方向。【结果】城市排水系统不仅要应对正常降雨情况,还要适应极端天气条件和未来不可预见的干扰。研究表明,除了气候变化、极端降雨导致水力过载的外部荷载,城市复杂的排水网络面临着越来越多的挑战,如由短期偶发性事件(管道坍塌、堵塞)或者长期慢性压力(管道老化)导致潜在的结构失效,这可能会增加基础设施瘫痪、财产损失和潜在生命损失的风险。【结论】目前城市排水系统韧性评估更多地关注功能和系统本身,而随着气候变化和未来多重不确定威胁,需要对城市排水系统韧性进行更加全面和综合的评估,未来将考虑从构建完整情景、选取多维评价指标和多系统协同融合等方面开展研究。

GNSS PWV典型季风气候特征奇异谱分析

为了进一步研究利用全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)大气可降水量(PWV)分析不同气候类型特征,进行GNSS PWV典型季风气候特征奇异谱分析:选取中国中东部地区2016—2021年部分连续运行参考站(CORS)数据,提出将全球气压和温度(GPT(GPT3_1、GPT3_5))模型、欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析数据集(ERA5)模型3种大气模型分别与GNSS解算的对流层总延迟(ZTD)数据融合获取的PWV值进行对比分析,得出中国3种典型季风气候类型GNSS PWV最优大气模型;然后提出利用奇异谱分析(SSA)法分解重构出GNSS PWV时间序列,从而基于GNSS PWV分析不同季风气候类型特征。结果表明,中国3种典型季风气候类型条件下ERA5模型精度较优,选择ERA5模型为最优大气模型,重构后的GNSS PWV变化趋势能够很好地反映出3种典型季风气候类型的特征;因此GNSS PWV可应用于气候特征分析。

招远地区2023年苹果农业气象条件分析

基于招远地区2023年苹果物候期观测资料,苹果花期、坐果期、果实膨大期、成熟期四大物候期间的光、温、水等气象要素,分析招远地区月气象条件变化特征及其对苹果生长的影响,并对苹果关键生长期间农业气象特征进行分析。结果表明:整个生育期间气象条件对苹果生长利大于弊;春季气温回升较快,物候期比前一年提前10 d、苹果成熟采摘期比前一年推迟12 d,苹果整个生长期延长;4月开花期降水偏少,有利于苹果授粉和提高坐果率;果实膨大期气温偏高,积温偏多,光照充足,苹果膨大期时间有所延长;苹果生长后期气温偏高、光照适宜、降水偏少,对苹果上色、增加甜度和改善苹果的品质十分有利,苹果的甜度、色泽和品质较好。研究结果提出苹果生育期间最佳气象条件,为合理利用有利的农业气候资源、协助果农科学管理苹果种植、趋利避害、发展果业生产、提高苹果品质和经济效益提供有力的气象科技支撑,为特色气象服务提供科学参考依据。

Climate change characteristics of Amur River

Unusually severe weather is occurring more frequently due to global climate change. Heat waves, rainstorms, snowstorms, and droughts are becoming increasingly common all over the world, threatening human lives and property. Both temperature and precipitation are representative variables usually used to directly reflect and forecast the influences of climate change. In this study, daily data （from 1953 to 1995） and monthly data （from 1950 to 2010） of temperature and precipitation in five regions of the Amur River were examined. The significance of changes in temperature and precipitation was tested using the Mann-Kendall test method. The amplitudes were computed using the linear least-squares regression model, and the extreme temperature and precipitation were analyzed using hydrological statistical methods. The results show the following： the mean annual temperature increased significantly from 1950 to 2010 in the five regions, mainly due to the warming in spring and winter; the annual precipitation changed significantly from 1950 to 2010 only in the lower mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of extremely low temperature events decreased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of high temperature events increased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; and the frequency of extreme precipitation events did not change significantly from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for settling disputes between China and Russia on sustainable development and utilization of water resources of the Amur River.

THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK MJO ACTIVITY OVER THE EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC IN WINTER

This paper investigates the contrasts between strong and weak Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) activity over the equatorial western Pacific during winter using the NCEP reanalysis data. It is shown that the MJO over the equatorial western Pacific in winter shows significant interannual and interdecadal variabilities. During the winters with strong MJO activity, an anomalous cyclonic circulation lies east of the Philippines, strong anomalous easterlies control the equatorial eastern Pacific, and anomalous westerlies extend from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific in the lower troposphere, which strengthens the convergence and convection over the equatorial western Pacific. The moisture convergence in the lower troposphere is also enhanced over the western Pacific, which is favorable to the activity of MJO. Eastward propagation is a significant feature of the MJO, though there is some westward propagation. The space-time spectral power and center period of the MJO are higher during strong MJO activity winters. The anomalous activity of MJO is closely related to the sea surface temperature(SST) and East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM).During strong MJO activity winters, there are positive/negative anomalies at high/low latitudes in both sea level pressure and 500 h Pa geopotential height, and the temperature is lower over the central part of the Chinese mainland, which indicates a strong EAWM. China experiences more rainfall between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, but less rainfall south of the Yangtze River. The SSTA is negative near the Taiwan Island due to the impact of strong EAWM and shows a La Nina pattern anomaly over the eastern Pacific. During the weak MJO activity winters, the situation is reversed.

济阳坳陷古近纪沙河街组页岩油储层中的藻纹层和藻生物层的发现及其意义

页岩油气是目前国内外的当采能源,受到了广泛的关注。我国页岩油气勘探开发起步较晚,但发展迅速。济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组页岩油气资源丰富,目前是国内单井产量最高,总产量最大的页岩油气勘探开发基地。但还有一些基础地质问题尚不清楚,给勘探开发带来了一定的困难。近期的研究发现,济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组页岩油储层发育良好的藻纹层(钙质纹层或亮晶纹层)和藻生物层,是页岩油气良好的储集层。

近70年有限区域流函数速度势算法研究的回顾和新进展

流函数和速度势能很好反映流体的涡度和散度特征,一直广泛应用于全球和区域大气和海洋环流分析、污染物扩散和资料同化等研究领域。近年发现,有限区域流函数速度势常用算法计算中小尺度系统复杂流场和复杂下垫面驱动的边界层流场时,精度显著下降。本文全面回顾上世纪五十年代以来的五类常用算法,从数学原理和物理意义两方面简述优缺点,总结其适用范围;指出常用的调和—余弦法在可解性条件方面的科学问题,并设计订正方案,以提高其在求解复杂流场问题中的适用性和计算精度;通过理想函数和实际天气过程复杂流场的多组数值试验,直观定量显示并归纳总结适于不同分辨率资料的算法。本文旨在为流函数速度势及其相关变量在极端天气气候事件机理分析和数值预报等领域的有效应用,提供科学依据。

半干旱雨养农业区春小麦水分利用效率变化及其年型划分

如何利用有限的水分获得更多的作物产量是干旱半干旱农业发展的目标和挑战。以半干旱雨养农业区春小麦为突破口,研究了其在不同气候年型下对不同来源的水分利用效率,以选择适宜种植春小麦的气候年型,旨在为半干旱雨养农业区农民种植决策提供依据。以半干旱雨养农业区的典型代表区域定西市安定区为例,采用定西地面气象观测站与定西农业气象试验站1987—2011年的观测资料,分析了当地春小麦对不同来源水分的利用效率及其影响因素。结果表明,定西市安定区1987—2011年25 a间春小麦主要生育期气候存在暖干化趋势,但春小麦降水利用效率和播前土壤水分利用效率均未出现明显的变化。播前土壤水分是影响生育期降水利用效率的主要因素,但生育期大气干湿状况对降水利用效率也有影响。同时,大气干湿状况影响播前土壤水分利用效率,而播前土壤水分的高低对大气干湿状况与播前土壤水分利用效率的关系亦有影响。根据播前土壤水分、主要生育期大气干湿状况、春小麦历年产量,可将半干旱雨养农业区(定西市安定区)春小麦生长的气候年型划分为5个,分别为高产年份、中高产年份、中产年份、中等偏低产量年份、低产水平年份。不同气候年型下,降水利用效率和播前土壤水分利用效率不相同。水分限制情形下,在春小麦达到最大水分利用效率之前,越是适宜的环境,越有利于提高春小麦水分利用效率。在相对适宜的气候条件下,春小麦对播前50 cm土壤水分的利用效率要高于对主要生育期降水的利用效率。因此,选择播前土壤水分高、大气湿润的气候年型种植春小麦能够保证获得较高产量。

Change of parameters of BCC/RCG-WG for daily non-precipitation variables in China： 1951-1978 and 1979-2007

Parameters of weather generator BCC/RCG-WG for daily non-precipitation variables including maximum temperature, minimum temperature and sunshine hours at 669 stations in China are estimated using history daily records from 1951 to 1978 and from 1979 to 2007 respectively. The changes in the parameters for the two periods are revealed to explore the impact of climate change on these parameters. The results show that the parameters of the non-precipitation variables have experienced different changes. While the annual means and the amplitudes of the seasonal cycle show a clear change, the interannual variability, the timings of the seasonal cycles, and the temporal correlations for each variable remain practically unchanged. This indicates that climate changes in China over the last 57 years are mainly reflected in variations in the means and in the strength of the seasonal cycles. The changed parameters have implications for the stationary assumption implied in the parameter estimation and use of the weather generator for climate change studies.

2015年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2015年,全国平均气温较常年偏高0.9℃,为1961年以来最高值,华南年平均气温为历史最高,东北、华北和西北为次高值;四季气温均偏高。全国平均降水量648.8 mm,较常年偏多3%;长江中下游大部及广西、新疆等地降水量偏多,西南西部及海南、辽宁等地降水偏少;冬、夏季降水偏少,春季接近常年同期,秋季偏多明显。2015年,南方暴雨过程多,夏季出现南涝北旱,上海、南京等多个城市内涝重;华北、西北东部及辽宁夏秋连旱影响较重;11月江南、华南出现强降雨,秋汛明显;盛夏,新疆出现持续高温天气,但长江中下游地区连续两年出现凉夏;登陆台风偏少,但登陆台风强度强,"彩虹"致灾重。2015年,我国共出现11次大范围、持续性霾过程,11-12月我国中东部雾-霾持续时间长、范围广、污染程度重,11月27日至12月1日华北、黄淮等地的雾-霾天气过程为2015年最严重的一次。

2016年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2016年,全国气候异常,极端天气气候事件多,暴雨洪涝、台风和风雹等气象灾害较突出,气候年景差。全国平均气温较常年偏高0.8℃,为1951年以来第三高;四季气温均偏高,其中,夏季气温为1961年以来同期最高。四季降水量均偏多,冬、秋季分别为1961年以来同期最多。全国平均年降水量730.0 mm,较常年偏多16%,为1951年以来最多。华南前汛期和西南雨季开始早;入梅早、出梅晚,梅雨期长,雨量多;华北雨季短,雨量多;华西秋雨短,雨量少。2016年,全国暴雨过程多,南北洪涝并发。登陆台风数量多、平均强度强。强对流天气多,损失偏重,北方风雹灾害突出。气温波动大,夏季高温影响范围广。秋、冬京津冀及周边地区霾天气频繁。其他灾害如干旱、低温冷冻害、雪灾和春季沙尘影响均偏轻。