Evaluation of diagnostic ratios of medium and serious weathered oils from five different oil sources

Laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate oil weathering process, a medium to long term weathering process for 210-d, using samples collected from five different oil resources. Based on relative deviation and repeatability limit analysis about indexes of these samples, the results show there had been significant changes in diagnostic ratios among the initial and weathered samples of different oils during this process. Changes of selected n-alkane diagnostic ratios of all oil samples displayed more obviously than diagnostic ratios of terpanes,steranes and PAHs in this process. Almost all selected diagnostic ratios of terpanes, steranes and PAHs can be efficiently used in tracking sources of hydrocarbon pollution, differentiating from the n-alkane diagnostic ratios.In these efficient diagnostic ratios, only four ratios maintained good stability in the weathering processes and are more suitable because their relative deviation（RSD） are lower than 5%.

ASSIMILATION OF OBSERVED SURFACE WIND WITH GRAPES

With the advances of numerical weather simulation and reduced data assimilation updating cycle, surface observation data assimilation becomes more and more important in data assimilation systems It is widely accepted that a better data assimilation system should contain the restriction of thermod^amic processes in the surface layer. Therefore, in this paper, a new surface wind observation operator is utilized in Global and Regional Assimilation PrEdiction System_3D-Variance （GRAPES_3D-Var）, with the restriction of thermodynamic process in the planetary boundary layer （PBL）. In order to research the ability of this new surface wind observation operator in assimilation and forecasting, a series of experiments are operated by using the GRAPES model. The main results indicate that this new method of surface wind observation operator has positive impact on the forecast with the GRAPES model.

Metallogenic Model of Bauxite in Central Guizhou Province:an Example of Lindai Deposit

The bauxites in central Guizhou are hosted by the Lower Carboniferous Jiujialu Formation.Geochemistrial characteristics of the Lindai bauxite deposit indicate that the underlying Shilengshui Formation dolomite is the precursor rock of mineral resources.Weathering simulation experiments show that Si is most likely to migrate with groundwater,the migration rate of which is several magnitude higher than Al and Fe under nature conditions （pH=3-9）.The neutral and acid nonreducing condition is the most conducive to the Al rich and Si removal,while the acid reducing conditions is the most conducive to the Al rich and Fe removal.In the process of bauxite formation,coal beds overlying the Al-bearing rock series or other rock formation rich in organic materials can produce acid reducing groundwater,which are important for the bauxite formation.Finally,propose the metallogenic model of the bauxite in central Guizhou Province and put forward three new words which are ＂original bauxite material＂,＂bauxite material＂ and ＂original bauxite＂.

Evaluation of the applicability of climate forecast system reanalysis weather data for hydrologic simulation： A case study in the Bahe River Basin of the Qinling Mountains, China

In recent years, global reanalysis weather data has been widely used in hydrological modeling around the world, but the results of simulations vary greatly. To consider the applicability of Climate Forecast System Reanalysis（CFSR） data in the hydrologic simulation of watersheds, the Bahe River Basin was used as a case study. Two types of weather data（conventional weather data and CFSR weather data） were considered to establish a Soil and Water Assessment Tool（SWAT） model, which was used to simulate runoff from 2001 to 2012 in the basin at annual and monthly scales. The effect of both datasets on the simulation was assessed using regression analysis, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency（NSE）, and Percent Bias（PBIAS）. A CFSR weather data correction method was proposed. The main results were as follows.（1） The CFSR climate data was applicable for hydrologic simulation in the Bahe River Basin（R^2 of the simulated results above 0.50, NSE above 0.33, and ｜PBIAS｜ below 14.8. Although the quality of the CFSR weather data is not perfect, it achieved a satisfactory hydrological simulation after rainfall data correction.（2） The simulated streamflow using the CFSR data was higher than the observed streamflow, which was likely because the estimation of daily rainfall data by CFSR weather data resulted in more rainy days and stronger rainfall intensity than was actually observed. Therefore, the data simulated a higher base flow and flood peak discharge in terms of the water balance, except for some individual years.（3） The relation between the CFSR rainfall data（x） and the observed rainfall data（y） could berepresented by a power exponent equation： y=1.4789x0.8875（R2=0.98,P〈0.001）. There was a slight variation between the fitted equations for each station. The equation provides a theoretical basis for the correction of CFSR rainfall data.

Agricultural Risk Modeling Challenges in China:Probabilistic Modeling of Rice Losses in Hunan Province

This article summarizes a joint research projec undertaken under the Risk Management Solutions, Inc(RMS) banner to investigate some of the possible approaches for agricultural risk modeling in China. Two modeling approaches were investigated—the simulated weather crop index and the burn yield analysis approach. The study was limited to Hunan Province and a single crop—rice. Both modeling approaches were dealt with probabilistically and were able to produce probabilistic risk metrics. Illustrative model outputs are also presented. The article discusses the robustness of the modeling approaches and their dependence on the availability, access to, and quality of weather and yield data. We offer our perspective on the requirements for models and platforms for agricultural risk quantification in China in order to respond to the needs of all stakeholders in agricultural risk transfer.

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai,China

Coastal tidal flats have received considerable attention in recent years,as they provide a direct channel for the discharge of terrestrial microplastics into the ocean.Land reclamation is occurring increasingly frequently in coastal tidal-flats;however,the environmental impacts of these activities remain unclear.Therefore,this pioneering study assessed the microplastic emission characteristics of reclamation geotextiles and performed a risk assessment accordingly.Morphological characterization of geotextile samples collected from five sites in Dongtai,China,provided evidence of sedimentary weathering.Based on several assumptions,the average abundance of microplastics in soil covered by geotextiles was estimated to reach 349137 particles/kg dry weight,with the total microplastic load in the reclaimed area estimated to be 20.678.06 t.Compared with previous studies,this research demonstrates that coastal reclamation areas store a high concentration of microplastics,aggravating marine microplastic pollution.Moreover,conditional fragmentation model results revealed that the weathering and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics in coastal tidal-flat areas exhibit spatial heterogeneity,being more easily affected by natural factors(such as tides)than those in inland areas.As a result of tides,the annual discharge of geotextile-originating microplastics from the studied areas into the ocean was approximately 2465.52960.77 t.These findings prove that the risks posed by engineering-microplastics are significant,indicating that further investigations are required on the precise laws of transfer and migration,as well as the toxicity mechanisms,in order to improve analytical techniques and policies in this field.