Effects of Different Herbicides on Maize Growth and Weed Control in Maize Fields

Effects of four herbicides(paraquat, acetochlor, nicosulfuron and atrazine) on the growth of maize and control effect of plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were studied. The results showed that 15 days after spraying the herbicides on weeds,the prevention and control effect of paraquat on weeds was the optimum, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were above 81.57%; the prevention and control effect of acetochlor on weeds was the second best; the prevention and control effect of atrazine on weeds was the worst, and its effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were only 51.04% and 37.86%. After 30 or 45 days, the prevention and control effect of atrazine and nicosulfuron on weeds in the maize fields was better than the other herbicides, and their effects on the plant quantity and fresh weight of weeds were higher than 70.00% and 85.00%. Acetochlor and paraquat had certain phytotoxicity to the growth of maize after about 15 days, and its leaves became yellow and grew slowly. On the whole, nicosulfuron had good prevention and control effect on weeds and had no phytotoxicity to the growth of maize.

Control Effect of 80% Nicosulfuron·Atrazine Water-dispersible Granules on Weeds in Spring Maize Field

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the control effect of different concentrations of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules on weeds in spring maize field. [Method] Maize field was sprayed with 300, 375, 450, 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules respectively, with 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate as control agents. Artificial weeding and control(CK) plots were set. [Result] Fresh weight control efficiency of 375-750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules was significantly higher than that of 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate; no obvious phytotoxicity symptoms were observed after application of 300-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine waterdispersible granules; 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules posed certain impact on the growth of maize seedlings. Compared with control plots, various doses of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules significantly improved the yield of maize. [Conclusion] In the present study, 375-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules exhibited high control effect on weeds in maize field and were safe for the growth of maize seedlings.

Effects of Methylated Soybean Oil Adjuvant on Fomesafen Efficacy to Weeds

Tank-mix adjuvant has the potential to improve the weed control efficacy of post-emergence herbicides. In order to study the synergistic effect of adjuvant, the effects of different rates of fomesafen alone or applied methylated soybean oil adjuvant(MSO) were sprayed on redroot pigweed, abutilon and black nightshade under greenhouse condition. The results showed that fomesafen had different performance on the three weeds, and MSO adjuvant could effectively increase the control. The nightshade control was lower than other two weeds with all the fomesafen doses from 131.25 to 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 with or without adjuvant. The control of abutilon was between the black nightshade and the redroot pigweed, and had better control at 375 ga.i. · hm-2 with adjuvant or 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 alone or with adjuvant respectively. The results indicated that mixing adjuvant with fomesafen improved the control on weeds, especially at the low rate. Black nightshade was more difficult to control. The redroot pigweed had the most susceptibility to fomesafen alone or with adjuvant.

Effects of Different Herbicides on the Control of Malachium aquaticum L. and Poa annua L.

In this experiment,the effects of 13 kinds of herbicides( or mixtures) on the control of two kinds of weeds were studied by pot cultivation with the broadleaf weed Malachium aquaticum L. and Gramineae weed Poa annua L. as the materials. The results showed that the herbicide MCPA-Na had the best and fastest control effect on M. aquaticum L.,and all the M. aquaticum L. died 7 d after treatment;it was followed by the other four herbicides including MCPA-Na + clethodim,MCPA-Na + quizalofop-p-ethyl,bentazon and nicosulfuron·atrazine,and all the M. aquaticum L. died 14 d after treatment. Atrazine was the best herbicide to control Gramineae weeds,followed by nicosulfuron·atrazine,and mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine. The study on the application of field herbicide found that four herbicides including atrazine,mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine,nicosulfuron·atrazine and bentazon had better control effect on weeds. The best herbicide for flax field was MCPA-Na + clethodim,followed by MCPA-Na and MCPA-Na + quizalofop-p-ethyl. The optimized herbicides and combinations had no harmful effects on the growth of corn and flax.

棉隆土壤消毒联合种植密度防除油菜田杂草及对作物产量和田间光照的影响

在农田杂草的治理中,结合农艺措施来治理草害的发生,可有效减少化学除草剂的使用,实现草害的综合治理。本文采用田间试验研究了棉隆土壤消毒联合油菜不同种植密度对油菜田主要杂草野燕麦Avena fatua、苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus的防除效果,及杂草对氮、磷、钾及水分消耗的影响。结果表明,土壤消毒联合种植密度对油菜田杂草防除效果显著,对野燕麦、苦苣菜均有良好防效,总鲜重防效达到89.8%~100.0%。采取防除措施后,杂草对田间氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗量减少85%以上,有效改善了田间的水肥和光照条件。土壤消毒联合种植密度不同处理的油菜籽产量达到3155.0~4920.5 kg/hm^(2),增产效果显著,产量较未消毒土壤区增加13.3%~76.8%,增收1857.3~10684.8元/hm^(2)。研究表明采用土壤消毒结合种植密度对油菜田杂草具有很好的控制效果,适度增加油菜种植密度既能保证对杂草防效,同时也能保证产量。

黄芩田茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验

为了筛选出适用于黄芩田防除一年生杂草的除草剂种类或组合,通过调查黄芩田杂草种类、数量,并针对主要杂草,从13种有代表性的茎叶处理除草剂中筛选出对黄芩安全性好的种类进行防效试验,确定除草效果及用量。结果表明,60 g/L烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂750.0 mL/hm^(2),12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.0、187.5 mL/hm^(2)以及10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.0、675.0、1350.0 mL/hm^(2),108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00、450.0、900.0 mL/hm^(2)等处理对黄芩安全,鲜重减退率为-17.96%~-1.35%;480 g/L灭草松水剂等其他药剂处理黄芩植株全部或多数枯死、植株弱小发黄,对黄芩不安全。药后30 d,12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.00、187.50、240.00、375.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生阔叶杂草的总体株防效为84.08%~90.55%,鲜重防效为89.30%~95.38%;对一年生禾本科杂草的总体株防效为54.90%~73.20%,鲜重防效为60.16%~78.52%。10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.00、675.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为90.20%~95.42%,鲜重防效为93.19%~97.00%。108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00、450.00 mL/hm^(2)处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为95.42%~99.35%,鲜重防效为97.23%~99.54%。可以使用12%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂120.0~187.5 mL/hm^(2)防除黄芩田以反枝苋、马齿苋、牛筋草等为主的一年生杂草,且对黄芩安全。当禾本科杂草群体较大时,可加入10.8%精喹禾灵水乳剂450.00~675.00 mL/hm^(2)或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油375.00~450.00 mL/hm^(2),以提高对禾本科杂草的防效。

7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂对小麦和青稞田杂草的防效研究

为了有效防除青海地区小麦和青稞田的杂草,开展了7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂防除小麦、青稞田杂草的效果及其对作物的安全性研究。结果表明,7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)对小麦田野燕麦的鲜重防效达97.32%,对阔叶杂草鲜重防效达80%以上,对青稞田苣荬菜、大刺儿菜两种菊科杂草有一定防效。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂在试验剂量下对作物安全。施用7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂199.95 g/hm^(2)后,小麦增产10%以上,青稞增产15%以上。7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂是青海高寒地区麦类作物田较为适宜的除草剂。

不同土壤处理除草剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为筛选出适宜本地区土壤处理的除草剂。通过大田小区试验,采用土壤封闭处理,对比分析了7种土壤处理除草剂对棉花安全性和杂草防除的效果。结果显示,与对照相比,不同药剂处理对‘冈棉11号’出苗率和第一果枝结位均没有显著性差异,但鲜重、株高和果枝数有增加趋势,表明试验药剂对棉花安全。田间药效结果显示,复配剂50%扑草净可湿性粉剂(WP)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(EC)、50%扑草净WP+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC和50%扑草净WP+50%乙草胺EC对禾本科和阔叶杂草均具有较好防效,45 d平均鲜重防效分别为83.32%、84.08%、80.57%,与单剂处理均存在极显著差异,且持效期较长,建议3种复配剂作为土壤处理除草剂用于棉田杂草防除。

新疆荒漠绿洲区大麦田阔叶杂草化学防除药效评价

【目的】筛选对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好防效的除草剂,为荒漠绿洲生态区安全高效应用除草剂提供依据。【方法】采用随机区组的方法,调查各药剂处理小区的杂草株数和地上部分鲜质量,评价供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果及安全性。【结果】药后50 d,20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm^(2)、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm^(2)、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm^(2)、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm^(2)、50%2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm^(2)、87.5%2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm^(2)、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm^(2)和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm^(2)对阔叶杂草灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效和鲜质量防效较好,防效分别为90.87%~96.02%和94.15%~98.08%,各处理株防效和鲜质量防效之间均无显著性差异。【结论】20%双氟·氟氯酯WG、10%双唑草酮OD、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD、50%2甲·氯·双氟SC、87.5%2,4-滴异辛酯EC、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC和75%苯磺隆WG可防除大麦田灰绿藜、卷茎蓼等阔叶杂草,且对大麦生长安全,可在大田合理轮换使用。

12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田阔叶杂草防效及安全性评价

为筛选可用于花生棉花间作田的高效、安全除草剂,采用室内生物活性测定法评价了84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂等12种除草剂对花生棉花间作田常见的6种阔叶杂草的防除效果及对花生和棉花的安全性。结果表明,120 g/噁草酮乳油、240 g/L乙氧氟草醚乳油、51%丙炔氟草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油在田间推荐剂量下可有效控制供试6种杂草;40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂在棉花和杂草间的选择性指数均大于2,杂草防除效果良好。25%噻吩磺隆可湿性粉剂、84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂、20%乙羧氟草醚乳油等对棉花安全性相对较差。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

覆盖地布对花椒园土壤理化性质与杂草生长的影响

【目的】探明覆盖地布对花椒园土壤理化性质与杂草生长的影响,为花椒轻简化栽培提供依据。【方法】以六月椒树为试验材料,采用田间调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究清耕无覆盖(CK)、不可降解地布覆盖(T_(1))和可降解地布覆盖(T_(2))对花椒园土壤理化特性和抑草效果的影响。【结果】覆盖不同地布对花椒园土壤养分含量、物理特性及杂草防效影响不同。覆盖地布处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均提高,各指标整体均表现为地布覆盖处理>清耕不覆盖。土壤容重降低,0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层均依次为可降解地布覆盖<不可降解地布覆盖<清耕不覆盖,20~40 cm土层为不可降解地布覆盖<可降解地布覆盖<清耕不覆盖。土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水率和田间持水量均显著提高,最大持水量增大,各指标整体均表现为地布覆盖处理>清耕不覆盖。不可降解地布覆盖和可降解地布覆盖处理对看麦娘和野豌豆的防效均达100.00%,对艾草的防效分别为95.59%和92.65%。【结论】覆盖地布可有效提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤物理特性,抑制杂草生长,从而促进花椒植株生长,在花椒园生产管理中应根据实际情况选择可降解地布或不可降解地布进行覆盖。

不同药械喷施33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC防控小麦田杂草的效果

为进一步优化麦田杂草防控器械使用技术,2022年选用多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机、担架式植保机、背负式电动喷雾器喷施土壤封闭除草剂33%氟噻·吡酰·呋SC,比较防控小麦田杂草的效果和作业效率。结果表明:药后30、100 d,4种施药器械处理阔叶杂草的防效分别为96.94%~98.98%、91.84%~95.92%,多旋翼植保无人机、自走式喷杆喷雾机和背负式电动喷雾器处理禾本科杂草的防效分别为84.36%~94.40%、74.00%~84.53%,均显著高于担架式植保机处理。综合自走式喷杆喷雾机防效及安全性较好、作业效率较高的优势,应作为规模化小麦生产封闭除草剂喷施主要器械。

磺酰脲类除草剂对抗性油菜田间杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

草害是影响油菜产量和品质的重要因素之一,种植抗除草剂品种,配合化学除草是解决油菜田杂草防治最经济有效的方法。为筛选适合抗除草剂油菜新品种搭配使用的除草剂,本研究以非转基因抗磺酰脲类除草剂油菜新种质M342为材料,比较了苯磺隆等11种磺酰脲类除草剂的防除效果和安全性。结果显示,11种磺酰脲类除草剂对油菜田杂草的鲜重防效均在70%以上,均能显著降低杂草对氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗。啶嘧磺隆对M342有严重药害,喷施后植株腐烂并逐渐坏死。苄嘧磺隆和氟唑磺隆也对M342的产量有显著影响,分别比人工除草对照减产6.22%和16.59%。其余8种磺酰脲类除草剂对M342的产量均无显著影响,可应用于抗磺酰脲类除草剂油菜新品种田间杂草的防除。

Application Effects of Several Herbicides in Spring Proso Millet Area in Northern Hebei Province

According to the ecological environment and current status of weeds in northern Hebei Province,five herbicides were screened out to test weed control efficacy and crop safety. The result showed that Gaolaotou was more economic and effective when spraying in soil on the sowing day at the dose of 2 250 m L/hm^2.

基于玉米膜下滴灌系统的药液扩散与除草效果研究

利用膜下滴灌系统,开展膜下滴灌土壤封闭式除草剂施用技术与田间杂草防除效果的关系研究,旨在探明滴灌系统应用除草剂的可能性,为玉米田间滴灌除草技术的合理应用及丰富滴灌施药理论提供科学依据。在三个不同滴灌带间距下,以三种方式滴施40%乙·莠悬乳剂,滴施后对不同分布区域土壤样品进行除草剂浓度检测,在杂草发生期调查防效。结果表明,施用后除草剂在土壤中的分布与滴灌带铺设间距无关,与末次施药后清水冲洗时间相关,冲洗时间越长乙草胺在土壤中的浓度越低,垂直沉降明显,径向扩散距离缩短。通过滴施,以滴灌清水15 min-滴灌药液30 min-滴清水冲洗5 min对杂草的株防效和鲜生物量防效最佳。本研究认为,覆膜玉米田随滴灌水施用土壤封闭除草剂是可行的,省时省工省力,可为玉米田早期杂草的防除提供新方法,实际应用中需要针对不同药剂类型和药剂性质开展实用技术优化研究。

植保无人机喷施26%噻酮·异唑悬浮剂与38%莠去津悬浮剂混配剂防除春玉米田杂草效果

为明确植保无人机喷施26%噻酮·异唑悬浮剂与38%莠去津悬浮剂混配剂对春玉米田杂草的防效,并筛选出植保无人机防治玉米田杂草的最佳作业参数,2021年在辽宁东港开展了植保无人机喷施除草剂防除春玉米田杂草田间试验。结果表明,植保无人机喷施除草剂对杂草的防效均显著高于人工喷雾处理;无人机用水量由15 L/hm^(2)增加到30 L/hm^(2)时,防效显著增加;雾滴直径对防效的影响不明显;减药20%并使用1%迈飞飞防助剂处理的防效与正常剂量处理防效相当。与空白对照相比,植保无人机喷雾处理玉米增产17.96%~20.42%,与人工喷雾处理无显著差异。推荐在春玉米2.5~3.0叶期、杂草子叶至2叶期,采用植保无人机施用26%噻酮·异唑悬浮剂117 mL/hm^(2)和38%莠去津悬浮剂1140 mL/hm^(2)(或减药20%+1%迈飞助剂),植保无人机作业参数设置为作业高度2.0 m,作业间距3.0 m,流速1.08 L/min,速度2.0 m/s,用水量30 L/hm^(2),雾滴直径150μm,能有效防除春玉米田主要杂草。

花椒地绿肥生态控草技术

为明确花椒地不同绿肥套作模式对杂草的抑制效果,于2020—2021年在贵州省遵义市选取野豌豆(T1)、箭筈豌豆(T2)、绛三叶(T3)、紫云英(T4)、紫花苜蓿(T5)、鼠茅草(T6)等6种绿肥套作模式进行生态控草试验。结果表明,6种绿肥均有抑制杂草生长的效果,在夏季,鼠茅草处理的控草效果最明显,相对株防效和鲜重防效分别达82.9%和99.1%;野豌豆和紫花苜蓿处理的控草效果次之,相对株防效分别为54.3%、67.2%,相对鲜重防效分别为51.7%、56.1%;第2年种植鼠茅草和野豌豆验证试验也表明花椒地种植鼠茅草、野豌豆有利于杂草防控和土壤肥力的提升,对产量无不良影响。鼠茅草、野豌豆可作为遵义地区种植3年以上花椒地的控草绿肥进行推广应用,播种时间以9月下旬至10月上中旬最佳,播种量分别为0.25 kg/667 m^(2)和4 kg/667 m^(2),用5 kg/667 m^(2)细沙拌匀撒播,其中野豌豆类绿肥长势高,会顺着花椒树攀援,对花椒生产有一定的影响,生长旺期可通过弋割调整。

4种茎叶处理除草剂对半夏田杂草的防除效果

为有效解决半夏田草害问题,选择4种茎叶除草剂进行半夏田杂草防除田间药效试验。结果表明:10%乙羧氟草醚EC 50~60 mL/667m^(2)(制剂用量,下同)处理与240 g/L乳氟禾草灵EC 20~30 mL/667m^(2)处理能有效防除半夏田金腰箭、辣子草、土荆芥、金荞麦、紫花香薷、针筒菜、尼泊尔蓼等阔叶杂草,且对半夏安全,药后21 d对阔叶杂草株防效、鲜重防效均达90%以上,与禾本科除草剂8.8%精喹禾灵EC 40 mL/667m^(2)或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 30mL/667m^(2)搭配使用对半夏田大部分杂草能实现较好防除。但两种阔叶除草剂持效期较短(30 d左右),生产上可根据施药后期田间杂草发生情况,采用人工拔除或进行第2次化学防除;施药应避开中午高温时刻,以免造成此类阔叶除草剂药害。研究结果可为半夏田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。

大豆玉米带状复合种植杂草防控技术研究

为了筛选适合大豆—玉米带状复合种植模式的除草剂和施用方法,本试验选用7种除草剂及复配剂进行土壤封闭处理和苗后处理,并对各处理的杂草防控效果、玉米、大豆产量和经济效益进行比较分析。结果表明,芽前封闭除草处理中,960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC+75%噻吩磺隆复配剂的处理杂草防控效果较好,其药后40 d的杂草株防效为73.42%;采用芽前除草+苗后除草相结合的处理方法,药后40 d的杂草株防效为75.42%;施用除草剂能明显提高大豆、玉米产量,与不施除草剂的对照相比,增产幅度分别为22.6%~41.3%和15.2%~43.0%,可增加纯收入3600.8~8123.3元/hm^(2)。