Spatial-temporal evolution of injection-induced earthquakes in the Weiyuan Area determined by machine-learning phase picker and waveform cross-correlation

Anthropogenic induced seismicity has been widely reported and investigated in many regions,including the shale gas fields in the Sichuan basin,where the frequency of earthquakes has increased substantially since the commencement of fracking in late 2014.However,the details of how earthquakes are induced remain poorly understood,partly due to lack of high-resolution spatial-temporal data documenting the evolution of such seismic events.Most previous studies have been based on a diffusive earthquake catalog constructed by routine methods.Here,however,we have constructed a high resolution catalog using a machine learning detector and waveform cross-correlation.Despite limited data,this new approach has detected one-third more earthquakes and improves the magnitude completeness of the catalog,illuminating the comprehensive spatial-temporal migration of the emerging seismicity in the target area.One of the clusters clearly delineates a potential unmapped fault trace that may have led to the Mw 5.2 in September 2019,by far the largest earthquake recorded in the region.The migration of the seismicity also demonstrates a pore-pressure diffusion front,suggesting additional constraints on the inducing mechanism of the region.The patterns of the highly clustered seismicity reconcile the causal link between the emerging seismicity and the activity of hydraulic fracturing in the region,facilitating continued investigation of the mechanisms of seismic induction and their associated risks.

Machine-learning-facilitated earthquake and anthropogenic source detections near the Weiyuan Shale Gas Blocks,Sichuan,China

Seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation depend critically on rapid analysis and characterization of earthquake sequences.Increasing seismicity in shale gas blocks of the Sichuan Basin,China,has presented a serious challenge to monitoring and managing the seismicity itself.In this study,to detect events we apply a machine-learning-based phase picker(PhaseNet)to continuous seismic data collected between November 2015 and November 2016 from a temporary network covering the Weiyuan Shale Gas Blocks(SGB).Both P-and S-phases are picked and associated for location.We refine the velocity model by using detected explosions and earthquakes and then relocate the detected events using our new velocity model.Our detections and absolute relocations provide the basis for building a high-precision earthquake catalog.Our primary catalog contains about 60 times as many earthquakes as those in the catalog of the Chinese Earthquake Network Center(CENC),which used only the sparsely distributed permanent stations.We also measure the local magnitude and achieve magnitude completeness of ML0.We relocate clusters of events,showing sequential migration patterns overlapping with horizontal well branches around several well pads in the Wei202 and Wei204 blocks.Our results demonstrate the applicability of a machine-learning phase picker to a dense seismic network.The algorithms can facilitate rapid characterization of earthquake sequences.

Dominating factors on well productivity and development strategies optimization in Weiyuan shale gas play, Sichuan Basin, SW China

Weiyuan shale gas play is characterized by thin high-quality reservoir thickness,big horizontal stress difference,and big productivity differences between wells.Based on integrated evaluation of shale gas reservoir geology and well logging interpretation of more than 20 appraisal wells,a correlation was built between the single well test production rate and the high-quality reservoir length drilled in the horizontal wells,high-quality reservoir thickness and the stimulation treatment parameters in over 100 horizontal wells,the dominating factors on horizontal well productivity were found out,and optimized development strategies were proposed.The results show that the deployed reserves of high-quality reservoir are the dominating factors on horizontal well productivity.In other words,the shale gas well productivity is controlled by the thickness of the high-quality reservoir,the high-quality reservoir drilling length and the effectiveness of stimulation.Based on the above understanding,the development strategies in Weiyuan shale gas play are optimized as follows:(1)The target of horizontal wells is located in the middle and lower parts of Longyi 11(Wei202 area)and Longyi 11(Wei204 area).(2)Producing wells are drilled in priority in the surrounding areas of Weiyuan county with thick high-quality reservoir.(3)A medium to high intensity stimulation is adopted.After the implementation of these strategies,both the production rate and the estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of individual shale gas wells have increased substantially.

Geochemical characteristics of geothermal water in Weiyuan geothermal field, Huzhu County, Qinghai Province

According to the chemical composition of thermal water from Geothermal Well DR2010 located in the Weiyuan Geothermal Field of Huzhu County in Qinghai Province, the groundwater recharge, age and geothermal resource potential of the thermal water are discussed by using the methods of Langelier-Ludwig Diagram, isotopic hydrology and geochemical thermometric scale. The analysis results indicate that the Weiyuan Geothermal Field is located in the northern fringe of Xining Basin, where the geothermal water, compared with that located in the central area of Xining Basin, is characterized by greater water yield, shallower buried depth of thermal reservoir and easier exploitation. Due to its active exchange with the modern cold water, the thermal water here shows relatively younger age. These findings provide a hydro-geochemical evidence for the exploitation of Weiyuan Geothermal Field.

2019年四川威远东两次M_(S)>5.0地震序列活动特征及震源区体波速度结构

自2015年以来,四川威远及邻区的地震活动强度显著增强,其中2019年9月8日和12月18日在威远东发生了M_(S)5.4和M_(S)5.2地震,刷新了威远地区有记录以来历史地震震级上限.本文利用2019年8月至2020年3月期间威远及邻区25个流动台和17个固定台记录到的5638次M_(L)≥1.2地震Pg和Sg波到时以及连续波形资料,采用双差层析成像方法获得了威远东这两次地震序列的重定位结果和震源区浅层地壳高分辨率三维体波速度结构.重定位结果显示震源区地震震源深度主要集中在3~4 km.基于两次M_(S)>5.0地震震后10天余震序列空间展布,本文推测两次地震的发震构造均为NNE走向且倾向SE(倾角40°左右)的盲冲断层.三维体波速度结构反演结果揭示:震源区V_(P)异常变化较V_(S)异常变化显著,V_(P)/V_(S)比背景值普遍低4%~10%.在深度小于5 km的浅层内,地震多分布在V_(P)低速异常和V_(S)弱高速异常以及二者的高低速异常过渡带内;在5~7 km深度范围,地震基本上都发生在V_(P)低速异常区.上述速度结构特征揭示震源区附近可能发育着富含气体的孔隙和裂缝且存在流体活动.此外,2019年11月7日以后的地震活动具有明显的流体扩散驱动地震迁移特征,沿两次地震发震断层走向和倾向的流体扩散系数分别为1.5 m~2·s^(-1)和0.1 m~2·s^(-1).两次地震的发生机理很可能是流体扩散引起的孔隙压力上升.

深层富有机质页岩孔隙结构分形特征及其地质意义——以四川盆地威远地区下志留统龙马溪组为例

与中、浅层页岩不同,四川盆地南部地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层富有机质页岩经历了复杂的成岩作用,发育不同的孔隙结构,影响页岩气的赋存状态。为了探讨深层富有机质页岩的孔隙结构、分形特征及其对页岩气富集的影响,以该盆地南部威远地区龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,综合运用有机碳分析、X射线衍射、高分辨率扫描电镜和低温氮气吸附等测试手段,定量表征研究区深层富有机质页岩储层的基础参数及其孔隙结构特征;并运用FHH分形理论,结合低温氮气吸附实验,计算页岩孔隙分形维数,讨论孔隙结构的影响因素及其地质意义。研究结果表明:(1)研究区龙马溪组深层页岩有机质含量(TOC)高,平均值为2.04%,石英等脆性矿物含量占38.00%~73.00%;(2)龙马溪组深层页岩储层普遍发育墨水瓶状有机孔、狭缝型或平板状无机孔等,BET比表面积介于1.252~28.676 m^(2)/g,BJH孔体积介于0.013 192~0.063 874 cm^(3)/g;(3)深层页岩孔隙分形具有明显的分段性,分形维数D_(2)>D_(1),孔隙结构受页岩组成控制,分形维数受控于比表面积和孔径,且与TOC密切相关;(4) LM1—LM3笔石带沉积的富有机质硅质页岩TOC高、分形维数D_(1)和D_(2)值大,介孔BET比表面积和BJH孔体积最大,既有较多的气体吸附位点赋存吸附气,又有良好的孔隙空间贮存游离气,是深层页岩气富集的“甜点段”。结论认为,综合页岩品质参数和分形维数特征可有效评价页岩气富集的“甜点段”,并对实现深层页岩气的增储上产具有现实的指导意义。

Analysis of the Oldest Carbonate Gas Reservoir in China——New Geological Significance of the Dengying Gas Reservoir in the Weiyuan Structure, Sichuan Basin

The Weiyuan Structure is the largest surface structure in the Sichuan Basin. However, the abundance of the Dengying Formation gas reservoir in the Weiyuan Structure is low. The height of the gas column is 244 m, but the integrated abundance is only 26.4%. After nearly 40 years of exploration, the Gaoshi1 Well and Moxi8 Well yielded gas flows that marked an important exploration success after the discovery of the Sinian Dengying Formation gas reservoir in the Weiyuan Structure, Sichuan Basin, Lower-Paleozoic in 1964. Combined with research examples of oil and gas migration and gas chimneys around the world, the authors used comprehensive geological-geophysical-geochemical research methods to provide a reasonable explanation of the low abundance of the gas reservoir in the Weiyuan Structure based on the surface and subsurface data. The latest research results show that(1) currently, the Weiyuan Structure is the apex of the Dengying Formation in the Mid-Sichuan Basin. The Guang'an, Longnüsi, Gaoshiti-Moxi, and Weiyuan structures are a series of traps in the Dengying Formation with gradual uplifting spill and closure points during the regional uplift of the Himalayan period. The natural gas of the Dengying Formation accumulated in different ways over a wide range and long distance in the Sichuan Basin.(2) At approximately 40 Ma, the Weiyuan area started to uplift and form the present structure, and it is the only outcropped area with the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Leikoupo Formation in the surface of the Sichuan Basin(except the steep structural belt in East Sichuan). Caused by the uplift and denudation, the core of the Weiyuan Structure has formed an escaping "skylight" for natural gas. The evidence of a gas chimney includes(1) the component percentage of non-hydrocarbon gas, which decreased from the bottom to the top,(2) the pressure coefficient is normal because the gas reservoir from the Upper Sinian to the Lower Permian commonly have a normal pressure coefficient(an average of 1.0), and(3) the isotope geochemistry of the argon mostly represents abiogenic characteristics of a deep source, and the 40 Ar/36 Ar ratio is as high as 2 855–5 222 in the Upper Permian. All of these characteristics provide sufficient evidence for a gas chimney effect. The characteristics of low abundance in the Weiyuan Structure can be a reference example for studying the late reconstruction of deep oil and gas reservoirs in the superimposed basins of western China.

Quantitative identification and distribution of quartz genetic types based on QemScan:A case study of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Weiyuan area,Sichuan Basin

As a key factor restricting the fracturing effect of shale reservoir,the origin and content of quartz components have always been the focus of academic and industrial circles.Due to the great influence of diagenesis process,the accuracy of trace element determination to identify the origin of quartz is not good,which can not meet the increasingly accurate research requirements.In this paper,mineral quantitative analysis technology(QemScan)is used to identify quartz components by two-dimensional quantitative scanning,and the content data of quartz components with different grain sizes are extracted.The results show that the size of quartz particles is obviously controlled by the difference of sedimentary water and sedimentary environment,that is,quartz particles less than 30 mm are mainly concentrated in Long112 and Long114 layers,which is the normal oxygen environment under the background of medium retention in deep water environment;quartz particles larger than 20 mm are mainly concentrated in Long111 and Long113 layers,which is the poor oxygen environment under the background of strong retention in deep water environment.In shallow water environment,the stronger hydrodynamic conditions make the strata rich in terrigenous clastic quartz particles with larger grain size,and oxygen poor environment is conducive to the enrichment of authigenic quartz with smaller grain size.

Quantitative characterization of horizontal well production performance with multiple indicators: a case study on the Weiyuan shale gas field in the Sichuan Basin, China

To quantitatively characterize the horizontal shale gas well productivity and identify the dominant productivity factors in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin,a practical productivity method involving multiple indicators was proposed to analyze the production performance of 150 horizontal wells.The normalized test production,flowback ratio,first-year initial production and estimated/expected ultimate recovery(EUR)were introduced to estimate the well productivity in different production stages.The correlation between these four indicators was determined to reveal their effects on production performance forecasts.In addition,the dominant productivity factors in the present stage were identified to provide guidance for production performance enhancement.Research indicates that favorable linear relations exist between the normalized test production,first-year initial production and EUR.The normalized test production is regarded as an important indicator to preliminarily characterize the well productivity in the initial stage.The first-year initial production is the most accurate productivity evaluation indicator after a year.The flowback ratio is a supplementary indicator that qualitatively represents the well productivity and fracturing performance.The well productivity is greatly dependent on the lateral target interval,drilling length of Longmaxi1_(1)^(1)(LM1_(1)^(1))and wellbore integrity.The first-year recovery degree of EUR is 24%–58%with a P50 value of 35%.

威远地区龙马溪组天然裂缝特征、分布规律及形成期次

为了深入研究四川盆地非常规油气勘探开发的关键层位,以川南威远地区龙马溪组天然裂缝为研究对象,通过岩心观察、薄片分析和地球化学测试等多种方法分析了该区龙马溪组天然裂缝发育特征和形成时期,指出了该区龙马溪组天然裂缝发育类型及其形成期次。研究结果表明:①威远地区天然裂缝主要分为构造裂缝、生烃超压缝和层理缝3种类型;②威远龙马溪组存在多期天然裂缝。结论认为:①该区天然裂缝具有宽度细、水平层理缝占比高、偶见高角度构造缝、有效性低的特点,并且随着龙马溪组地层埋深的增加,裂缝发育密度逐渐增大;②根据温度计算和构造埋藏演化史,这些天然裂缝主要形成于印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅晚期的3个时期,其中碳氧同位素和包裹体实验测试证实了3个时期的天然裂缝存在;③研究区印支期发育少量的NW剪切缝及砂泥互层层理缝,燕山期在断层附近、背斜高部位发育NW剪切缝和生烃超压缝,喜马拉雅晚期在断层附近、背斜高部位发育近NW和NWW组系剪切缝,背斜核部发育近S-N组系张性缝。结合研究区地质力学环境,查明了威远地区龙马溪组天然裂缝特征,明确了裂缝的形成期次及分布规律,为威远龙马溪组储层评价、有利区优选、优质储层甜点区评价及勘探开发提供了技术支撑。

The genesis of H_2S in the Weiyuan Gas Field, Sichuan Basin and its evidence

The Sinian Dengying Formation gas pool in Weiyuan is the oldest large-scale sulfur-bearing gas field in China, which has a H2S content ranging from 0.8% to 1.4%. The Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation gas pool discovered recently above the Dengying Formation contains gas geochemical behaviors similar to those of Dengying Formation but different in sulfur isotopes of H2S. Investigations show that though these two Sinian and Cambrian gas pools are separate ones, they share the same Cambrian source rock. The higher dry coefficient, heavier carbon isotopes, sulfur isotopes of sulfide, lower filling of gas pools, formation water characteristics, reservoir properties and H2S distribution, indicate that H2S in both the Sinian and Cambrian gas pools originates from TSR. The sulfur isotopes of sulfates have shown that H2S was formed in respective pools, namely hydrocarbons charged into the pools reacted with the Dengying Formation and the Xixiangchi Formation gypsum (TSR), respectively, to form H2S. Compared with sulfur isotopes of sulfates in each pool, δ34S values of H2S are 8‰ lighter for the Dengying Formation pool and 12‰ lighter for the Xixiangchi Formation pool, respectively, which is attributed to the difference in temperatures of TSR occurrence. The reservoir temperature of the Xixiangchi Formation pool is about 40℃ lower than that of the Dengying Formation pool. Temperature plays a controlling role in both the sulfur isotopic fractionation and amounts of H2S generation during TSR.

威荣深层页岩气田水平段安全提速技术对策

以威荣页岩气田为代表的深层海相页岩气产能建设是中国石化“十四五”天然气增储上产的重点区域,但是已完钻井的完钻周期普遍超过设计周期,且卡钻等井下复杂情况频发,无法实现效益开发的目标。针对水平段施工的瓶颈难题,从水平段导向层位选择、钻井参数优化设计和配套工艺措施制定等3个方面开展研究。基于含气性指标和可钻性兼顾的原则,将31-1小层作为地质导向钻进的目标层;根据钻头二维破岩临界钻压、扭矩的解析公式,建议水平段PDC钻头钻齿后倾角控制在25°以内,钻压在100~150 kN,扭矩限定值在25 kN·m;基于岩屑床冲刷滚动和运移模型,在高转速、大排量随钻清砂工艺基础上,提出用稀浆与稠浆交替举砂来提高复杂井段井筒的清洁效果。现场应用表明,优质储层钻遇率达100%,机械钻速提高46.51%,扭矩平稳,对深层页岩气钻井提质提效具有借鉴与指导意义。

斜向挤压叠加变形的构造解析——以四川威远地区为例

威远地区位于四川盆地西南部,其构造主体威远背斜属于大型穹隆状背斜构造,经历了多期构造运动的叠加变形,前人对威远背斜的形成过程与机制认识存在很大争议,无法满足油气精细勘探和高效开发的需要。本文通过地震资料的构造解析,确定威远背斜主体是在基底先存构造(NE向基底古隆起)的条件下,在燕山期近NS向斜向挤压作用过程中形成的,喜山期近EW向斜向挤压作用对其构造变形也有一定的贡献。按此认识设计了砂箱模拟实验,实验结果在平面和剖面上很好地再现了威远背斜的构造特征,表明了上述认识的合理性。这些认识不仅能为威远地区油气的勘探开发提供指导,还可以为相似区域的构造形成演化机制分析提供借鉴。

川南威远地区中小地震震源机制解及应力场特征

基于四川省威远地区密集流动台站从2019年12月1日至2020年6月30日期间收集到的42个M_(L)3.0—4.5中小地震事件,采用Hypo2000定位法进行精定位,并利用HASH(Hardebeck&Shearer)法反演得到其中31次地震的震源机制解,之后利用阻尼区域应力反演方法计算了研究区的应力场参数。结果表明:中小地震主要分布在威远背斜南翼SSE向墨林场断层的两侧,震源深度集中在10 km以内,均为浅源地震;震源机制解类型以逆冲型为主,断层错动类型较为复杂,根据震源机制解结果,推测墨林场断层两侧存在一系列盲冲断层及正断型断层,同时研究区浅层地层中还可能存在其它小的隐伏断层或破裂;区域应力场为逆冲兼走滑型,其最大主应力轴σ1方位为103°,倾角为1°,最小主应力轴σ3方位为192°,倾角为51°,与震源机制解主要类型具有较好的一致性。

四川盆地页岩气立体开发缝控压裂技术应用

四川盆地页岩储层物性条件优越,但体积压裂形成的裂缝高度有限,很难动用纵向上厚度达几十米的优质页岩储层。针对该问题,在威远区块X平台进行了加密井试验,并采用缝控压裂技术对新井进行储层改造,以探索该区块立体开发的可行性。结果表明:密布缝技术可增大簇间诱导应力,水力裂缝扩展路径更复杂,综合考虑年产气量和施工成本,最优簇间距为10 m左右;暂堵转向技术有利于提高采收率,当注入50%总液量时投入暂堵材料,多簇裂缝延伸扩展最为均匀;多功能一体化压裂液能达到真正意义上的无级变黏,变黏液体的交替注入,可实现主裂缝和复杂裂缝同步扩展。缝控压裂技术在威远页岩气藏进行了应用,3口新井在投产后90 d和1、2 a的累计产气量分别为邻近3口老井累计产气量的1.85、1.36、1.55倍,压裂效果较好。该技术可为页岩气立体井组开发提供参考。

2021-09-16泸县M_(S)6.0地震前波速比变化研究

基于2017~2022年ML≥1.5地震的初至P、S波走时数据,利用单震多台和达法计算波速比,探讨2021-09-16四川泸县M_(S)6.0地震前后震中附近地区的波速比变化特征。结果表明,泸县M_(S)6.0地震前震中附近波速比出现下降-回升变化,下降持续时间约1.25 a,回升持续时间约0.5 a,波速比低值集中在震中周边区域。2019年泸县M_(S)6.0地震前,震中西北侧约66 km处发生的威远M_(S)5.4地震、资中M_(S)5.2地震周边波速比也出现相似的下降-回升变化,下降时间约2 a, 2次地震发生在波速比回升阶段,地震后波速比继续上升,直至泸县地震的发生,且2次地震震中也位于波速比低值集中区。

元素与自然伽马能谱录井技术在四川盆地威远区块的应用——以B1井为例

目前四川盆地威远区块页岩气迈入了规模开发新阶段,但气体钻井、PDC钻头+旋转导向等钻井工艺却使得岩屑呈细碎、粉末状,依靠岩屑录井对地层岩性难以识别,增大了优质页岩取心卡层、小层精细划分的难度。为此,针对四川盆地威远区块下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层的特点,将元素与自然伽马能谱录井技术应用于页岩气开发中。现场应用效果表明,采用元素与自然伽马能谱录井技术,保障了优质页岩取心卡层的准确性,解决了页岩气小层精细划分的难题,为辅助水平井地质导向、保障页岩气储层钻遇率提供了有力的技术支持。

威远穹隆典型地貌区崩塌灾害发育规律

为了摸清穹隆区崩塌灾害发育规律,为威远县地质灾害风险管控提供科学依据,本文通过大量收集研究区地形、地貌、坡度、高度、岩性、构造、降雨、人类工程活动、切坡建房、历史灾害点、在册灾害点、治理工程点等地灾敏感数据,结合最新遥感资料进行解译分析,开展野外调查、典型点无人机调查和航测,在GIS平台进行室内综合研究,得出了威远穹隆区崩塌灾害发育规律。为地质灾害风险区划、监测、评价,管控等提供科学依据。为后期威远穹隆崩塌隐患点的稳定性评价、崩落路径、影响范围、易发性及易损性评价、风险区划、风险管控等提供了数据支撑,解决了“灾害容易在哪里发生”的问题,为威远县地质灾害风险评价及当地部署综合性、系统性地灾防治措施指明了方向。

四川荣县—威远—资中地区显著地震活动及其破裂尺度研究

基于四川地震台网观测资料,利用双差定位方法进行区域地震重新精定位,获得了2018—2021年荣县—威远—资中地区M_(L)1.8以上地震的5375个精定位结果。结合精定位地震的成带分布特征与震源机制解结果,探讨了研究区域4个显著地震的震级与破裂尺度经验关系。得到结论:(1)研究区域东部的丛集地震震源深度主要集中在3~5 km,主要走向为北东向。西部余震成带分布(有南北走向和与墨林场断层同向的北西向)。北东向分布的地震可能是由威远背斜北东向的荣县-威远隐伏断裂错动引发的。西部地震的震源深度跳跃较大,深部耦合关系不好,而东部地震的深浅耦合关系好,显示出断层连续性较好,更易形成较大规模的断层破裂风险。(2)结合区域内余震成带分布方向与震源机制解的优势破裂方向,得到研究区域内的4个显著地震的破裂尺度,拟合得到荣县—威远—资中地区震级(M_(S))与破裂尺度(L)的关系为M_(S)=5.0365 lg(L)+1.5851。

页岩气窄密度窗口地层封堵承压油基钻井液技术

针对威远页岩地层,钻井液安全密度窗口窄易导致井漏的问题,筛选了柔性封堵材料、刚性封堵材料、韧性封堵材料及胶结封堵材料,形成了油基钻井液四元封堵体系。室内实验表明,柔性封堵材料吸油后膨胀倍数8.6倍,克服裂缝空间限制;韧性封堵材料在油基钻井液中分散性好,不吸油,呈卷曲状,刚度小,粒径范围1~3 mm;刚性封堵材料为一种微米级多孔矿物纤维,具备松散、质轻、多孔、吸油性和渗透性强的性质,在堵漏浆中形成网络骨架结构;胶结封堵材料胶结强度达7.2 MPa。油基钻井液四元封堵体系对孔隙、裂缝和砂床均具有优良的封堵效果,且不影响油基钻井液流变性。该页岩气窄密度封堵承压油基钻井液技术在威远页岩气水平段进行了现场应用,提高了龙马溪水平段易漏地层的承压能力,承压能力提高5~10 MPa,确保了页岩水平井窄密度窗口井段钻井安全。