Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on the corrosion of the weld zone of 3Cr steel welded joints in CO_2 environments

The welded joints of 3Cr pipeline steel were fabricated with commercial welding wire using the gas tungsten arc welding （GTAW） technique. Potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization resistance （LPR）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, scan- ning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS） were used to investigate the corrosion resistance and the growth of a corrosion film on the weld zone （WZ）. The changes in electrochemical characteristics of the film were obtained through fitting of the EIS data. The results showed that the average corrosion rate of the WZ in CO2 environments first increased, then fluctuated, and finally de- creased gradually. The formation of the film on the WZ was divided into three stages： dynamic adsorption, incomplete-coverage layer forma- tion, and integral layer formation.

EFFECT OF MEAN STRESS ON FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF WELDED JOINTS TREATED BY UPT

The fatigue contrast tests of unload longitudinal direction comer joints asoriginal welded and treated by ultrasonic peening of Q235B in various stress ratio are directed. Theimprovements of fatigue performance of unload longitudinal direction corner joints resulted byultrasonic peening are studied. The effect pattern of stress ratio on fatigue performance of weldedjoints that are treated by ultrasonic peening is studied. As tests results indicate that: ① In thecondition of stress ratio .R=-l, the fatigue strength 'of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening isincreased by 165 percent of that of the original welded specimen. And the fatigue life of specimentreated by ultrasonic peening is as much as 75 approx 210 times of that of the latter. When R=0.1,the fatigue strength is increased by 87 percent and the fatigue life is extended by 21 approx 29times. When R=-0.5, the fatigue strength is increased by 123 percent and the fatigue life isextended by 42 approx 59 times. When R=0.45, the fatigue strength is increased by 51 percent and thefatigue life is extended by 3 approx 14 times. ② If the welded joints are treated by ultrasonicpeening, the fatigue strength is no longer independent on the applied mean stress. The more thestress ratio R, the less the fatigue stress range which can be sustained by the joints is. ③Whether the high value residual stress is in the joints or not, the dead load portion of the appliedload must be considered in the design of the joints which should be treated by ultrasonic peening.

Effects of laser heat treatment on the fracture morphologies of X80 pipeline steel welded joints by stress corrosion

The surfaces of X80 pipeline steel welded joints were processed with a CO2 laser, and the effects of laser heat treatment （LHT） on H2S stress corrosion in the National Association of Corrosion Engineers （NACE） solution were analyzed by a slow strain rate test. The fracture morphologies and chemical components of corrosive products before and after LHT were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively, and the mechanism of LHT on stress corrosion cracking was discussed. Results showed that the fracture for welded joints was brittle in its original state, while it was transformed to a ductile fracture after LHT. The tendencies of hydrogen-induced corrosion were reduced, and the stress corrosion sensitivity index decreased from 35.2% to 25.3%, indicating that the stress corrosion resistance of X80 pipeline steel welded joints has been improved by LHT.

New Developed Welding Electrode for Improving the Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints

A new welding electrode, low transformation temperature electrode (LTTE), was introduced in this paper. It was described in design principle, mechanics, chemical compositions of their deposited metal and manufacturing methods. It was proved that the best transformation starting temperature from austenite to martensite of the deposited metal of LTTE was at about 191℃ and it was obtained by adding alloying elements such as Cr, Ni, Mn and Mo. The microstructure of the weld metal of the LTTE was low carbon martensite and residual austenite. The compressive residual stress was induced around the weld of the LTTE and the -145 MPa in compression could be obtained in middle of weld metal. The fatigue tests showed that the fatigue strength of the longitudinal welded joints welded with the LTTE at 2×106 cycles was improved by 59% compared with that of the same type of welded joints welded with conventional E5015 and the fatigue life was increased by 47 times at 162 MPa. It is a very valuable method to improve the fatigue performance of welded joints.

Quantitative Metal Magnetic Memory Reliability Modeling for Welded Joints

Metal magnetic memory（MMM） testing has been widely used to detect welded joints. However, load levels, environmental magnetic field, and measurement noises make the MMM data dispersive and bring difficulty to quantitative evaluation. In order to promote the development of quantitative MMM reliability assessment, a new MMM model is presented for welded joints. Steel Q235 welded specimens are tested along the longitudinal and horizontal lines by TSC-2M-8 instrument in the tensile fatigue experiments. The X-ray testing is carried out synchronously to verify the MMM results. It is found that MMM testing can detect the hidden crack earlier than X-ray testing. Moreover, the MMM gradient vector sum K_（vs） is sensitive to the damage degree, especially at early and hidden damage stages. Considering the dispersion of MMM data, the K_（vs） statistical law is investigated, which shows that K_（vs） obeys Gaussian distribution. So K_（vs） is the suitable MMM parameter to establish reliability model of welded joints. At last, the original quantitative MMM reliability model is first presented based on the improved stress strength interference theory. It is shown that the reliability degree R gradually decreases with the decreasing of the residual life ratio T, and the maximal error between prediction reliability degree R_1 and verification reliability degree R_2 is 9.15%. This presented method provides a novel tool of reliability testing and evaluating in practical engineering for welded joints.

Possibility of Inducing Compressive Residual Stresses in Welded Joints of SS400 Steels

Since the welded constructions produce easily stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or fatigue dis- ruption in corrosive medium or under ripple load, two methods inducing compressive stress on structural surfaces by anti-welding-heating treatment (AWHT) and explosion treatment (ET) are presented. The results show that they are good ways to resisting SCC on the welded 55400 steel or other components.

Subsection method of fatigue design for welded joints treated by ultrasonic peening

Concerning the notable difference between the S-N curve slope of welded joints treated by ultrasonic peening treatment （UPT） and that of as-welded joints, the subsection method is put forward for fatigue design of welded joints treated by UPT, using the design method of nominal S-N curves. Results show that, in medium life zone, strength grade of the fatigue design curves for UPT welded joints is two grades higher than that for as-welded joints. Furthermore, in medium life zone, strength grade of the fatigue design curves for UPT welded joints is three grades lower than that in long life zone. Conclusion of the comparison is that as for different joint types in different life zones, fatigue design should be processed according to different S-N curves respectively.

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of 30CrMnSiNi2A Steel Welded Joints

The electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT) is a rather new method that provides the advantages of high precision, flexibility and efficiency, energy saving and higher productivity. This paper studies the effect of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of an electron beam welded joints in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel. EBLPWHT, in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were compared. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT treatment, the main microstructure of weld was changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath martensite, HAZ was changed from lath martensite, bainite into lower bainite, and base metal was changed from ferrite and pearlite into upper bainite and residual austenite. The microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT condition were tempered sorbite. The properties of welded joints can be improved by the EBLPWHT in some extent, and especially largely for the fracture toughness of welded joints. However the value of fracture toughness of base metal is comparatively low, so appropriate heat treatment parameters should be explored in the future.

Microstructure and properties of SAF2507 superduplex stainless steel welded joints

SAF2507 plates （ 12 mm thickness ） were welded using shield metal arc welding （SMAW） process with E2594 electrode. The microstructure, o-phase, and impact fraetograph of the welded joints were analyzed using optical microscope and scanning electron mieroseope. The results show that the fusion zone consists of ferrite, chromium nitride, and secondary aastenite precipitation when welding is performed at low heat input （0. 5 kJ/mm）. However, the increase in heat input causes precipitation of brittle o＂ phase at the y/c~ interface in weld metal and heat-affected zone, as well as a brittle fracture along the grain boundary. Heat input in the range of O. 5 kJ/mm to 1.5 kJ/mm is suitable for joining SAF2507 plates.

Improving the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints by low transformation temperature electrodes

For a longitudinal welded joint, the tensile residual stresses are as high as the yield stress of the metal, so that the weld toes are sensitive to fatigue load. In this case a low transformation temperature electrode (LTTE) is one of the most useful methods used to improve the fatigue strength of the longitudinal welded joint, because the tensile residual stress is reduced or changed into compressive stress. Three kinds of longitudinal welded joints were selected to conduct fatigue tests. The tests results show that the fatigue strengths at 2×10 6 cycles of the joints welded with LTTE were improved by 41%, 47% and 59% respectively compared with those of the joints welded with E5015, and the fatigue lives at 162 MPa were improved by 9.9 times, 9.6 times and 46.8 times respectively. Furthermore, the LTTE method is not necessary to add process after welding and so that it can be valuable method to improve the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints.

Creep Rupture of Mismatched Welded Joints of Steels with Dissimil ar Creep Strengths

The finite element analysis of mismatched welded jo ints with a 30°groove angle was performed to study the mechanical behavior of D MWJs (dissimilar metal welded joints). It is concluded that the distribution of stress triaxiality in the DMWJs is uneven, especially near the fusion lines. The degree of creep strength mismatch has remarkable effect on the distribution. Th e higher the level of mismatch is, the more uneven the distribution is and the e asier for premature failure to occur in the joint.

Fatigue Strength of Laser Welded Joints of PP and PC Components

The paper describes research of fatigue properties of laser welded joints of PP and PC reinforced composites. Welded specimens were tested on dynamic testing machine to obtain data for fatigue strength and fatigue life evaluation. Materials used for testing were PP and PC plastics filled with various amounts of glass fibers. Nine combinations of PP specimens and 6 combinations of PC specimens were welded and loaded on testing machine by fluctuating stress with constant stress ratio. Presented results include fatigue strength of welded joints and also the S-N curves based on experimental data and theory are derived.

Cracking Phenomenon in Spot Welded Joints of Austenitic Stainless Steel

The spot welds nugget cracking of austenitic stainless steel at temperatures between 700°C - 1010°C was investigated. Traditionally, the cracks have been observed around the spot nugget in welded temperature. Actually, these cracks are developed due to incomplete melting and inappropriate electrode pressure, which causes an expulsion of molten metal. These cracks start to grow and cause either the interface or plug fracture according to the loading type. In this work, the micro-cracks in the weld nugget were indicated for this type of steel at elevated temperature. Cracks appear in a certain range of temperature;about 700°C - 750°C. The cracks like defect and cavitations were presented. According to the fracture mechanics point of view, these cracks reduce the mechanical strength. Therefore, these cracks have to be taken into account with a certain precaution. Moreover, considering the working temperature and reducing the element may develop ferrite particles.

Improving the fatigue property of welded joints for AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic peening treatment

The fatigue property of AZ31 magnesium alloy and its TIG welded joints were investigated. The ultrasonic peening treatment （UPT） was used to improve the fatigue property of the TIG welded joints, which was treated at the weld toe by the UPT process. The test results show that the fatigue strength of the base metal of AZ31 magnesium alloys is 57.8 MPa, and those of the fillet joint and the transverse cross joint are respectively 20. 0 MPa and 17.2 MPa at 2 × 10^6 cycles. The fatigue strengths of two kinds of welded joints treated by the UPT are respectively 30. 3 MPa and 24. 7 MPa, which have been improved by 51.5% and 43.6%, respectively. The fatigue life of the fillet joint specimens is prolonged by about 2. 74 times and the fatigue life of the transverse cross joint specimens is prolonged by about 1.05 times when the stress range is at 40. 0 MPa.

Microstructures of 2219 twin wire welded joints

With thick plates of 2219 high-strength alloy, the microstructures of welded joints with twin wire MIG welding were analyzed. Experimental results show that no hot crack was found in the weld due to discontinuous distribution of cocrystallization with low melting temperature, but porosity is serious in the first weld seam that is mainly composed of equiaxial grains with uneven sizes. As the poor position of the whole welded joint, fusion zone has big and coarse grains, uneven microstructures ; In quenching zone, there exist a lot of soaked microstructures that cocrystallizntion with low melting temperature solute into matrix, thus strengthening the metal in this zone; In excessive aging zone, much more phases that distribute evenly will be separated from the matrix; Ontside this zone, properties and microstructures of the metal are basically similar to matrix due to the relatively low temperature or unaffected heat in the zone during welding.

Changing Rule of Carbon-Enriched Zone and Diffusion Behavior of Carbon in Aging 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo Dissimilar Welded Joints

The microstructures, the changing rule of carbon-enriched zone, the diffusion behaviors of elements C and Cr, and thecarbide type of 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints after aging at 500℃ for various times and afterlong-term service in technical practice were investigated by using the optical microscopy electron probe microanalysis,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that in aging0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints, the main carbides are M_3C and a few carbides are M_7C_3 andM_(23)C_6. The M_3C carbide decomposition and dissolution with increasing aging time or aging temperature and theanti-diffusion of C and Cr cause the decrease and disappearance of the carbon-enriched zone. The results are differentfrom those of the A302/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints in previous studies.

EFFECT OF CARBON MIGRATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES OF Cr5Mo DISSIMILAR WELDED JOINTS WITH Ni-BASED AND AUSTENITIC WELD METAL

In this paper, the effect of carbon migration on creep properties of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Ni-based (Inconel 182) and Cr23Nil3 (A302) austenitic weld metal was investigated. Carbon migration near the weld metal/ferritic steel interface of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints was analyzed by aging method. Local creep deformations of the dissimilar welded joints were measured by a long-term local creep deformation measuring technique. The creep rupture testing was performed for Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Inconel 182 and A302 weld metal. The research results show that the maximum creep strain rate occurs in the decarburized zone located on heat affect zone (HAZ) of Cr5Mo ferritic steel. The creep rupture life of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with A 302 weld metal decreases due to carbon migration and is about 50% of that welded with Inconel 182 weld metal.

A NOVEL METHOD FOR EVALUATING PLANE STRESS DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF 0Cr18Ni10Ti STAINLESS STEEL WELDED JOINTS

A novel method was proposed for the evaluation of Mode I dynamic fracture toughness （DFT） under plane stress and small scale yielding conditions for welded joints of stainless steel （SS）, 0Cr18Ni10Ti. In a hybrid experimental-numerical approach, the experiments were carried out on the Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus, and three dimensional （3D） transient numerical simulations were performed by a finite element （FE） computer program. Macroscopical plastic deformation was observed at the loading and supporting points, on the specimens, after the test, which could cause a large error if omitted in the numerical simulation. Therefore, elustic-viscoplustic analysis was performed on the specimen by adopting the Johnson-Cook （J-C） model to describe the rate-dependent plastic flow behavior of the material. The material heterogeneity in the mismatched welded joints, induced by the difference in the base metal （BM） and the weld metal （WM） in yield stress, has also been taken into consideration by using the J-C models separately. Good accordance was obtained between the experimental and the computational results by the present approach. The relationship between plane stress DFT and loading rate was also obtained on the order of 108 MPa.m^1/2.s^-1.

Corrosion behavior of the friction-stir-welded joints of 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy

The corrosion behavior of friction-stir-welded 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy was investigated by immersion testing in immersion exfoliation corrosion（EXCO） solution. Electrochemical measurements（open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy）, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed for analyzing the corrosion mechanism. The results show that, compared to the base material, the corrosion resistance of the friction-stir welds is greatly improved, and the weld nugget has the highest corrosion resistance. The pitting susceptibility originates from the edge of Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si phase particles as the cathode compared to the matrix due to their high self-corrosion potential. No corrosion activity is observed around the θ phase（Al2Cu） after 2 h of immersion in EXCO solution.

Study on the Basic Mechanical Behaviors of High Density Polyethylene Electrofusion Welded Joints at Different Temperature

The basic mechanical behaviors of high density polyethylene electrofusion welded joint at different temperatures were studied by using differently designed specimens in this paper. The results show that the strength of weld bonding plane is higher than that of the pipe and socket materials at room temperature. In order to get the shear strength of electrofusion welded joint, the effective bond lengths were reduced by cutting artificial groove through the socket. The effective bonding length of welded joint to get the shear strength is decreased with decreasing testing temperature. The shear strength and the sensibility to sharp notch of HDPE material increased with decreasing temperature.