A novel method for predicting breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoirs

Dimensional analysis and numerical simulations were carried out to research prediction method of breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir. Four dimensionless independent variables and dimensionless time were derived from 10 influencing factors of the problem by using dimensional analysis. Simulations of horizontal well in reservoir with bottom water were run to find the prediction correlation. A general and concise functional relationship for predicting breakthrough time was established based on simulation results and theoretical analysis. The breakthrough time of one conceptual model predicted by the correlation is very close to the result by Eclipse with less than 2% error. The practical breakthrough time of one well in Helder oilfield is 10 d, and the predicted results by the method is 11.2 d, which is more accurate than the analytical result. Case study indicates that the method could predict breakthrough time of horizontal well under different reservoir conditions accurately. For its university and ease of use, the method is suitable for quick prediction of breakthrough time.

A Novel Method of Fabricating a Well-Faceted Large-Crystal Diamond Through MPCVD

A novel method was developed to deposit a large crystal diamond with good facets up to 1000 μm on a tungsten substrate using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition （MPCVD）. This method consists of two steps, namely single-crystal nucleation and growth. Prior to the fabrication of the well-faceted, large crystal diamond, an investigation was made into the nucleation and growth of the diamond which were affected by the O2 concentration and substrate temperature. Deposited diamond crystals were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the conditions of single-crystal nucleation were appropriate when the ratio of H2/CH4/O2 was about 200/7.0/2.0, while the sub- strate temperature Ts of 1000℃ to 1050℃ was the appropriate range for single-crystal diamond growth. Under the optimum parameters, a well-faeeted large crystal diamond was obtained.

Simulation of unconventional well tests with the finite volume method

The finite volume method has been successfully applied in several engineering fields and has shown outstanding performance in fluid dynamics simulation. In this paper, the general framework for the simulation ofnear-wellbore systems using the finite volume method is described. The mathematical model and the numerical model developed by the authors are presented and discussed. A radial geometry in the vertical plane was implemented so as to thoroughly describe near-wellbore phenomena. The model was then used to simulate injection tests in an oil reservoir through a horizontal well and proved very powerful to correctly reproduce the transient pressure behavior. The reason for this is the robustness of the method, which is independent of the gridding options because the discretization is performed in the physical space. The model is able to describe the phenomena taking place in the reservoir even in complex situations, i.e. in the presence of heterogeneities and permeability barriers, demonstrating the flexibility of the finite volume method when simulating non-conventional tests. The results are presented in comparison with those obtained with the finite difference numerical approach and with analytical methods, if possible.

Study on Calculation Method of Compressional Velocities Based on Field Well Logs

In the past, most of the studies for compressional velocities are based on experimental measurements, which lack the support of field data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compressional velocities based on well log data of delta front subfacies of Lower Tertiary ages of Ji-Dong oil field, China. At initial stage, we have chosen the well log parameters (effect factors) which strongly influence on compressional velocities and established a new modified equation for compressional velocities, which is based on these effect factors. Then Gardner, De-hua Han and this newly established equation were utilized to calculate the compressional velocities in each well. Finally, Least-square regression was carried out to check the fitting of each equation. Regression results clearly indicate that our purposed equation shows better fitting as compared to Gardner and De-hua Han equations.

APPLICATION OF HIGH-RESOLUTION MAGNETIC METHOD AND GRADIENT METHOD TO LOCATE ABANDONED BRINE-WELLS IN HUTCHINSON, KANSAS, U.S.A.

After successfully locating one abandoned brine well by an electromagnetic method during testing in 2001 and five abandoned brine wells by a high resolution magnetic method during 2002, a high resolution magnetic method was again proposed to search for wells in 2003 when a second sensor was employed to acquire data for calculating the pseudo vertical gradient of magnetic fields. Total area surveyed in 2003 was 1,024,000 ft 2, which was divided into grids with an average size of 10,000 ft 2 and distributed across eight different sites. Magnetic anomalies and their vertical gradients from known brine wells were first recorded as signatures to identify anomalies caused by possible buried brine wells. Of fifty one verified anomalies, thirty one anomalies were due to wells buried at depths from 0 to 8.5 ft: twenty one 6 to 9 inch abandoned brine wells, seven 1.5 to 3 inch probable water wells, one 16 inch dewatering well for a construction site at a depth of 3 ft, and two 4 inch wells on the ground surface. Approximate monopole shaped anomalies were observed from all these wells after data corrections. However, the range of amplitudes of magnetic anomalies from 7,000 to 28,000 nT from these abandoned brine wells was measured. This range of anomalies is mainly due to the thickness and depth of buried wells. Anomaly amplitudes from 1.5 to 3 inch wells are 4,000 to 8,000 nT and linearly correlate with the buried depth. One 3 inch well that caused an anomaly of 13,000 nT could be the inner pipe of a brine well. Gradient anomalies are roughly in a range of 100 to 200 nT/inch for 1.5 to 3 inch wells and 200 to 300 nT/inch for brine wells.As indicated by the potential field theory, gradient data possess higher horizontal resolution than the magnetic field itself. Gradient data provide valuable assistance in determining horizontal locations of anomaly sources for excavation. In practice, however, improvement in the horizontal resolution is limited by survey line spacing. If only one sensor is used in a survey, there is rapid decrease in the horizontal resolution when sensor height increases from 14 to 44 inches. This indicates that it is critical to keep the sensor as close to the ground as possible when hunting buried wells that are close to each other. It also suggests that the downward continuation is useful to increase the horizontal resolution in well hunting.

Iterative Method on Well Bore Boundary in Numerical Modeling of Variably Saturated Flow

An iterative method was developed for incorporating the well bore boundary into the finite difference model of water flow in variably saturated porous media. Six cases were presented involving groundwater pumping or injection to demonstrate the advantages of the iterative method over the traditional method. For the iterative method, the total flux gradually approached the well discharge and the flux profile was non-uniform. And the iterative method took into account the variation of well bore water table. Compared to the traditional method, the iterative method can simulate the variably saturated flow caused by pumping or injection more realistically.

Numerical Verification of Transition’s Energies of Excitons in Quantum Well of ZnO with the Finite Difference Method

This paper shows that the experimental results of quantum well energy transitions can be found numerically. The cases of several ZnO-ZnMgO wells are considered and their excitonic transition energies were calculated using the finite difference method. In that way, the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation has been solved by using the BLAS and LAPACK libraries. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

深部地层智能压井多解性分析与优化策略

开发深部地层油气资源时普遍存在地质条件复杂、钻井周期长和井筒压力控制困难等问题,采用智能压井方法结合多源实时信息反馈,可实现井筒内气液分布状态和压力变化规律的实时预测与更新,但不同修正系数组合可能得到相同的压力计算结果,导致模型存在多解性难题。为此,分析了不同历史时间节点解空间形态的演变规律,揭示了模型多解性的本质源于少量数据约束下模型训练的不完善性;并对应建立了基于实时信息序列的模型全局训练优化方法及动态随机种群训练优化方法,测试了其对于模型全局最优解的搜索能力及适用条件。测试结果表明,全局训练优化方法在压井初期能够实现精准调控,但计算耗时较长;而动态随机种群训练优化方法在压井初期与预期值略有差异,但计算耗时较少。根据可用计算资源情况选择合适的训练优化方法,可实现多源实时数据约束下模型关于井筒气液流动规律的深度学习。

贵州省地热流体资源可开采资源量研究

综合贵州省地热研究相关成果资料,分析贵州省地热流体资源赋存条件及地热水资源分布特征,以此为基础将贵州省划分为110个地热资源量估算区,参照省内地热流体资源主要集中在断裂带周边的实际特点,采用设计布井法、泉(井)流量统计法和比拟法对贵州地热流体可开采资源量进行估算。结果表明:贵州地热流体资源的形成和分布,受省内地质构造特点及其在全国构造所处部位的控制,地热资源成因类型可划分为沉积盆地传导型地热储和隆起山地断裂对流型地热储,总体热储温度一般小于90℃,为低温地热资源;估算出贵州省地热流体可开采资源总量为23190.37 m^(3)/a,其中设计布井法估算的资源量为15926.22 m^(3)/a,天然温泉可开采资源量1183.34 m^(3)/a,地热井可开采资源量6080.80 m^(3)/a,总热能906933.97 Kw,年开采累计可利用热能量476.68×10^(8)MJ。所估算的地热流体可采资源量可为贵州省地热资源的勘查开发规划提供参考依据。

基于CDIO-OBE理念的完井工程课程教学方法改革探究

完井工程是石油工程本科专业的主干课程之一,针对传统教学方式在石油人才培养中的现状及教学中存在的问题,提出基于CDIO-OBE理念的完井工程课程教学设计与实践,以提高学生自主学习、创新实践和团队合作的能力。该文通过对课前-课堂-课后三个教学活动阶段的方案设计,从理论教学、实践教学、考评模式等方面对完井工程课程教学模式进行创新,初步形成“课前线上预习、课堂理论学习、课后拓展实践和以赛促教”的教学模式。在CDIO-OBE特定理念背景下的教育过程,帮助学生树立职业道德、团队精神和分享意识,为应用型人才培养模式创新提供参考和启示。

基于RMP分析法的成都市康养旅游产业高质量发展路径研究

随着成都市“三城三都”战略规划的持续推进,康养旅游已然迈入了新型支柱产业行列,成为新的经济增长点。文章基于RMP分析法,结合实地调研,探析了成都市康养旅游资源(R)、市场(M)和产品(P)。研究发现:成都市康养旅游资源独特且丰富,产品可塑性强,市场空间巨大,康养旅游产业有较广阔的发展空间。根据RMP分析结果,从政府主导、需求牵引、要素驱动的视角提出了成都市康养旅游产业高质量发展构想,以期助推成都市康养旅游健康、持续、优质发展。

非均质气藏井间地层压力计算方法及应用

中国陆相沉积气藏储层普遍存在非均质性,常规地层压力计算方法具有很大局限性,难以准确评价井间地层压力。本文以均质地层中的点源解为基础,采用边界元思想,建立了一种可用于非均质气藏井间地层压力计算的半解析方法。基本思想是将非均质储层进行分块处理,分别建立单个均质区域的压力方程,通过各区交界面处的压力和流量连续条件,将各区压力方程耦合求解,并将求解结果回代至单个区域的压力方程,从而计算地层中任意一点的压力。建立了理论模型,对所提出的井间地层压力计算方法进行了数值验证,并将其应用于长庆靖边气田某区块。结果表明,本文所建立的非均质气藏井间地层压力半解析计算方法与数值模拟计算结果相吻合,仅在早期和井筒附近存在微小差异;半解析方法能很好地预测实际气藏中单井及井间的地层压力变化,与实测数据趋势一致。

MODEL AND METHOD OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS FORWELLS WITH VERTICAL FRACTURE

Based on the flow mechanism of hydraulic fractured wells, through integrating linear-flow model and effective well-radius model, a new model of well test analysis for wells with vertical fracture was established. In the model, wellbore storage, the damage in the wall of fracture and all kinds of boundary conditions are considered. The model is concise in form, has intact curves and computes fast, which may meet the demand of real-time computation and fast responded well test interpretation. A new method to determine effective well radius was presented, and the correlation between effective well radius and the fracture length, fracture conductivity, skin factor of fracture was given. Matching flow rate or pressure tested, the optimization model that identified formation and fracture parameters was set up. The automatic matching method was presented by synthetically using step by step linear least square method and sequential quadratic programming. At last, the application was also discussed. Application shows that all of these results can analyze and evaluate the fracturing treatment quality scientifically and rationally, instruct and modify the design of fracturing and improve fracturing design level.

Optimization of the Algorithm for Increasing Injection Rate in Water Injection Wells for Pressure Optimization in P Oilfield

In today’s society, with the continuous growth of energy demand, Bohai Oilfield, as an important offshore oil resource base in China, is facing increasingly severe challenges while contributing to national energy security. In order to improve the quality of water injection in the oilfield and gradually achieve efficient and stable production, Bohai Oilfield has launched a water injection well pressure optimization project, focusing on improving the efficiency and quality of water injection in the water injection wells, in order to achieve the optimal water injection plan. In practical work, P Oilfield continues to promote the development of water injection well pressure optimization projects, emphasizing practical exploration and continuous optimization of work plans. However, during the project implementation process, there were some problems, one of which was that the statistics of cumulative injection volume were not scientific enough, resulting in a more comprehensive and accurate presentation of the actual results of pressure optimization work. In the context of continuous improvement work, after careful analysis and research, P Oilfield has decided to optimize the cumulative injection rate algorithm to guide the oilfield’s water injection work in a more refined way, ensuring sufficient and good water injection, and enhancing the oilfield’s production efficiency and comprehensive competitiveness.

特深井钻柱动力学特性模拟与分析

随着钻井深度不断增加,钻柱运动所涉及的力学问题变得更加复杂,钻柱动力学特性模拟及分析可为安全优质高效钻井提供支撑。为了探求特深井钻柱的运动特性,将钻柱运动的控制方程采用Newmark法对时间离散后,运用SOR节点迭代法,对每一时间步的钻柱整体构形进行求解,实现了总长超9000 m的钻柱动力学特性模拟,不仅给出了钻柱4个典型位置的涡动轨迹、涡动速度和横向加速度,还分析了钻柱的粘滑特性。分析结果表明,上部钻柱的涡动及粘滑现象不明显;随着位置下移,出现不规则涡动及不充分粘滑现象;近钻头位置的钻柱会出现较剧烈涡动,也会出现粘滑振动;中性点位置处钻柱的涡动最为剧烈、碰摩严重,可能给钻柱带来安全隐患。研究结果为特深井安全钻井提供了理论依据。

Method of Phase Diagrams for the Analysis of Seism-Acoustical Spatial-Time Monitoring Data in Oil Wells

Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of vibration stimulation of oil recovery in watered fields lead to the conclusion that resonance oscillations develop in fractured-block formations. These oscillations, caused by weak but long-lasting and frequency-stable influences, create the conditions for ultrasonic wave’s generation in the layers, which are capable of destroying thickened oil membranes in reservoir cracks. For fractured-porous reservoirs in the process of exploitation by the method of water high-pressure oil displacement, the possibility of intensifying ultrasonic vibrations can have an important technological significance. Even a very weak ultrasound can destroy, over a long period of time, the viscous oil membranes formed in the cracks between the blocks, which can be the reason for lowering the permeability of the layers and increasing the oil recovery. To describe these effects, it is necessary to consider the wave process in a hierarchically blocky environment and theoretically simulate the mechanism of the appearance of self-oscillations under the action of relaxation shear stresses. For the analysis of seism acoustic response in time on fixed intervals along the borehole an algorithm of phase diagrams of the state of many-phase medium is suggested.

循环剪切作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面强度弱化细观机制

含可燃冰砂土呈现埋藏浅、未成岩和强度低的特性。波浪循环荷载作用下含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面弱化特征显著,直接影响井口稳定。采用离散元方法,通过设置波浪循环荷载引起的井筒运动,研究含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面循环剪切力学特性,并从细观角度揭示界面宏观弱化机制。结果表明:可燃冰赋存导致含可燃冰砂土-开采井界面呈显著的强度弱化及剪胀体变特征,且可燃冰饱和度越高,弱化及剪胀越显著;原因在于近井区域含可燃冰砂土在循环剪切作用下形成胶结失效区域,大部分颗粒失去胶结约束,同时少部分胶结未失效的可燃冰颗粒与邻近颗粒形成较大粒径团簇,这些颗粒和团簇翻滚错动且无法充分传递荷载,导致界面产生强度弱化和剪胀体变;法向应力与剪切振幅的增大均会加剧界面试样可燃冰颗粒的胶结失效发展,强度弱化现象更为严重。

煤矿充水因素评价及涌水量预测

为真实掌握煤矿的涌水量和充水条件,在对煤矿水文地质分析的基础上,首先对充水条件和充水因素进行评价,得出煤矿的充水通道主要为导水裂隙带,基于层次分析得出通道条件的权重因子为0.2667最大,为该煤矿的充水的首要条件;在对煤矿历年涌水量观测结果分析的基础上,采用大井法对涌水量进行预测,综合分析最终得出该煤矿正常涌水量为462 m^(3)/h,最大涌水量为693 m^(3)/h。

海外已开发油田新井项目经济评价方法及影响参数研究

中国油气企业对中国境内已开发油气田开展新钻井经济评价工作时,主要采用直接增量法。受诸多因素制约,海外已开发油气田新钻井的经济评价不能简单应用直接增量法。国内与国外的已开发油气田在合同模式、财税制度、开发生产期限、弃置费等方面存在明显差异。对于海外已开发油气田新钻井进行经济评价,需要考虑合同模式和财税制度的国别差异、评价期的选取、投资成本估算、弃置作业及弃置费处理这些关键影响因素,采用“有无对比法”评价新钻井项目的经济性。应以合同有效期和油田经济寿命期二者中的较短值为评价期。对投资成本的处理应遵循“相关性”原则。新钻井延期支付油田弃置费的时间价值依资源国、合同条款的具体规定而异。

径向井辅助前置液酸压裂缝扩展数值模拟

基于扩展有限元及双尺度连续模型理论建立径向井辅助前置液酸压裂缝扩展模型,引入偏离系数作为量化评价指标,分析各因素对裂缝形态的影响,并利用灰色关联分析方法明确主控因素。结果表明:径向井对前置液酸压裂缝扩展具有显著引导作用,裂缝优先沿径向井方向起裂并扩展一定距离,而后逐渐偏向最大水平主应力方向;径向井方位角、水平地应力差和地层弹性模量越小,径向井长度越长,偏离系数越小,径向井引导效果越好,其中水平地应力差为主控因素;当径向井方位角为15°时,前置液酸压裂缝沿着径向井方向扩展14.32 m后偏向最大水平主应力方向,径向井的引导效果最好,偏离系数为0.005。