Experimental Study on Towing Characteristics of Composite Bucket Wellhead Platform

With the rapid development of large-scale development of marginal oilfields in China,simple wellhead platforms that are simple in structure and easy to install have become an inevitable choice in the process of oilfield development.However,traditional simple wellhead platforms are often discarded after a single use.In pursuit of a more costeffective approach to developing marginal oilfields,this paper proposes a new offshore oil field development facility—an integrated bucket foundation for wellhead platform.To verify the safety of its towing behavior and obtain the dynamic response characteristics of the structure,this paper takes a bucket integrated bucket foundation for wellhead platform with a diameter of 40 m as the research object.By combining physical model tests and numerical simulations,it analyzes the static stability and dynamic response characteristics of the structure during towing,complete with the effects of the draft,wave height,wave period,and towing point height,which produce the dynamic responses of the structure under different influence factors,such as roll angle,pitch angle,heave acceleration and towing force as well as the sensibility to transport variables.The results show that the integrated bucket foundation for wellhead platform is capable of self-floating towing,and its movement is affected by the local environment,which will provide a reference for actual projects.

Lateral bearing characteristics of subsea wellhead assembly in the hydrate trial production engineering

Conductor and suction anchor are the key equipment providing bearing capacity in the field of deep-water drilling or offshore engineering,which have the advantages of high operation efficiency and short construction period.In order to drill a horizontal well in the shallow hydrate reservoir in the deep water,the suction anchor wellhead assembly is employed to undertake the main vertical bearing capacity in the second round of hydrate trial production project,so as to reduce the conductor running depth and heighten the kick-off point position.However,the deformation law of the deep-water suction anchor wellhead assembly under the moving load of the riser is not clear,and it is necessary to understand the lateral bearing characteristics to guide the design of its structural scheme.Based on 3D solid finite element method,the solid finite element model of the suction anchor wellhead assembly is established.In the model,the seabed soil is divided into seven layers,the contact between the wellhead assembly and the soil is simulated,and the vertical load and bending moment are applied to the wellhead node to simulate the riser movement when working in the deep water.The lateral bearing stability of conventional wellhead assembly and suction anchor wellhead assembly under the influence of wellhead load is discussed.The analysis results show that the bending moment is the main factor affecting the lateral deformation of the wellhead string;the anti-bending performance from increasing the outer conductor diameter is better than that from increasing the conductor wall thickness;for the subsea wellhead,the suction anchor obviously improves the lateral bearing capacity and reduces the lateral deformation.The conduct of the suction anchor wellhead assembly still needs to be lowered to a certain depth that below the maximum disturbed depth to ensure the lateral bearing stability,Thus,a method for the minimum conductor running depth for the suction anchor wellhead assembly is developed.The field implementations show that compared with the first round of hydrate trial production project,the conductor running depth is increased by 9.42 m,and there is no risk of wellhead overturning during the trial production.The method for determining the minimum conductor running depth in this paper is feasible and will still play an important role in the subsequent hydrate exploration and development.

Simulating the Effect of Hydrate Dissociation on Wellhead Stability During Oil and Gas Development in Deepwater

It is well known that methane hydrate has been identified as an alternative resource due to its massive reserves and clean property. However, hydrate dissociation during oil and gas development(OGD) process in deep water can affect the stability of subsea equipment and formation. Currently, there is a serious lack of studies over quantitative assessment on the effects of hydrate dissociation on wellhead stability. In order to solve this problem, ABAQUS finite element software was used to develop a model and to evaluate the behavior of wellhead caused by hydrate dissociation. The factors that affect the wellhead stability include dissociation range, depth of hydrate formation and mechanical properties of dissociated hydrate region. Based on these, series of simulations were carried out to determine the wellhead displacement. The results revealed that, continuous dissociation of hydrate in homogeneous and isotropic formations can causes the non-linear increment in vertical displacement of wellhead. The displacement of wellhead showed good agreement with the settlement of overlying formations under the same conditions. In addition, the shallower and thicker hydrate formation can aggravate the influence of hydrate dissociation on the wellhead stability. Further, it was observed that with the declining elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, the wellhead displacement increases. Hence, these findings not only confirm the effect of hydrate dissociation on the wellhead stability, but also lend support to the actions, such as cooling the drilling fluid, which can reduce the hydrate dissociation range and further make deepwater operations safer and more efficient.

Metal Sealing Performance of Subsea X-tree Wellhead Connector Sealer

The metal sealing performance of subsea X-tree wellhead connectors is crucial for the safety and reliability of subsea X-trees. In order to establish the theoretical relation between metal sealing ring＇s contact stress and its structural parameters and working pressure, a mechanical analysis method for double-cone sealing of high pressure vessels is applied in analyzing the metal sealing ring under the condition of preload and operation. As a result, the formula of the unit sealing load for the metal sealing ring under operation with residual preload is shown in this paper, which ensures that the metal sealing ring has an excellent sealing effect and can prevent the metal sealing ring from yielding. Besides, while analyzing the sealing process of the metal sealing ring, the change rule of contact stress and working pressure is concluded here, putting forward that the structural parameters of the metal sealing ring are the major factors affecting the change rule. Finally, the analytical solution through theoretical analysis is compared with the simulation result through finite element analysis in a force feedback experiment, and both are consistent with each other, which fully verifies for the design and calculation theory on metal sealing ring＇s contact stress and its structural parameters and working pressure deduced in this paper. The proposed research will be treated as an applicable theory guiding the design of metal seal for subsea X-tree wellhead connectors.

Evaluation of the Customer Satisfaction Index for Wellhead Blowout Preventers of China’s Petroleum Industry——A new method based on PLS

This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home and aboard, and by considering the consuming situation in China and the features of the China＇s petroleum industry. For the existence of： （1） multiple correlations among the factors in the model; （2） the variables need to be explained, but that are hard to observe; （3） the customer satisfaction degree of observation variables appears the shape of skewness or two or three peaks, the correlations between the satisfaction index and its factors cannot be described by common multiple regression. This paper uses a partial least squares （PLS） method based on principal components and typical correlative analysis to solve the problem. When PLS is used in the model of the customer satisfaction index of the wellhead blowout preventers, the latent variables and the explanation degree coefficient of the manifest variable to the corresponding latent variables are estimated by PLS path analysis, and the influencing coefficient among the latent variables in the model is estimated by PLS regression analysis. PLS is also be used to calculate and analyze the model and disclose the correlations among the structural variables as well as the correlation between structural variables and its corresponding observation variables, evaluating results of which provide useful information for petroleum industry to improve the product quality and to the enhancement of the customer satisfaction to the product.

Multistring analysis of wellhead movement and uncemented casing strength in offshore oil and gas wells

This paper presents a theoretical method and a finite element method to describe wellhead movement and uncemented casing strength in offshore oil and gas wells.Parameters considered in the theoretical method include operating load during drilling and completion and the temperature field,pressure field and the end effect of pressure during gas production.The finite element method for multistring analysis is developed to simulate random contact between casings.The relevant finite element analysis scheme is also presented according to the actual procedures of drilling,completion and gas production.Finally,field cases are presented and analyzed using the proposed methods.These are four offshore wells in the South China Sea.The calculated wellhead growths during gas production are compared with measured values.The results show that the wellhead subsides during drilling and completion and grows up during gas production.The theoretical and finite element solutions for wellhead growth are in good agreement with measured values and the deviations of calculation are within 10％.The maximum von Mises stress on the uncemented intermediate casing occurs during the running of the oil tube.The maximum von Mises stress on the uncemented production casing,calculated with the theoretical method occurs at removing the blow-out-preventer （BOP） while that calculated with the finite element method occurs at gas production.Finite element solutions for von Mises stress are recommended and the uncemented casings of four wells satisfy strength requirements.

A fast explicit finite difference method for determination of wellhead injection pressure

A fast explicit finite difference method (FEFDM),derived from the differential equations of one-dimensional steady pipe flow,was presented for calculation of wellhead injection pressure.Recalculation with a traditional numerical method of the same equations corroborates well the reliability and rate of FEFDM.Moreover,a flow rate estimate method was developed for the project whose injection rate has not been clearly determined.A wellhead pressure regime determined by this method was successfully applied to the trial injection operations in Shihezi formation of Shenhua CCS Project,which is a good practice verification of FEFDM.At last,this method was used to evaluate the effect of friction and acceleration terms on the flow equation on the wellhead pressure.The result shows that for deep wellbore,the friction term can be omitted when flow rate is low and in a wide range of velocity the acceleration term can always be deleted.It is also shown that with flow rate increasing,the friction term can no longer be neglected.

Application of wellhead suction anchor technology in the second production test of natural gas hydrates in the South China Sea

Traditional suction anchor technology is mainly used in the fields of subsea structure bearing foundations,single-point mooring systems and offshore wind power.It is characterized by providing sufficient lateral and vertical bearing capacities and lateral bending moment.The anchor structure of a traditional suction anchor structure is improved with wellhead suction anchor technology,where a central pipe is added as a channel for drilling and completion operations.To solve the technical problems of a low wellhead bearing capacity,shallow built-up depth,and limited application of conductor jetting in the second production test of natural gas hydrates(NGHs)in the South China Sea(SCS),the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in independently designing and manufacturing a wellhead suction anchor,which fulfilled the requirements of the production test.This novel anchor was successfully implemented in the second production test for the first time,providing a stable wellhead foundation for the success of the second production test of NGHs in the SCS.

Wellhead anti-frost technology using deep mine geothermal energy

The auxiliary shaft is an important location for coal mine heating in the winter, where the main purpose of heating is to prevent icing of the shaft. Wellhead heating requires characteristics of openness, no-noise and big heat loads. The original coal-fired boiler heating mode causes significant waste of energy and environmental pollution due to the low efficiency of the heat exchange. Therefore, to solve these prob- lems, we will use deep mine geothermal energy to heat the wellhead by making full use of its negative pressure field and design a low-temperature water and fan-free heating system. Through numerical cal- culations we will simulate temperature fields, pressure fields and velocity fields under different air sup- ply temperatures, as well as different air supply outlet locations and varying number of radiators in the wellhead room of a new auxiliary shaft to find the proper layout and number of radiators that meet well- head anti-frost requirements from our simulation results, in order to provide guidelines for a practical engineering design. Tests on the Zhangshuanglou auxiliary shaft wellhead shows good, look promising and appear to resolve successfully the problem of high energy consumption and high pollution of well- head heating by a coal-fired boiler.

特高压平板闸阀设计与密封性能分析

针对特高压井口平板闸阀设计指导空缺问题,参考API 6A和API 6D标准中的平板闸阀设计参数确定方法,给出175 MPa工作内压下阀体通径为78 mm的平板闸阀设计参数,补充并完善了国内外特高压井口平板闸阀设计方法,对所设计的平板闸阀采用有限元法分析其在螺栓预紧工况、额定工作内压工况和1.5倍静水压工况下的密封性能。所设计的平板闸阀可以满足密封准则,且能应对一定量的动载荷,可为特高压井口平板闸阀设计提供参考。

井口点火放空装置在天然气井处理中的绿色环保作用评价

天然气是清洁能源,其开发利用有助于减少酸雨形成,减缓地球温室效应,从根本上改善环境质量。天然气在冬季生产过程中,经常需要井口放空处理,如果直接将天然气排入大气中,则会造成环境污染;如果不进行放空,则不利于气井的正常处理,存在环境污染与气井管理的矛盾。针对这个问题,引入了井口点火放空橇,通过管线与气井井口采气树相连接,利用车载小型气液分离器将天然气进行气液分离,液体排入储液灌,天然气则在井口直接点火燃烧,有效避免了环境问题,又解决了气井的处理需求。井口点火放空橇体积小,以车载方式移动,施工时安装连接方便,两个小时内可完成施工作业,投入产出比为1.00∶4.34,推广应用前景广阔。

海上高压气田无人井口平台集输工艺流程方案比选设计

针对某海上高压气田井口压力高、井口温度低、油品凝点高、节流后易出现水合物和出油管线容易冻堵的问题,结合不同生产井节流后的压力,设置不同压力体系井口加热器以满足流体输送要求。文章研究了两种不同高压气田无人平台工艺流程方案:加热器部分降压设计方案和全部降压设计方案,比较了两种方案的技术特点及经济性,最终推荐高压气田无人井口平台采用加热器部分降压设计的工艺流程方案。

SPMT在井口平台组块滚装装船方式中的应用

针对自行式模块化运输车(Self-Propelled Modular Transporter,SPMT)滚装装船方式,以蓬莱19-3油田4腿式井口平台组块为例,在称重布置、临时支撑布置、运输抬梁布置和轴线布置等方面对SPMT装船方案进行适配性设计,在组块强度、运输抬梁强度和SPMT车板强度等方面对该方案的运输强度进行校核,并对该方案进行拓展。该方案可为后续井口平台组块装船方案设计提供参考。

天然气井口增压开采工艺研究

为进一步研究天然气井口增压开采工艺的应用效果,保证天然气资源稳定开采和供应,采用了比较分析法,对某天然气田A、B、C、D4口气井进行单井井口增压生产试验,对不同天然气井口增压开采工艺下各个气井的实际开采情况进行分析,对天然气气井井口增压开采工艺及相关设备的应用价值有了一定了解,并在此基础上,对天然气增压开采的实际应用要点进行深入研究。

深水水下井口全钻井过程波激疲劳精细化评估

传统的水下井口波激疲劳评估没有考虑不同钻井阶段水下井口结构组成变化,导致水下井口波激疲劳评估精度有限。为此,提出基于整体-局部交互分析的全钻井过程水下井口波激疲劳损伤精细化评估方法,建立钻井全过程复杂结构水下井口局部精细模型及平台-隔水管-水下井口-导管耦合系统整体模型,研究整体模型与局部模型交互机制,并构建整体模型与局部应力传递关系,精细化评估水下井口全钻井过程波激疲劳损伤。研究结果表明:全钻井过程水下井口结构组成变化对隔水管系统和远离泥线导管处的波激疲劳几乎无影响,但对水下井口局部及泥线附近导管的波激疲劳存在较大影响;钻井第二阶段水下井口波激疲劳损伤最为严重,且水下井口底端始终为疲劳极限位置。所得结论有助于判断钻井过程中水下井口疲劳状态,保证作业安全。

回风井口成雾原因及除雾技术研究

针对井口雾气污染工作环境,危害工人身体健康,造成井下设备及构筑物严重损害等问题,以云南某铅锌矿为工程背景,通过理论分析、室内试验、数值模拟及现场工业试验等方法,分析了温度、相对湿度及回风量对井口成雾析水量的影响规律,提出了Ⅰ级+Ⅱ级折流板除雾器除雾方法。研究结果表明:风流及温度均能引起空气中水蒸气析出,在严冬风流上行越高,雾气越大;井口成雾析水量随回风量增加呈线性增加,随温度及相对湿度增加呈线性降低;温度、相对湿度及回风量平均每下降1℃,1%,1 m3/s,井口成雾析水量分别增加84、17.2、5 g/s,说明温度是井口成雾析水量的主要影响因素,各因素对井口成雾析水量影响由大到小排序为温度>相对湿度>回风量。采用Ⅰ级+Ⅱ级折流板除雾器除雾时,回风井巷道内压降为300 Pa,表明气流通过除雾器时会产生压力损失。与加入喷淋试验相比,不加喷淋的双级除雾器除雾方法经济成本显著降低,并且现场除雾效果更显著,因而推荐该矿采用不加喷淋的Ⅰ级+Ⅱ级折流板除雾器除雾方法。

结合井口对称点的竖井联系测量的应用

竖井联系测量中定向比较困难。为此,利用井口点对称性质,可减弱竖轴倾斜误差、投点误差和对中误差对水平角的影响,测定导线连接角,为隧道内导线建立起始或终止方向。对于两井定向,增加水平角校核条件,仍可采用无定向导线计算。结合某隧道扩建工程,验证该方法的有效性。该方法可结合其他定向方法,为一井定向导入较准确定向,对两井定向也有参考作用。

基于LAGRANGE方程的深水钻井隔水管–水下井口系统动力分析

为了探究大质量、大刚度防喷器组(blowout preventers,BOPs)对深水钻井隔水管系统动态相应预测精度的影响,根据细长钻井隔水管与刚性防喷器组的结构特点,提出两者刚柔耦合的概念,采用能量法推导隔水管–防喷器组–水下井口系统的动能和势能,采用LAGRANGE方法建立耦合系统动力学理论模型,采用科学计算软件和Newmark-β直接积分法对动力学模型进行数值计算。以南海某深水钻井隔水管为例,开展基于耦合动力学模型的隔水管系统动态响应分析。结果表明,采用本文理论模型得到的隔水管不同位置的节点位移、单元弯矩、上部和下部挠性接头转角时程曲线、整体侧向位移包络线和弯矩包络线等与ABAQUS仿真结果均吻合良好,最大误差为8.8%。此方法可为深水钻井隔水管和水下井口系统动态分析提供参考。

井喷火灾下油气井口材料高温力学性能实验研究

为了精确评估井喷火灾情况下井口装置的剩余力学强度,该文针对井口常用材料35CrMo开展了高温拉伸实验,旨在分析不同温度条件下该材料的拉伸断裂形态及其力学性能的变化规律。在相同应变条件下,随着温度升高,35CrMo的应力、弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度均呈下降趋势。这些高温拉伸实验所获得的力学性能数据,为工程师更准确地评估在极端温度条件下井口装置的安全性和可靠性提供了重要支持,有助于制定有效的井喷火灾处置和预防策略。基于该实验,不仅能够深化学生对专业知识的理解,还能显著提升学生解决实际工程问题的能力,同时培养学生创新思维和科学研究的兴趣。

盐穴压缩空气储能库注采井筒体系优化设计

盐穴因其密封与稳定特性成为压缩空气储能库(以下简称储能库)首选,储能库可以实现大规模的清洁储能,能实现电力供需的“削峰填谷”,是实现“双碳”目标的重要方向之一。井口装置、注采管和封隔器组成的井筒体系是储能库与地面设备的连接通道,然而受气体注采流量的限制和冲蚀作用的影响,现阶段的小通径井筒严重限制了压缩空气储能电站的装机规模。为优化储能库注采井筒体系,对大通径井口装置、耐腐蚀套管和大尺寸封隔器的设计与加工中存在的主要问题进行了分析,并结合工程实际提出了解决措施和合理化建议。研究结果表明:(1)井口装置设计需考虑到每层套管头座挂芯轴悬挂器台阶的承载强度,需要校核及验证悬挂器最小壁厚处的抗外挤强度、承受井下反压时顶丝的抗剪切强度等参数;(2)套管选材应充分考虑制造工艺及经济成本在盐穴压缩空气储能工况中的适用性,建议在易发生冲蚀处使用耐蚀合金纯管材,其余部位优选具有性价比的耐腐蚀套管;(3)大尺寸封隔器建议整体采用芯轴设计,胶筒选用氢化丁腈橡胶或四丙氟橡胶等材质,卡瓦建议采用笼式桶状。结论认为,提出的注采井筒体系设计优化措施,能够为该类型储能项目的大尺寸井筒注采体系设计与优化提供方法和思路。