Countermeasures on Elevating Self-development Ability of Western Rural Areas on the Basis of Visual Threshold of Human Capital

The thesis underscores the significant role of human capital in elevating rural self-development ability.The investment of human capital is making great contribution to western rural economic growth,and it plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the socio-economic development prominently.The characteristics of human resources development in western rural areas for the moment are analyzed as follows:the employment structure is simple;the structure of human resources is irrational;the shortage of human resources aggregate is accompanied by the critical phenomenon of idling;the human resources drain badly;there is low input and low output of talents.The thesis also propounds the fundamental approaches in order to elevating self-development ability of western rural areas:we should practise and implement National Medium and Long-term Planning of Talents Development and lay down as soon as possible the detailed matching policies and measures based on the reality of western rural areas;we should develop the education in western rural areas vigorously,and formulate the developmental strategies of bridging "knowledge gap";we should establish sound rural human resources development system,and reinforce the degree of training returning-home migrant workers;we should adjust the structure of human investment timely as needed,and strengthen the degree of human capital investment conspicuously.

Analysis on the Changes of Temperature and Heat Resources in Rural Area of Chaoyang in Western Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to study the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning. [Method] Based on the data from rural meteorological station in Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010, the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area in Chaoyang were analyzed by means of serial correlation and climate tendency method, so as to master its climate situation. [Result] The annual average value of daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010 showed fluctuation variation, and the annual average value of daily maximum temperature increased most obviously with the climatic tendency of 0.328 ℃/10 a and highest significant level, so it played an important role in temperature increase, next came daily average temperature (0.151 ℃/10 a), while there was no obvious decrease in daily minimum temperature. The average of daily maximum temperature in winter half year increased more obviously than that in summer half year, with the climatic tendency of 0.417 and 0.250 ℃/10 a, respectively; the trend of daily average temperature reached low significant level, and there was no obvious variation in daily minimum temperature. In addition, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning went up obviously, with the climatic tendency of 42.59 ℃·d/10 a, namely it increased by 192 ℃·d in recent 45 years. [Conclusion] The study could provide climatic reference for the adjustment of agriculture structure and varieties distribution.

Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

Demand of Rural Public Goods in Western Ethnic Minority Areas

In the context of Development of the West Regions and the construction of new countryside,on the basis of defining the concept of public goods,this article analyzes the status quo and layers of demand of rural public goods in western ethnic minority areas:the demand of rural public goods in ethnic minority areas shows "pyramid" structure,that is,the most basic layer is production-based rural public goods,followed by life-based rural public goods and democratic-management-based rural public goods.Finally the countermeasures for achieving effective demand of rural public goods are put forward as follows:adhere to customers(farmers)-oriented principle;innovate upon the rural residents' demand expression mechanism of public goods in ethnic minority areas;achieve diversification of supply subject of rural public goods in ethnic minority areas.

Analysis on the Causes of Existing Problems of Professional Knowledge of Western Rural Teachers Under the Urban and Rural Educational Planning Background

This paper adopts the self-designed questionnaire to make investigations and interviews with the rural middle and primary school teachers in Chengdu and Chongqing districts about the professional development problems of western rural teachers, and refers to the educational literature materials in western rural areas. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is known that the professional knowledge status of western rural teachers is worrying, and the reason is mainly caused by the location, policy, economy, society, continuing education and teachers＇ own factors.

Discussion on Cultivating the Idea of the Western Rural Market Economy

Along with the deepening of the economic system reform, the quickening of our country＇s steps joining WTO, and the enlarging of the discrepancies among different regions, how to promptly change the sense of the western rural areas to resolve the ＂the three problems connected with agriculture, peasants, and countryside＂ and utilize the market economy regulation and taking market as the direction has become the initial problem of the economic development in western countryside in order to push the smooth implement of the western development. This thesis starts with the essence, function, and other influential factors of this idea, systematically elaborates the current idea characteristics of each stratum in western countryside, discovers the reason that the sense of western rural areas falls behind the times, and definitely puts forward with new idea characteristics which is suitable for the economic development of the western rural areas, and also offer some policy suggestions on how to realize this change of the sense in western rural areas.

中国式现代化背景下西部农村学前教育高质量发展的困境与纾解

西部农村学前教育高质量发展对建设教育强国、推进中国式现代化具有重要意义。理论上,中国式现代化从普惠性教育、整体性思维、内涵式发展、共生型主张、前瞻性布局五个维度为农村学前教育高质量发展指明了方向。实践上,通过对我国西部70所农村幼儿园的大规模调研发现,在中国式现代化进程中,我国学前教育整体取得了跨越式发展,但西部农村学前教育仍面临规模与质量协同的“困顿”、教育资源供给与需求的“错配”、园本课程特色与底色的“迷失”、教师专业发展能动与被动的“纠葛”、教育督导与评估机制的“乏力”等困境。为此,有必要建立“量质并举”的教育质量观,顺应人口变动,合理调控教育资源,坚持乡土特色与课程底色并重,构建以教师为核心的“1+3+N”育人新格局,加强数字化教育质量评估体系建设。

学校氛围对西部农村学生校园欺凌的影响机制研究--一项有中介的调节模型

通过对广西5040名农村中小学生进行问卷调查发现:相较于非留守儿童,留守儿童遭受更多校园欺凌、具有更低社会情感能力发展水平和更消极的学校氛围认知与感受;学生社会情感能力对校园欺凌具有稳定负向预测作用,成为防治校园欺凌的重要保护性因素;学校氛围各维度对直接防治校园欺凌具有“双刃性”,其中,师生情感和同伴关系对校园欺凌具有稳定的保护性作用,而物质环境和外部环境表现出风险性特征;学生社会情感能力在师生情感、同伴关系与校园欺凌之间发挥部分中介作用,而在物质环境、外部环境和校园欺凌之间具有遮掩效应;留守情况对学校氛围各维度与校园欺凌的关系具有调节作用,表现为学校氛围各维度对留守儿童社会情感能力的促进作用显著小于非留守儿童,进而容易导致留守儿童比非留守儿童遭受更多校园欺凌。对此,各教育主体应该重视西部农村学生尤其是留守儿童的校园欺凌问题,营造支持性教育氛围并构建闭环的社会支持链,充分发挥学生社会情感能力的防治功效,切实保护每个学生免遭校园欺凌。

发现“东西中国”:市场化与当代乡村变迁

改革开放以来出现的全国统一的劳动力市场、全国性的农产品市场和全国性的婚姻“市场”,让乡村走向了自由开放。市场化改变社会连接方式,打破乡村的地方性,让乡村中的人财物变成了自由流动的要素,市场区位决定了乡村人财物流动的方向。在三大市场的共同作用下,农村人财物总体呈现东进西出的特点,乡村秩序和乡村发展因而出现了显著的东中西地区差异。东部与中西部地区农村不仅在城乡关系、村庄形态等方面存在不同,而且还存在发展路径上的差异。“东西中国”是从农民与市场的关系的角度,呈现出改革开放后乡村变迁逻辑和分布形态。下一步,在定位乡村发展、实施乡村振兴、选择基层治理手段和推动重大涉农政策改革的过程中,要立足于“东西中国”这个现实前提。

我国西部农村地区固体燃料燃烧污染物排放因子测定及分布特征

排放因子是估算污染物排放量的重要参数,为获取可靠的、有区域特征的固体燃料排放因子,2018年在我国西部9个省/自治区利用稀释采样系统入户收集了226个固体燃料燃烧样本,获得了薪柴、秸秆和煤在不同类型炉具中燃烧排放CO_(2)、CO、OC、EC、PM_(2.5)的排放因子。结果表明:秸秆类较易燃烧的燃料有较高的OC、EC、PM2.5排放因子,煤有较高的CO_(2)、CO排放因子。炉灶类型对薪柴的OC、PM2.5的排放因子影响稍大,薪柴在炕中燃烧的OC、PM_(2.5)排放因子比在砖灶和铁炉高约2-3.1倍,但秸秆在不同炉具中的排放因子差异较小。受不同区域燃料和炉灶类型以及操作习惯差异的共同影响,排放因子呈现明显的区域性差异,高CO_(2)排放因子分布在以煤为主要燃料的区域,高OC、EC、PM_(2.5)排放因子分布在以生物质为主要燃料的区域,并且CO、OC和PM_(2.5)排放因子的区域分布呈现一定的相关性。

乡村产业融合发展对县域经济韧性的影响研究

基于2010—2021年中国西部民族地区乡村产业融合示范县、示范园和先导区试点县域的面板数据,采用渐进双重差分法与中介效应方法,实证分析乡村产业融合发展对西部民族地区县域经济韧性的作用机制及异质性影响。结果表明:乡村产业融合显著提升西部民族地区县域经济韧性,提升水平约1.5%,该结论经过一系列稳健性检验依然成立;机制分析表明,农业劳动生产率与产业结构高级化是乡村产业融合提升县域经济韧性的两个重要渠道,其中产业结构高级化政策效应更为显著;异质性分析发现,乡村产业融合对西南民族地区县域经济韧性提升的政策效应更加明显;分维度分析显示,乡村产业融合主要从抵抗能力、适应能力和变革能力等3个维度对县域经济韧性发挥积极作用,在恢复能力维度作用还不显著。据此,建议西部民族地区增设县域产业园区,构建全产业链;提高经营主体劳动效率,优化乡村农业产业结构;强化农业风险管理意识,推广农业技术。

西部乡村美育教育现状与发展对策

为探讨西部乡村美育教育的现状及其发展对策,采用问卷分析法开展讨论。研究结果显示,虽然整体评价较为积极,但部分地区在资源供给与教学质量方面存在不平衡现象,教育资源与教学质量呈显著正相关关系,而发展对策建议与教育资源的关联性不强,即倾向的改进空间稍脱离于当地教育资源现状,受访者可以分为两类群体,群体间在美育教育的各项指标上存在显著差异。基于此,提出加大资金投入、改善资源分配、强化教师培训、鼓励将本地文化元素融入课程设计等建议,以促进西部乡村美育教育的全面提升。

西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源现状

数字化教学已成为教育事业发展的必然趋势和常态化教学手段。为进一步提高西部乡村小学教师的数字化教学能力,采用问卷调查方式了解西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源现状。数据结果显示,多数教师能够合理利用数字化教学资源进行备课和教学,对数字化教学资源持肯定态度。西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源应用效果较好,能够在一定程度上解决教育资源不均衡问题,但教师授课观念和教师设备使用维度的提升水平相对偏慢。西部乡村小学教师数字化教学资源应用效果在年龄上不存在显著性差异,但教师授课观念维度在年龄上存在显著性差异。

“双碳”目标下西部农村生活能源消费特征及碳排放分析

运用能源环境理论、多元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法探究西部地区10个省区(市)农户主要生活能源消费特征及碳排放。结果表明:①西部农村生活能源存在明显区域异质性,四川和甘肃生活能源分布特征极明显,贵州、广西和云南生活能源分布特征明显,陕西、青海、重庆、宁夏和新疆生活能源分布特征不明显。②西部农村主要生活能源平均占比排序依次为:太阳能0.29%、沼气0.79%、液化石油气19.95%、煤40.47%、柴草49.16%、电53.24%,使用绿色能源农户占比仅有18.1%,通过发展绿色能源促进“双碳”目标实现任务艰巨。③若西部农村1789万煤用户、4225万柴草用户和1770万煤气、天然气、液化石油气用户转型升级使用绿色能源,每年能节约标准煤约3700万t,减少CO_(2)排放约1亿t。由此可见,生活能源蕴含着巨大碳减排潜力,是不可忽视的“双碳”载体,应进一步加大居民生活能源消费转型升级以此促进“双碳”目标的实现。

中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境与纾解路径——基于37位乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析

随着教育改革的纵深发展,家校社协同育人成为促进我国基础教育高质量发展的应有之义。通过对37位中西部地区乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析发现,中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境主要表现在认知困境、师资困境、沟通困境和管理困境四个方面。促进乡村地区家校社协同育人,需要增强家长心理资本,以获得感为取向促进农村家长对家校共育的认同;加强队伍建设,以主题培训为抓手提高乡村教师的家庭教育指导专业素养;优化资源供给,以社区资源整合为手段丰富家庭教育指导内容;强化制度保障,以机制建设为驱动促进家校社三方高效联动。

西部乡村小学教师职业倦怠现状及其影响因素研究

通过问卷调查和个案访谈法研究西部地区乡村小学教师的职业倦怠情况,探讨其与教学设施、社会支持、薪酬水平及教师培训和支持措施之间的关系。结果表明,受访教师对情绪衰竭、缺乏人情味、低个人成就感3个维度的职业倦怠呈现出不同程度的分布,其中情绪衰竭维度中度和重度程度的人相对较多。大部分受访教师认为教学设施和资源满足程度维度处于中等水平,对社会支持程度、教师培训和支持措施维度的评价相对较高,普遍认为薪酬水平较低。教学设施和资源满足程度、社会支持程度、薪酬水平及教师培训和支持措施的有效性维度均与教师职业倦怠存在显著相关关系。基于此,提出提高乡村小学教师的情绪管理能力,加强对乡村小学教师的人文关怀和社会支持等建议,以有效改善西部乡村小学教师的职业倦怠现象。

西部乡村基础教育跨学科主题教学影响因素研究

为探究西部乡村基础教育下跨学科主题教学现状及其影响因素,采用定量研究方法,以数据为支撑,剖析西部乡村基础教育背景下跨学科主题教学对学生的影响。调研结果显示,西部乡村地区小学生感知下的跨学科主题教学效果及学习兴趣处于中等偏上水平,合作学习能力与对课程满意方面还有待提升。小学生对跨学科主题教学的学习兴趣与跨学科主题教学效果间存在显著正相关关系。西部乡村地区小学生自信心对其跨学科主题教学效果具有正面预测作用。基于此,应加强跨学科主题教学奖的引进,强化小学生跨学科主题合作学习的能力。

乡村振兴战略下西部地区乡村建设融资研究

全面推进乡村振兴,农村成为重中之重,特别是西部地区的发展。近年来,我国东西部地区在经济发展过程中面临着经济差距悬殊、后续增长乏力、缺少产业支撑等问题,因此,以实施乡村振兴战略促进东西部地区的协调发展。为促进西部地区的可持续发展,必须加强对生产要素的投入,特别是在财政方面,应当构建一个全面、多元、综合的乡村振兴融资机制。全方位了解西部乡村振兴的现状和发展趋势,研究现有的发展模式及途径,进而发现西部乡村建设中存在融资渠道单一、以发展传统产业为主、人力资源不足的困境,进一步寻找解决路径,拓宽融资渠道、创新升级产业结构,留住人并引进人,更好地发挥融资在乡村振兴战略中的作用。

辽西走廊地区乡村住宅组团风环境模拟及优化设计

辽西走廊地区由于其独特的地理位置,春季和冬季多发大风天气,给当地风环境带来一定程度的影响。文章以该地区乡村住宅组团为研究对象并构建基本模型,以流体模拟软件Phoenics分析其风环境,参照相关评估方法判断不舒适区域并进行统计。通过对比多种优化方法,讨论提高住宅组团风环境舒适程度的合理方案。结果表明,通过控制组团布局方式、道路节点和院落空间等措施均能有效增加住宅组团的风环境舒适面积。

浙西地区既有农房墙体节能改造分析

能源的有效利用关乎社会的可持续发展,降低建筑能耗是节能减排的重要课题。文章从浙西农村地区既有建筑外墙保温节能设计着手,以浙西地区的既有农房作为主要研究对象,采用MATLAB软件动态模拟分析了建筑外墙保温技术的节能效果,对不同改造方案进行了节能评估,并对MATLAB数值模拟进行可行性验证。