Durability of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP sheet under wet-dry cycles and loading

The test results of eight concrete beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheets subjected to an aggressive environment under a sustained load are presented. The beams are 1 700 mm long with a rectangular cross-section of 120- mm width and 200-mm depth. The beams are precracked with a four-point flexural load, bonded CFRP sheets, and placed into wet-dry saline water（ NaCl） either in an unstressed state or loaded to about 30% or 60% of the initial ultimate load. The individual and coupled effects of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses on the long term behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with the CFRP are investigated. The test results show that the coupled action of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses appears to significantly affect the load capacity and the failure mode of beam strengthened with CFRP, mainly due to the degradation of the bond between CFRP and concrete. However, the stiffness is not affected by the coupled action of wet-dry cycles and a sustained load.

THE WET-DRY CHANGES IN RECENT 40YEARS IN TAKLIMAKAN AREA

Using the precipitation data in recent 40 years of 48 meteorological stations in Taklimakan area and neighboring areas, this paper analyzes the stage and periodicity of the wet-dry changes in a year and four seasons. The paper also compares the correlativity of precipitation between Taklimakan area and around Mountains, and obtained some statisticconclusions as follows. (1) The precipitation changes of a year and four seasons in Taklimakan area have different wet-dryperiods and change periodicities. (2) Summer precipitation has well directive sense to annual precipitation in Taklimakanarea with a correlation coefficient 0. 901, and the negative correlation between precipitation and temperature in summer isvery remarkable. (3) There is definite correlation between annual precipitation in Taklimakan area and position of polarvortex. When longitude of polar vortex is partial west in February and its latitude is partial north in September of the lastyear, annual precipitation is above its mean in the area. In addition, it is beneficial to obtain more summer precipitation inthe area when position of polar vortex is partial west in February.

Pitting and galvanic corrosion behavior of stainless steel with weld in wet-dry environment containing Cl^-

Accelerated corrosion test of stainless steel with weld was carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior under the wetdry cyclic condition in the atmosphere containing Cl^-. In the surface morphology, corrosion products were analyzed by metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the damage to stainless steel with weld in the atmosphere containing Cl^- is due to localized corrosion, especially pitting and galvanic corrosion, Weld acts as the anode, whereas matrix acts as the cathode in the corrosion process. The pitting corrosion, including the nucleation and growth of a stable pit, is promoted by the presence of wet-dry cycles, especially during the drying stage. Pits centralizing in weld are found to be grouped together like colonies, with a number of smaller pits surrounding a larger pit. The composition of the corrosion products is Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Fe3O4, NiCrO4, etc.

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd,Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

Synthesis of PZT power by wet-dry method and its structure

To prepare PZT powder at lower temperature, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder (x(Zr)/x(Ti)=56?44) was prepared by wet-dry method. Glycol was used as the solvent, and zirconium oxychloride was used as zirconium source. The properties and structure of the powder were analyzed by XRD, SEM and Sedimentograph. The effects of sintering parameter such as sintering temperature, keeping time and heating-up velocity on structure of PZT power were investigated. The results show that homogeneous PZT with single-phase perovskite structure can be obtained after sintering at 730 ℃ for 2 h, and the average size of PZT powder is about 113 nm.

Degradation of Pore Structure and Microstructures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-dry Cycles in Sea Water

Hardened cement paste was subjected to the flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water. The degradation of microstructures was obtained using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis was carried to analyze the local composition. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （Poremaster GT-60） was used to analyze the degradation of pore structures. The experimental results show that the synergistic action of the flexural loading, wet-dry cycles and sea water leads to significant deterioration of hardened cement paste. The degradation of microstructures in the tensile region is more serious than that in the compressive region. The flexural loading and wet-dry cycles accelerate the chemical attack of sea water.

Research on the Pitting Mechanism of Dispersion-Strengthened High-Strength Steel Under Wet-Dry Cycling in a Marine Environment

Due to the wet-dry cycling in the ocean tidal zone,the supply of dissolved oxygen and salt-containing particles were sufficient,so the corrosion was serious.Pitting corrosion was a common form of localized corrosion.This paper studied the pitting corrosion mechanism of dispersion-strengthened high-strength steel under different wet-dry ratio environments.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to study the changes of corrosion rate and electric double layer structure of the dispersionstrengthened high-strength steel.Scanning electron microscope,Raman spectroscopy,electron probe microanalysis and laser confocal scanning microscope were used to observe the corrosion product morphologies,analyze the corrosion product compositions,analyze the secondary distribution of alloy elements in the corrosion products and analyze the pitting information of the steel after the corrosion products were removed.The results showed that the degree of the steel corrosion was slight when the wetting time was longer,the size and depth of the corrosion pits on the surface were smaller.This was because the environment with longer wetting time made the corrosion products denser.In this environment,the conversion ofγ-FeOOH to Fe3O4 was promoted.In addition,it could also promote the alloying elements to be more concentrated in the rust layer.The above phenomena hindered the further corrosion of the matrix by dissolved oxygen and Cl−in the seawater.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

Initial corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition

Corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition was investigated.The results show that corrosion potential shifts positively and the corrosion current density decreases at low wet-dry cyclic time.Further increase of the cyclic time results in the negative movement of corrosion potential and the increase of current density.SEM observation indicates that corrosion occurs only inαphase,βphase is inert in corrosive medium,and the corrosion of AZ91 magnesium appears in uniform characteristic.XPS analysis suggests that the corrosion product is mainly composed of oxide and hydroxide of magnesium and aluminum,and a small amount of sulfate is also contained in the film.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

多因素影响下预崩解炭质泥岩动回弹特性研究

为探究多因素影响下预崩解炭质泥岩的动回弹特性,通过动三轴试验研究偏应力、最小体应力、含水率、压实度和干湿循环次数对动态回弹模量的影响,并建立考虑上述因素影响的动回弹模量预测模型。研究表明:动回弹模量与最小体应力、压实度呈正相关关系,与偏应力、含水率呈负相关关系;在同一围压下,动回弹模量随偏应力增加而降低,降幅区间为14.1%~30.7%;含水率为6%时对应的动回弹模量最大;在围压和偏应力相同时,含水率从6%递增至10%,动回弹模量降幅区间为18.6%~35.5%;压实度从93%递增至96%时,动回弹模量增幅区间为4.47%~20.64%。采用干湿循环损伤因子表征干湿循环次数对动回弹模量的影响,发现损伤因子随干湿循环次数N增加可分为3个阶段,即快速增长阶段(N=0~1)、缓慢增长阶段(N=1~6)和增长稳定阶段(N=6~9)。各因素按显著性由高到低排序依次为:压实度、干湿循环、含水率、偏应力、最小体应力。建立的综合考虑约束效应、剪切效应、压实度、含水率和干湿循环的预测模型具有较高地准确性和适用性,可有效评估和预测湿热地区炭质泥岩路堤的动回弹模量。

干湿循环作用下剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂作用及影响因素

为研究干湿循环作用下纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂效果,分别开展了素土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的干湿循环试验,并采用图像处理技术提取试样表面裂隙参数,分析了剑麻纤维含量及长度、干湿循环次数、试样含水率对裂隙发育的影响.结果表明:1)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土具有较好的抗裂性能,且剑麻纤维的掺入对膨胀土的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度影响较大,相较于素土试样,最优加筋土试样的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度均比素土试样减小了约1/2.2)纤维长度相同时,随着纤维含量的增大,裂隙率、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和分形维数均呈先减小后增大的趋势,且纤维含量为0.4%时各参数值最小;纤维含量相同时,纤维长度对各裂隙参数影响不大.3)随着干湿循环次数的增加,加筋土和素土试样裂隙参数均呈逐渐增大趋势,但纤维加筋土裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度的增大幅度均比素土小;从第5次干湿循环开始,各裂隙参数增长趋缓.4)单次脱湿过程中,试样含水率由20%降至10%时,裂隙急剧发育,且素土裂隙的发育对含水率的变化更加敏感,含水率低于10%时,随着含水率的减小,试样裂隙率变小并趋于稳定;相同含水率条件下,剑麻纤维加筋土具有更好的抗裂性能.5)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂机理主要表现在两方面,一方面是剑麻纤维的掺入增大了膨胀土的渗透系数,促进了试样内水分的均匀分布,减小了试样各处的胀缩差异;另一方面纵横交错的剑麻纤维约束了聚集体之间大孔隙的收缩.

干湿循环下节理砂岩细观能量演化规律研究

为探究干湿循环作用下的节理砂岩的细观损伤劣化规律,采用颗粒流软件开展了节理砂岩细观数值模拟,研究了不同干湿循环下节理砂岩的细观力学特性和能量演化机制。研究表明:随着干湿循环次数的增大,颗粒间的接触力和平行黏结力最大值呈线性递减规律;干湿循环下节理砂岩裂纹演化主要经历缓慢增加、均匀增加、阶梯增加及突变增加4个阶段,且裂纹数目(总裂纹、拉伸裂纹及剪切裂纹)与干湿循环次数呈正相关;细观边界能、平行黏结应变能及线性黏结应变能随干湿循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小趋势,节理砂岩中耗散能与微裂纹数大致呈正相关;干湿循环作用导致颗粒间抗断裂能力弱化,使岩样能量储存能力降低,这是造成节理砂岩干湿损伤劣化的能量机制。

氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面抗剪性能试验

为探究氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面抗剪性能,开展干湿循环(0 d、60 d和120 d)不同沟槽形状(矩形、正梯形和倒梯形)的单搭接拉伸剪切试验,研究失效模式和断裂能的变化及影响最大剪应力的因素,结合试验结果推导了考虑干湿循环的界面黏结滑移本构方程,并通过数值模拟验证其有效性。结果表明:随干湿循环进行,表面开槽法失效模式由CFRP断裂破坏转变为剥离破坏;120 d界面断裂能下降量较未开槽法减少60.04%~69.42%;正梯形组120 d最大剪应力相比其他表面开槽形状提升7.18%~9.48%。表面开槽法在氯盐干湿循环作用下具有较好的抗剪性能,建立的界面本构劣化方程适用于氯盐干湿循环作用下表面开槽CFRP-混凝土界面黏结性能的分析和模拟。

干湿循环作用下堆石料宏细观力学特性的离散元模拟研究

堆石料的物理力学特性在干湿循环作用下会发生明显劣化。基于堆石料颗粒三维扫描结果,建立了宽粒径范围的堆石料颗粒模板库。考虑干湿循环对颗粒强度、颗粒间接触模量和摩擦系数的影响,提出了一种考虑堆石颗粒干湿循环劣化的颗粒破碎模拟方案。在此基础上,采用FDM-DEM耦合方法对不同干湿循环作用下的堆石料试样进行一系列三轴压缩试验,讨论了在三轴压缩条件下干湿循环对堆石料宏细观力学特性的影响规律。结果表明:堆石料的初始模量和峰值强度随着干湿循环次数N的增加而呈非线性降低,干湿循环对体变曲线在初始阶段的剪缩和加载后期的剪胀有抑制作用,当N增大至某一值时,干湿循环对堆石料的宏观变形和强度的影响逐渐不明显。干湿循环次数越大,试样内部平均配位数越大,接触滑移比越大,试样内部的偏组构呈非线性减小,即各向异性程度在逐渐减小,这说明干湿循环对试样内部的各向异性发展有抑制作用。

干湿循环下复合激发膏体充填材料宏-细-微观强化与损伤特性

为探明盐-碱复合激发膏体充填材料的性能变化规律及干湿循环作用下充填体结构多尺度损伤机制,对以脱硫石膏和水泥熟料为复合激发剂的膏体充填材料进行多目标优化,并对最优配比下的充填体试块进行0~25次干湿循环,开展抗压强度、X射线衍射(XRD)、低场核磁共振(NMR)、扫描电镜(SEM)试验,揭示充填体宏观力学行为和微细观结构演化规律。研究结果表明:充填材料最优配比是矿渣掺量为50%,脱硫石膏与水泥熟料质量比为3:7,硅灰掺量为2.5%。随着干湿循环次数的增加,充填体宏观表现为抗压强度的折减及累积电导率升高,干湿循环10次时出现拐点,质量损失率和强度损失率分别达极小值-1.91%和-8.36%;在细观尺度上,T2谱反演良好,干湿循环作用10次后,横向弛豫时间逐渐右移且谱面积增大,表明膏体充填材料孔隙尺寸及数量随着干湿循环次数增加而增大;微观尺度上,钙矾石、石膏和方解石等侵蚀产物的膨胀结晶应力加速了微观孔隙结构的发育,反复干湿循环作用削减了C-S-H凝胶的黏聚力,由最初的堆叠蜂窝状劣化为小块状。综合宏、细、微观结构演变规律可知,孔隙结构的损伤演化与力学性能的劣化特征具有较好的同步性。

干湿循环下木质素改良粉土抗剪强度特性

为克服粉土强度低、干湿循环性能差的特点,同时解决固体废弃物木质素的资源化利用的问题,将木质素掺入粉土中,形成木质素改良粉土。为研究木质素改良粉土抗剪强度特性及干湿循环性能,对经历干湿循环后的木质素改良粉土进行直接剪切试验和X射线衍射试验,研究了木质素掺量0、2%、5%、8%、12%、15%和干湿循环0、1、2、3、4次对改良土抗剪强度特性的影响。结果表明:掺入木质素可以显著提升粉土的抗剪强度及干湿循环性能;一定干湿循环次数下,改良土的抗剪强度及黏聚力随着木质素掺量的增加先增大后降低,内摩擦角随着木质素掺量的增加先快速增大后基本不变;当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土的抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角最高。改良土的抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着干湿循环次数的增加而降低,当木质素掺量为0时,纯土试样经过1次干湿循环即崩解,强度损失率为100%;当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土的强度损失率最低,黏聚力及内摩擦角的降低幅度均较低。X射线衍射试验表明,木质素掺量为8%时,石英、方解石、白云石含量最高,黏土矿物含量较高,钠长石含量最低,这是造成改良土强度及干湿循环性能提升的直接原因。结果显示,当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土在提高抗剪强度及干湿循环性能方面具有明显优势。研究结果可为实际施工设计提供理论支撑。

氯盐干湿循环对再生混凝土力学性能研究进展

再生混凝土的应用,不仅能够解决废弃混凝土处理问题;又能降低因资源过度开采所引起的生态环境破坏,因而具有广阔的发展前景。相比于普通混凝土,干湿循环作用下再生混凝土的力学性能更为复杂。综述了氯盐干湿循环环境下再生混凝土力学性能研究进展,剖析了再生混凝土在氯盐侵蚀与干湿循环共同作用下抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗剪强度、动弹性模量、界面过渡区和孔隙结构等力学性能变化规律,分析了干湿循环与再生粗骨料对再生混凝土力学性能影响机理,总结了其力学性能改善措施。分析结果表明:既有研究存在不足,主要体现在试验早期不同研究者的研究结论离散性较大,需要进一步加强微观结构和破坏机理分析,完善理论体系。

干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对粳稻光合特性和氮素吸收利用的影响

水分和氮素对水稻叶片光合特性和氮素吸收利用有重要影响,但在干湿交替灌溉条件下,水、氮是如何影响水稻叶片和根系氮代谢酶活性、产量和氮素吸收利用的仍不清楚。探明这一问题对于协同提高产量和氮肥利用效率有重要意义。本研究以超级稻品种南粳9108为材料,大田种植,设置全生育期常规灌溉(conventional irrigation,CI)和干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and drying irrigation,AWD)2种灌溉方式及5个施氮水平,不施氮(N0)、施氮90 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、施氮180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、施氮270 kg hm^(-2)(N3)和施氮360 kg hm^(-2)(N4)。结果表明,与CI相比,AWD增加了水稻主要生育时期叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高了叶片净光合速率,并显著增加了叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,显著降低了过氧化物酶、内肽酶活性和丙二醛含量,显著提高了根系中氮代谢酶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性;AWD的产量较CI平均增加了10.4%。AWD显著提高了氮素转运量、氮素转运率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力,产量和氮肥利用率均以AWD+N3处理组合的最高。因此,轻度干湿交替灌溉配合一定的施氮量,可以充分发挥水、肥效应,促进根系和叶片的氮代谢水平,提高叶片光合特性,协调地下地上部生长,有利于水稻产量和氮肥利用率的协同提高。