Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells: Future regenerative medicine for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation injury

Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)are gaining significant attention in regenerative medicine for their potential to treat degenerative diseases and mitigate radiation injuries.WJ-MSCs are more naïve and have a better safety profile,making them suitable for both autologous and allogeneic transplantations.This review highlights the regenerative potential of WJ-MSCs and their clinical applications in mitigating various types of radiation injuries.In this review,we will also describe why WJ-MSCs will become one of the most probable stem cells for future regenerative medicine along with a balanced view on their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,the most updated literature related to both preclinical and clinical usage of WJ-MSCs for their potential application in the regeneration of tissues and organs will also be compiled.

Safety and efficiency of Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration in patients with traumatic brain injury:First results of a phase I study

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma,which can potentially cause severe physical,cognitive,and emotional impairment.Stem cell transplantation has evolved as a novel treatment modality in the management of TBI,as it has the potential to arrest the degeneration and promote regeneration of new cells in the brain.Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)have recently shown beneficial effects in the functional recovery of neurological deficits.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficiency of MSC therapy in TBI.METHODS We present 6 patients,4 male and 2 female aged between 21 and 27 years who suffered a TBI.These 6 patients underwent 6 doses of intrathecal,intramuscular(i.m.)and intravenous transplantation of WJ-MSCs at a target dose of 1×106/kg for each application route.Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth scale(MAS),motor function according to the Medical Research Council Muscle Strength Scale,quality of life was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure(FIM)scale and Karnofsky Performance Status scale.RESULTS Our patients showed only early,transient complications,such as subfebrile fever,mild headache,and muscle pain due to i.m.injection,which resolved within 24 h.During the one year follow-up,no other safety issues or adverse events were reported.These 6 patients showed improvements in their cognitive abilities,muscle spasticity,muscle strength,performance scores and fine motor skills when compared before and after the intervention.MAS values,which we used to assess spasticity,were observed to statistically significantly decrease for both left and right sides(P<0.001).The FIM scale includes both motor scores(P<0.05)and cognitive scores(P<0.001)and showed a significant increase in pretest posttest analyses.The difference observed in the participants’Karnofsky Performance Scale values pre and post the intervention was statistically significant(P<0.001).CONCLUSION This study showed that cell transplantation has a safe,effective and promising future in the management of TBI.

Potential plausible role of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic bone regeneration

This letter addresses the review titled“Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells:Future regenerative medicine for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation injury”.The review highlights the regenerative potential of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)and describes why WJ-MSCs will become one of the most probable stem cells for future regenerative medicine.The potential plausible role of WJ-MSCs for diabetic bone regeneration should be noticeable,which will provide a new strategy for improving bone regeneration under diabetic conditions.

Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder:Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifaceted origins.In recent studies,neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation have come to the forefront in its pathogenesis.There are studies suggesting that stem cell therapy may be effective in the treatment of ASD.AIM To evolve the landscape of ASD treatment,focusing on the potential benefits and safety of stem cell transplantation.METHODS A detailed case report is presented,displaying the positive outcomes observed in a child who underwent intrathecal and intravenous Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)transplantation combined with neurorehabilitation.RESULTS The study demonstrates a significant improvement in the child’s functional outcomes(Childhood Autism Rating Scale,Denver 2 Developmental Screening Test),especially in language and gross motor skills.No serious side effects were encountered during the 2-year follow-up.CONCLUSION The findings support the safety and effectiveness of WJ-MSC transplantation in managing ASD.

The Exploration of Teaching Historical Narratives Through Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence

Wharton’s novels serve as compelling cases for understanding the complexities of late 19th-century American society.The paper uses The Age of Innocence as an example to examine detailed depiction of the era’s social hierarchy,fashion,architecture,and the intricate social rituals that defined New York’s upper class.It explores the constraints and dilemmas women faced within a patriarchal society,highlighting Wharton’s personal experiences and her critical stance on the social norms of her time.The characters of Newland Archer,May Welland,and Ellen Olenska are analyzed to reveal the pressures of societal expectations and the struggles for individual desires within a rigid social structure.Additionally,the paper proposes various teaching methods,including contextual understanding,literary analysis with a historical focus,and historical research projects,to enhance students’comprehension of the cultural and historical context of the novel.These methods aim to immerse students in the narrative and promote their understanding of the Gilded Age’s social dynamics.

Large Active Faults and the Wharton Basin Intraplate Earthquakes in the Eastern Indian Ocean

In recent years,great earthquakes occurred within the Wharton Basin in the eastern Indian Ocean,and they have been associa-ted with active faulting on the ancient oceanic crust.Large seismogenic faults were thought to be the fault reactivation on the ancient oceanic crust,but these phenomena are still unclear and require examination.This study used high-quality multibeam bathymetry and multichannel seismic data collected over the northern Ninetyeast Ridge to investigate detailed fault geometry,structure,and activity.We recognized 12 large linear active faults by integrating bathymetry maps and multichannel seismic reflection profiles.Our results showed that these faults have high angles,and they all displaced the basement and propagated to the seafloor with distinct fault scarps.They trended NWW-SEE with a spacing of 10–40km and were parallel to each other and the nearby subfault of the 2012 great intraplate earthquake,suggesting similar stress fields.These faults are also in agreement with the orientations of magnetic isochrons,implying their formation by seafloor spreading.Furthermore,regarding the strike-slip focal mechanism of 2012 earthquakes,we proposed that these faults were created early by a normal spreading process and then evolved into a strike-slip pattern since the ancient oceanic crust ap-proached the subduction zones.

微球化人脐带Wharton胶间充质干细胞移植裸鼠皮下构建异位软骨

背景:软骨细胞外基质具有众多的信号分子蛋白和因子,其成分和特性最接近天然软骨组织,因而其很可能是构建组织工程软骨的最理想原料。目的:探讨海藻酸钙-软骨细胞外基质混合凝胶微球复合人脐带Wharton胶间充质干细胞在裸鼠皮下异位构建组织工程软骨的可行性。方法:制备软骨细胞外基质微丝悬液,将人脐带Wharton胶间充质干细胞接种于海藻酸钙-软骨细胞外基质混合凝胶微球中体外培养后植入裸鼠背部皮下(实验组),以人脐带Wharton胶间充质干细胞混合于单纯藻酸盐凝胶微球作为对照组,于4周后取材进行大体和组织学苏木精-伊红、甲苯胺蓝、番红O及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化观察。结果与结论:体外培养时微球中干细胞呈球形软骨细胞样形态,生长、增殖情况良好;实验组术后第4周取材可见外形呈类软骨样组织块,甲苯胺蓝、番红O及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性,镜下观察可见大量类软骨样细胞及类软骨陷窝样结构,植入的混合凝胶微球周围组织无明显炎症反应;对照组显示微球部分降解,周围仅有少量炎症细胞及淋巴细胞。结果可见海藻酸钙-软骨细胞外基质具有良好的组织相容性,复合干细胞形成的微球植入裸鼠皮下可以构建为类软骨样组织。

脐带Wharton'sJelly中间充质干细胞的生物学特性

背景:脐带Wharton’sJelly中的间充质干细胞免疫原性低,增殖能力优于骨髓间充质干细胞,受到广泛关注。目的:分离、培养人脐带Wharton’sJelly中的间充质干细胞,并观测其生物学特性。方法:利用组织块培养法分离培养脐带Wharton’sJelly中的间充质干细胞,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,MTT法测定细胞倍增时间,流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫表型。结果与结论:组织块培养第2天时,开始有细胞从组织块爬出;第7天细胞形态开始发生变化,部分细胞呈梭形。传至第3代的细胞形态均一,呈梭形或成纤维形。传至第7代、第10代的细胞形态无明显变化,仍呈梭形。MTT结果示细胞的倍增时间为三四天,传至10代后细胞倍增时间无明显差别。分离培养的脐带Wharton’sJelly中间充质干细胞表达CD44、CD29、CD105,不表达CD34、CD45、CD14。

人脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞培养中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的作用

背景：培养脐带源间充质干细胞过程中,细胞形态常易变得宽大不规则,传代不易贴壁,死亡率高,找到一个维持细胞稳定的方法是有必要的。目的：拟采用组织块培养法从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离培养间充质干细胞,观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对其生物学特性的影响。方法：采用组织块法分离培养和扩增脐带组织间充质干细胞,对照组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清培养,实验组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清＋20μg/L碱性成纤维细胞生长因子培养。观察组织块游出细胞的时间和细胞形态,每隔3d或4d更换培养液,待细胞达到80%~90%融合时,用0.25%胰酶消化后,按1：2或1：3的比例传代。结果与结论：倒置显微镜下观察对照组中从8~10d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,实验组中从6~8d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,1周后可见多数呈长梭形或扁平形的成纤维样细胞,围绕组织块成旋涡状,前3代细胞形态及传代间隔时间两组基本相同;3代以后实验组细胞较对照组易于贴壁,传代死亡率低,生长曲线提示增殖能力强。流式细胞术分析两组细胞周期显示第3,6代70%以上的细胞处于G0/G1期,且第3,6代细胞均阳性表达CD29,CD44,弱表达HLA-ABC,不表达CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。结果提示采用组织块培养法可从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离出具有间充质干细胞特性的细胞,且碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能使细胞从组织块游出时间提前和有助于促使细胞贴壁,一定程度上维持细胞形态稳定性,提高增殖能力,并且不改变细胞的表面标志物表达。

“生物药”——Wharton's jelly源间充质干细胞

干细胞治疗代表生物冶疗进入到了一个崭新的时代。间充质干细胞是存在于胚胎或成体组织中来源于中胚层具有多向分化潜能的干细胞。由于成体间充质干细胞的质量与数量自身缺陷,使之应用受到了很大限制。Wharton's jelly组织,是起始于胚胎发育第13天的胚外中胚层组织。使用基因微阵列分析及功能分析,首次发现Wharton's jelly源间充质干细胞(Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells,WJMSCs)高表达胚胎早期干性基因及心肌细胞分化早期特异转录因子,可分化心肌细胞等多种细胞。进而,应用临床级WJMSCs经冠状动脉移植治疗ST抬高型急性心肌梗死患者的随机双盲临床试验,首次证明WJMSCs可明显改善心肌活力及心脏功能。因此,WJMSCs具有极其重要益处;无伦理涉及,有强的分化潜能,无致瘤性;加之,WJMSCs可作为产品,在任何时候病情需要时立即应用。为此,WJMSCs作为真正意义上的干细胞族,将最有希望成为具有应用前景的于细胞生物药。

Edith Wharton小说中的模糊限制语

本文以Edith Wharton的小说文本为研究对象,对文本中的一些描写和人物会话进行实例分析,探讨她在其小说文本中频繁使用的模糊限制语,以及运用模糊限制语对于刻画人物形象、突显人物个性、铺设情节背景等方面呈现出的独特艺术魅力。

人脐带Wharton’s jelly间充质干细胞生物学特性的研究

目的探讨人脐带Wharton’s jelly间充质干细胞的培养方法及生物学特性。方法将脐带Wharton’s jelly剪成约0.5 mm3种植到培养瓶,3 h后添加培养液。细胞达90%融合时用胰酶消化传代。用免疫组化检测波形蛋白的表达;用流式检测细胞膜表型;用诱导液检测其分化为脂肪样细胞和神经样细胞的潜能。结果培养6 d左右,细胞从组织块游出,为长梭形的成纤维样细胞,传代后细胞增殖加快,呈放射状分布。间充质干细胞标记物CD90等为阳性,而CD34等为阴性;波形蛋白呈强阳性。成脂诱导后,细胞质出现脂滴,油红O染色为阳性。经黄芪诱导24 h,细胞表达Nestin和NF,而NSE和GFAP为阴性。结论人脐带Wharton’s jelly中有间充质干细胞,且有多向分化潜能。

自体脂肪间充质干细胞复合人脐带Wharton胶支架修复兔膝关节软骨缺损

背景:脐带Wharton胶富含透明质酸,糖胺多糖及胶原等,成分与天然软骨细胞外基质类似,因此由人脐带提取的Wharton胶很可能是一种较为理想的软骨组织工程支架材料。目的:评价自体脂肪间充质干细胞复合人脐带Wharton胶支架修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果。方法:将终浓度为1010L-1、成软骨方向诱导后的兔自体脂肪间充质干细胞与人脐带Wharton胶支架复合,继续培养1周构建组织工程软骨,对兔膝关节全层软骨缺损进行修复(实验组),并与单纯支架修复的对照组及空白组进行比较。术后3个月对修复组织行大体观察、组织学检测、糖胺多糖、总胶原定量检测及生物力学测定。结果与结论:实验组的缺损多为透明软骨修复,对照组以纤维组织修复为主,空白组无明显组织修复。提示脂肪间充质干细胞作为软骨组织工程种子细胞具有可行性;实验构建的组织工程软骨能有效的修复关节软骨缺损,人脐带Wharton胶可作为软骨组织工程良好的支架材料。

关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架的制备及评估

背景:软骨组织工程主要包括种子细胞、支架材料、细胞因子及生物反应器等,其中支架材料是构建组织工程软骨的关键环节。目的:制备关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架,评估其理化特性及细胞相容性。方法:采用物理法分别制备猪关节软骨细胞外基质及人脐带Wharton胶,然后以冻融干燥法制备关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架,检测支架的孔隙率、吸水率、组织成分及纵向压缩弹性模量,并进行组织学染色。将关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架与兔软骨细胞共培养7 d,进行扫描电镜观察、活-死细胞染色及苏木精-伊红染色;分别采用关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架浸提液与细胞培养液培养兔软骨细胞6 d,MTT法检测细胞增殖。结果与结论:(1)关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架横断面为均匀的多孔网状结构,孔壁上密布软骨纤维,纵断面为垂直管状结构,支架苏木精-伊红红染、番红O及甲苯胺蓝染色均呈阳性,含有胶原和糖胺多糖成分,支架的吸水率、孔隙率和纵向压缩弹性模量分别为(17.418 8±0.909 0)%、(81.495 1±6.621 0)%和(2.833 3±0.456 4)k Pa;(2)共培养7 d,兔软骨细胞在支架上黏附和增殖,并均匀长入支架孔隙内;(3)关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架浸提液对软骨细胞无毒性;(4)结果表明,关节软骨细胞外基质/人脐带Wharton胶复合多孔支架的理化性能及生化成分与天然软骨相似,具有良好的细胞相容性。

脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞——细胞治疗理想选择

脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞(WJ-MSCs)是原始的间充质干细胞,具有较强的自我更新及多向分化潜能,无致肿瘤性,同时具有较低的免疫原性,在临床前期多种疾病的防治中具有较好的作用。由于其取材方便,应用无伦理争议,是细胞治疗修复组织损伤的理想选择。文章就WJ-MSCs的性质及应用等做一综述。

人脐带Wharton’s Jelly来源间充质干细胞与人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化能力的对比研究

目的:比较人脐带Wharton’s Jelly来源间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesechymal stem cells,h UCWJMSCs)与人牙周膜干细胞(periodontal mesenchymal stem cells,h PDLSCs)成骨分化能力。方法:体外培养h UCWJMSCs和h PDLSCs。MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;成骨诱导后测定细胞的ALP活性,茜素红染色检测细胞矿化能力,Real-time PCR分析OPN和Runx2基因的表达。结果:hUCWJMSCs增殖能力高于hPDLSCs;经矿化诱导后hPDLSCsALP表达、矿化结节形成高于hUCWJMSCs(P<0.05);Runx2在hPDLSCs中表达高于hUCWJMSCs(P<0.05);而hUCWJMSCs中OPN表达高于hPDLSCs(P<0.05)。结论:h UCWJMSCs、hPDLSCs均具有成骨分化能力,hPDLSCs成骨分化能力较强。

Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells for axon and myelin sheath regeneration

Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton＇s jelly of the umbilical cord were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells in vitro. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were transplanted into contused rat spinal cords. Immunofluorescence double staining indicated that transplanted cells survived in injured spinal cord, and differentiated into mature and immature oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biotinylated dextran amine tracing results showed that cell transplantation promoted a higher density of the corticospinal tract in the central and caudal parts of the injured spinal cord. Luxol fast blue and toluidine blue staining showed that the volume of residual myelin was significantly increased at 1 and 2 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter after cell transplantation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining verified that the newly regenerated myelin sheath was derived from the central nervous system. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan testing showed an evident behavioral recovery. These results suggest that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells promote the regeneration of spinal axons and myelin sheaths.

Neural differentiation of human Wharton＇s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves the recovery of neurological function after transplantation in ischemic stroke rats

Human Wharton＇s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells（h WJ-MSCs）have excellent proliferative ability,differentiation ability,low immunogenicity,and can be easily obtained.However,there are few studies on their application in the treatment of ischemic stroke,therefore their therapeutic effect requires further verification.In this study,h WJ-MSCs were transplanted into an ischemic stroke rat model via the tail vein 48 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.After 4 weeks,neurological functions of the rats implanted with h WJ-MSCs were significantly recovered.Furthermore,many h WJ-MSCs homed to the ischemic frontal cortex whereby they differentiated into neuron-like cells at this region.These results confirm that h WJ-MSCs transplanted into the ischemic stroke rat can differentiate into neuron-like cells to improve rat neurological function and behavior.

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into retinal progenitor cells

Human Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from fetal umbilical cord. Cells were cultured in serumfree neural stem cellconditioned medium or neural stem cellconditioned medium supplemented with Dkk1, a Wnt/13 catenin pathway antagonist, and LeftyA, a Nodal signaling pathway antagonist to induce differentiation into retinal progenitor cells. Inverted microscopy showed that after induction, the spindleshaped or fibroblastlike Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells changed into bulbous cells with numerous processes. Immunofluorescent cytochemical stain ing and reversetranscription PCR showed positive expression of retinal progenitor cell markers, Pax6 and Rx, as well as weakly downregulated nestin expression. These results demonstrate that Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiating into retinal progenitor cells in vitro.

人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞和人牙周膜干细胞复合PHBHHx、PHBV支架成骨分化能力的体外研究

目的:探讨人脐带Wharton's Jelly来源间充质干细胞(h UCWJMSCs)和人牙周膜干细胞(h PDLSCs)复合聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-3-羟基己酸酯)(PHBHHx)、聚羟基丁酸-羟基戊酸酯(PHBV)支架成骨分化的能力。方法:将2种干细胞分别接种在2种支架中,MTT法及粘附率分析2种干细胞和PHBHHx、PHBV的生物相容性;成骨诱导后ALP活性检测、茜素红染色和扫描电镜观察研究两种干细胞在两种支架上的成骨分化情况。结果:2种干细胞与PHBV具有更好的黏附效果及增殖效率(P <0. 05),且h UCWJMSCs组优于h PDLSCs组; h UCWJMSCs和h PDLSCs与PHBV组ALP活性检测、茜素红染色阳性表达明显高于与PHBHHx组; h UCWJMSCs与2种支架组的表达高于h PDLSCs组。扫描电镜显示2种干细胞与PHBV组可见大量矿化基质形成。结论:h UCWJMSCs与PHBV生物相容性和成骨能力优于h PDLSCs组。