Various Organic Nutrient Sources in Combinations with Inorganic Fertilizers Influence the Yield and Quality of Sweet Corn(Zea mays L.saccharata)in New Alluvial Soils of West Bengal,India

Nutrient management plays a crucial role in the yield and quality of sweet corn.A field experiment was conducted in consecutive two kharif seasons in 2018 and 2019 to investigate the effect of various organic sources of nutrients in combination with inorganic sources on the yield and quality of sweet corn under new alluvial soils of West Bengal,India.Treatments were:T_(1):Control(without fertilizers);T_(2):100%recommended dose(RDF)of chemical fertilizers(CF)(RDF CF_(100%));T_(3):100%recommended dose of N(RDN)through vermicompost(VC)(RDN VC_(100%));T_(4):50 RDN through CF+50%RDN through VC(RDN CF_(50%)+RDN VC50%);T_(5):50%RDF through CF+50%RDN through organic source(OS)1,Soligro(Ascophyllum nodosum)granular(RDN CF_(50%)+RDN OS_(150%));T6:50%RDN through CF+50%RDN through OS 2,Bioenzyme(liquid)(RDN CF_(50%)+RDN OS250%);T7:50%RDN through CF+50%RDN through OS 3,Opteine(Ascophyllum nodosum)filtrate[RDN CF_(50%)+RDN OS350%];T8:50%RDN through VC+50%RDF through OS 1,Soligro(Ascophyllum nodosum)granular(RDN VC50%+RDN OS_(150%)).The OS of fertilizers were VC,SoliGro Gr(OS1)(Ascophyllum nodosum),Bioenzyme liquid(OS2),and Opteine(Ascophyllum nodosum)filtrate(OS3).The inorganic source was traditional CF applied at the RDF(150:75:75 kg ha^(−1) of N:P2O5:K2O).The VC was used to supply 100%RDN as one source or 50%RDN when combined with CF or OS.Maximum fruit yield(10.75 and 10.79 t ha^(−1) in 2018 and 2019,respectively)was recorded when RDF was substituted through CF only,being statistically at par with 50%CF+50%VC on a nitrogen equivalent basis(9.92 and 10.00 t ha^(−1) in 2018 and 2019,respectively)and 100%VC(8.22 and 8.32 t ha^(−1) in 2018 and 2019,respectively).Compared to chemical sources of nutrients,VC-based treatments produced a larger percentage of large-size cob(>25 cm).The 100%VC increased antioxidant(8.35 and 8.45 mg g^(−1)),carotenoid(0.59 and 0.61 mg/100 g),and phenol(55.06 and 55.02 mg 100 g^(−1))content compared with its 50%dose in combination with other sources.The study revealed the potentiality of organic sources towards achieving improved cob quality of sweet corn.

The effects of different autumn-seeded cover crops on subsequent irrigated corn response to nitrogen fertilizer

A common crop rotation in the west Iran is wheat-fallow-corn. The fallow period after wheat harvest (during fall and winter) can lead to soil erosion, nutrient losses (e.g. nitrate leaching) and offsite movement of pesticides. This period is an ideal time to establish a cover crop. In order to investigate the effects of different autumn-seeded cover crops on subsequent irrigated corn response to nitrogen fertilizer, field studies were carried out during the 2007-2008 growing season at the Agricultural Research Farm, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of four cover crops including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and a control (no cover crop). The sub plots consisted of two fertilizer N rates (0 and 250 kg ha-1). Cover crops were grown for nearly 5 months and then were incorporated into the soil as green manures. The results indicated that corn plant traits including seed yield, the number of seeds per ear and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly influenced by cover crops. Whereas, the cover crops had no signif-icant effects on the number of ears per plant, 100-seed weight and harvest index of corn. Among the cover crop species, common vetch produced higher dry weight and showed the highest positive effects on the corn plant traits. Dry weight produced by this cover crop was 56.41, 120.16 and 124.19% higher than those of winter rye, berseem clover and alfalfa, respectively. Common vetch enhanced seed yield, the number of seeds per ear and leaf chlorophyll content of corn by 46.30, 21.95 and 8.52%, respectively, compared to control. All of the corn traits under study, except the number of ears per plant and harvest index were significantly improved by nitrogen fertilizer. In general, this study revealed that the autumn-seeded cover crops, especially common vetch can be used to improve corn yield. However, the cover crops should be supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer to obtain optimal results.

基于AquaCrop模型的玉米需水和降水匹配度变化特征研究

雨热同期为我国大部分地区农业生产提供了充足的水热资源,但从需水机理的角度评估作物生长和降水过程匹配度的变化特征还有待深入。基于AquaCrop模型模拟了关中地区1978-2017年夏玉米生育期内需水量、灌溉需水量、有效降水量和产量的变化特征,并在充分考虑玉米不同生育阶段对水分需求程度差异的基础上,分析了作物需水与降水匹配度的变化特征。结果表明:关中地区玉米生育期内累积降雨量变化幅度相对较小,但降水过程明显后移,且更多的以暴雨的形式发生;玉米生育期内需水量和灌溉需水量均呈现明显的增加趋势,增加幅度分别为4.10 mm/10a和13.38 mm/10a,而有效降水量则以-10.28 mm/10a的速率减小;玉米生育期内需水与降水的平均匹配度为58%,且整体以-2.7%/10a的速率下降。上述结果表明关中地区降水模式越来越难以满足夏玉米的水分需求,延迟播种可作为提高作物需水与降水匹配度的应对措施之一。

Detection and Analysis of 1,2-propanediol Content in Whole-crop Silage Corn

[ Objective ] The paper was to investigate the content of 1,2-propanediol in silage feed. [ Method ] Whole-crop corn was stored in laboratory bag silos and outdoor bunker silos. Bag silos were stored for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 120 d, respectively, and fermentation products were analyzed after opening; the fermentation products, which were from three 500 t above-ground outdoor bunker silos stored for 120 d, were detected. Eight sampling points were selected for each bunker silo. [ Result] No 1,2-propanediol was detected out in laboratory bag silos, and lactic acid was dominant in fermentation products. The acetic acid content significantly increased （ P 〈 0.05 ） with the extension of storage time, whereas the acetic acid content was kept below one-third of the lactic acid content ; 1,2-propanediol and a small amount of 1-propanol were detected out in three bunker silos, and lactic acid was dominant in fermentation products, whereas the content of acetic acid was slightly lower than that of lactic acid. The differences in fermentation products from different silos and different sites in silos presented heterogeneity; except to propanediol, lactic acid bacteria and yeast, there was no significant difference in fermentation products at the top and bottom layers of silos （ P 〉0.05 ） ; there were significant differences in contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and yeast between the outer and inner parts of silos （P 〈 0.05 ） ; except to pH values and acetic acid, there were significant differences in fermentation products between hunker silos （P 〈0. 05）. [ Conclusion] No 1,2-propanediol is detected out in laboratory bag silos due to relatively simple fermentation products. However, 1,2-propanediol can be detected in the bunker silos due to complex outdoor environment for silage, and the microorganisms producing 1,2-propanediol exist in silos.

黄芪药渣与全株玉米混合青贮对饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响

本试验探讨黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bunge)药渣和全株玉米(Zea mays L.)混合青贮对青贮饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响,旨在为黄芪药渣及其它中药渣饲料资源化应用提供新途径。共设4个混合水平,黄芪药渣分别占全株玉米鲜重的0%,5%,10%,15%。青贮饲料发酵240 d后,取样检测评定。结果表明:黄芪药渣和全株玉米混合青贮有利于改善青贮饲料的气味和结构;0%混合水平的饲料pH值、乙酸(Acetic acid, AA)和氨态氮(Ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3-N)含量显著高于其他混合水平(P<0.05);乳酸(Lactic acid, LA)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05);0%混合水平饲料粗蛋白(Crude protein, CP)、磷(Phosphorus)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05),5%混合水平CP、粗脂肪(Ether Extract, EE)、P含量显著高于其它混合水平(P<0.05);随着混合水平升高,干物质(Dry matter, DM)、中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergen fiber, NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,5%混合水平饲料青贮品质较好。

宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米高效栽培技术

随着农业产业结构的调整,宁夏畜牧养殖业发展迅速,对饲草饲料的需求量显著增加。为了有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,通过2020—2022年连续3年的大田试验,从饲用小黑麦播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、轮灌区组划分、水肥管理、越冬管理、适时收获和复种青贮玉米从播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、水肥管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获等方面总结出了宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米一年两熟高效栽培技术模式。改变了传统的种植模式,提高了土地、光热和养分等资源利用率及饲草产量和经济效益,为灌区多熟种植改革及草畜产业高质量发展提供了理论支撑。

南疆地区复种早熟粮饲兼用玉米叶绿素荧光特征分析

【目的】为明确南疆地区复种早熟粮饲兼用玉米品种最佳种植密度以及不同密度下叶绿素荧光特征参数变化规律及其与产量形成的关系,为南疆地区复播玉米种植技术的提升提供参考依据。【方法】以自育早熟粮饲兼用玉米杂交新品种XL1822和XL1903为材料,设置高、低两种密度(9.00×10^(4)和11.25×10^(4)株/hm^(2)),研究两个玉米品种高、低密度下叶片叶绿素荧光特征参数、主要农艺性状、干物质积累及产量结构等的差异。【结果】XL1822低密度处理在拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、灌浆期叶片实际光量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭系数(qL)、PSⅡ反应中心活性较高;XL1903高密度处理在拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期叶片Y(Ⅱ)、qL较高。XL1822低密度处理在吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期叶片SPAD值略高于高密度。XL1903高密度处理全生育期叶片的SPAD值较高。XL1822低密度籽率产量为9250 kg/hm^(2)、干物质积累量为15590 kg/hm^(2),显著高于高密度处理。XL1903高密度籽率产量为9065 kg/hm^(2)、干物质积累量为19095 kg/hm^(2),显著高于低密度处理。【结论】较高的叶绿素荧光特征参数和SAPD值为玉米产量形成和干物质积累奠定基础。极早熟品种XL1822低密度处理、早熟玉米品种XL1903高密度处理在关键生育时期植株Y(Ⅱ)、qL、PSⅡ反应中心活性较高,因此XL1822种植密度为9×10^(4)株/hm^(2),XL1903种植密度为11.25×10^(4)株/hm^(2)时在南疆地区可获得较高产量。

极端高温天气条件下不同鲜食玉米品种的种植表现

为科学选择适宜鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆带状复合种植的耐密、抗病、抗倒的鲜食玉米品种,为玉米大豆带状复合种植技术示范推广提供品种支撑,开展了11个鲜食玉米品种与鲜食大豆的带状复合种植试验。结果表明:在2022年夏季极端高温且持续时间较长的气候条件下,鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆带状复合种植模式下不同鲜食玉米品种在双穗率、空秆率等植株性状及千粒鲜重、出籽率、结实率等产量性状上差异明显,其中晶白甜糯、虞珑糯1612、苏玉糯5号、苏科糯1801、苏科糯1901这5个品种结实率较高,表现出较强的耐高温能力;苏甜糯818、斯达糯41、扬甜糯104结实率较低,表现出较低的耐高温能力。复种区各玉米品种鲜穗产量在7332~11440 kg/hm^(2)之间,除苏科糯1801、晶白甜糯较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)略增产外,其他各品种均较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)减产,减产幅度在1.53%~34.58%之间,以苏甜糯818、苏科糯1501减产最严重。清种区各玉米品种鲜穗产量在7638.89~14828.70 kg/hm^(2)之间,除苏科糯1801较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)略增产1.42%外,其他各品种均较对照苏玉糯5号(CK)减产,减产幅度在0.95%~47.75%之间,以苏科糯1501减产最严重。

灵武农场秋播小黑麦后复种青贮玉米的种植效果分析

为有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,2020—2022年,经过小黑麦复种青贮玉米田间示范,初步探讨宁夏回族自治区引黄灌区新型牛羊饲草生产模式的可行性。结果表明,二者可进行上下茬搭配,形成复种,可实现饲草周年生产。小黑麦复种青贮玉米模式下饲用小黑麦及青贮玉米品质均达到饲用标准,同时饲用小黑麦干草产量10.5 t/hm2,青贮玉米产量54 t/hm2,综合效益较春种玉米高8 055元/hm2。该模式下饲草生物产量及品质均较高,在宁夏引黄灌区可进行推广。

河南省鲜食玉米一年三茬间套作高效栽培技术

分析了鲜食玉米宽幅间套作高效栽培的意义,阐述了栽培的技术要点,包括茬口安排、种子选择、选地整地、株行距设置、覆膜管理、科学施肥、适时收获、经济效益等,以期为当地农民增收提供新途径。该技术主要适用于黄淮海地区及其他生态相似区域。

气候变化背景下冀西北半干旱区玉米水分盈亏变化特征

为研究气候变化条件下冀西北半干旱区玉米水分盈亏情况,本文基于1991—2020年气象数据,分析玉米需水量的主要影响因素和变化特征,通过水分盈亏指数研究玉米生育期内各月份的水分供应情况。结果表明:玉米全生育期多年平均相对湿度、日照时数和平均风速呈不断降低趋势,平均温度则呈上升趋势,其中日照时数变化尤为显著。生育期内玉米需水量呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,玉米需水量与日照时数、平均温度成极显著正相关,与平均相对湿度成极显著负相关。多年降雨量呈先降后升的变化趋势,仅存在1个突变点,未出现反复振荡的变化趋势。玉米全生育期不同月份均有发生干旱的可能性,其中7—8月正值灌浆期,应及时监测玉米水分情况,防止水分亏缺造成减产。本研究结果可为冀西北半干旱区玉米科学灌溉提供参考。

大豆玉米带状复合种植技术初探

大豆玉米带状复合种植模式是农业农村部推广的稳玉米、扩大豆的种植模式,目标是在保证玉米基本不减产的基础上,通过间种或套种增收一季大豆。2022—2023年,汨罗市对大豆玉米带状复合种植模式进行试验与示范推广,全市种植面积达2000 hm^(2),玉米平均单产6900 kg/hm^(2),大豆平均单产1740 kg/hm^(2),与单作玉米相比,玉米单产仅减少690 kg/hm^(2),且全市增产大豆约3500 t,2年合计增收2100多万元。重点介绍了大豆玉米带状复合种植模式从整地到收获的全程规范化栽培技术。

9种杀虫剂对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防治效果

为了探究杀虫剂对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防治效果,选取9种杀虫剂开展药剂筛选试验,结果表明,各处理试验药剂对大豆植株安全;喷施6%乙基多杀菌素SC 450 mL/hm^(2)、20%多杀霉素SC 450 mL/hm^(2)、5%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC 450 mL/hm^(2)对玉米大豆带状复合种植大豆田甜菜夜蛾具有较好的防治效果,药后1 d对大豆田甜菜夜蛾的防效均达65%以上,药后3 d均达85%以上,药后7 d均达90%以上。以上3种处理药剂防治效果显著高于其他药剂处理,且这3种药剂处理药效迅速,可在短时间内显著减少甜菜夜蛾的种群数量。该研究监测了2022年8月滨淮农场地区甜菜夜蛾发生情况,为玉米大豆带状复合种植大面积生产科学防控甜菜夜蛾提供依据。

基于结构方程模型下滇中鲜食玉米耗水规律及其影响因素研究

旨在深入了解滇中高原地区鲜食玉米的生育期耗水量与规律,明确耗水量与其影响因素之间的关系,为鲜食玉米的推广种植和灌溉管理提供科学支持。进行了为期2年的鲜食玉米田间灌溉试验,参考农民种植经验管理试验小区,安装了自动气象站和土壤墒情自动观测设备,用于采集土壤墒情和气象数据。分析了鲜食玉米全生育期土壤水分动态、日耗水量和作物系数,同时研究了气象、土壤和作物因素对耗水量的影响。发现鲜食玉米在10~30 cm土层水分变化较大,生长后期根系吸水最深可达40 cm土层。2022—2023年鲜食玉米生育期耗水量分别为182.32 mm和175.84 mm,平均耗水强度分别为2.40 mm/d和2.31 mm/d。耗水量及强度在不同年份和生育阶段表现不同,2022年,由大到小表现为灌浆乳熟期>苗期>拔节期>抽雄吐丝期,而在2023年表现为抽雄吐丝期>灌浆乳熟期>拔节期>苗期。两年鲜食玉米全生育期Kc平均值分别为0.65和0.44,变化趋势随作物生长发育逐渐增大,在灌浆乳熟期达到峰值;土壤因素和气象因素对鲜食玉米耗水量存在路径系数为0.38、0.34的正相关关系,而鲜食玉米耗水量与作物生长特性存在路径系数-0.46的负相关关系。鲜食玉米耗水量较小,且受土壤和气象因素影像较大,本次研究结果为滇中地区鲜食玉米的灌溉定额和灌溉管理提供了科学依据。

玉米种植现状及策略分析

为科学指导玉米种植与栽培管理,实现玉米产业高质量发展,本文基于K地区生产实践,分析了玉米在生产中可能需要在耕地质量、优质品种、农业资源利用率以及病虫草害防治等方面进一步提升。并提出引入优质品种,合理作物布局,配合合理密植,科学肥水管理,以及综合的病虫草害防治等措施,以实现该地区作物生产一年两熟或多熟制度。

Evaluation of Biological Soil Fertility Management Practices for Corn Production in Oxisols

Field trials on the management of soil biological fertility with aim to increasing corn production were conducted in a savannah region of the DR-Congo. Three organic matters including fresh biomass of Entada abyssinica, Tithonia diversifolia, Stylosanthes gracilis and a mineral combination of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) (115-63-0) along with a control (without fertilization) were evaluated for corn crop growth and production. The field trial was a completely randomized design with four replicates. Plant height, basal stem diameter, and yield components were assessed. Irrespective of fertilization treatments and variety, maize showed a similar growth up to 20 days after sowing (DAS), and then two distinct trends were observed. At 60 DAS, plant height and basal diameter were significantly bigger in plots treated with NP, T. diversifolia and E. abyssinica compared to S. gracilis treatment and control (NoF). This pattern was also confirmed with agronomic traits such as cob length, number of kernel per cob, and net grain yield. The local variety was the least productive under any treatment. In general, the response of corn crop to organic and inorganic fertilization showed that the mineral combination (NP) increased the most grain yield and other yield components compared to unfertilized trial, followed by T. divessifolia and E. abyssinica. NP and T. diversifolia treatments increased significantly and equally soil potassium content compared to control and other treatments. Application of T. diversifolia appears a more cost effective approach for small farmers to improving fertility of the oxisol prevailing in Central Africa compared to mineral fertilizers.

Insecticidal Effects of the Annonaceous Acetogenin Squamocin and the Acetogenin Fraction of Seeds of <i>Rollinia occidentalis</i>on Soybean and Corn Pests

A treatment based on the acetogenin fraction of the methanol extract of Rollinia occidentalis seeds was applied to soybean crops for three consecutive years. In relation to the control population, the treatment reduced the population of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Rachiplusia nu, Pseudoplusia includens, Loxostege bifidalis and Spodoptera frugiperda to 52% and 65% after 48 h of application at concentrations of 500 and 750 μg/mL respectively, while low toxic effects were detected on natural enemies. The extract treatment at 500 μg/mL and a solution of the annonaceous acetogenin, squamocin, at 50 and 100 μg/mL, were also applied to a corn field to produce 75%, 93% and 100% mortality rates on the population of S. frugiperda, respectively, after 72 h of application. In addition, damages caused by lepidopterans in treated crops were lower than those observed in non treated fields, evaluated by residual biomass. This statement is based on data from trials with the commercially available insecticides lufenuron and cypermethrin.

Distribution of atrazine in a crop-soil-groundwater system at Baiyangdian Lake area in China

In this paper, the concentration distribution and environmental fate of atrazine in a crop soil groundwater system at Baiyangdian Lake area of North China were studied. The concentration of the herbicide in spatial and vertical soils, and in roots, stem, leaf, corncob and kernel of corn, and in groundwater were measured by HPLC. The results showed that the variation of spatial concentration of atrazine in soil can be described by first order kinetics equation which has a half life of 360 days and a rate constant of 0.0019d -1 . The vertical variation of atrazine concentration with soil depth follows the exponential decay law. After 120 days following atrazine application, the mass distributions of this herbicide in crop soil groundwater system are 71% in soil, 20% in groundwater and 1% in crop respectively, and 8% due to loss by degradation or often removal processes. The order of atrazine concentration in every part of corn crop is in roots>in corncob>in kernel of corn>in leaf.

Effect of Potash Application Patterns on Crop Yields Under Different Cultivation Systems

Three patterns of potash application were used in the corn-wheat and rice-wheat rotation experiments,which were conducted in the upland and wetland of Siyang County, northern Jiangsu Province, and the wetland of Liyang City, southern Jiangsu Province. The results of 5 cropping seasons (2 seasons/year)showed that the direct response of corn to K was larger than that of wheat, but no difference was found between rice and wheat in Siyang when the total annual amount of K was applied only in one cropping season. However, the response of wheat was much greater than that of rice in Liyang. If potash was applied in the preceding season, the residual effect of K on wheat was larger than that on rice both in Siyang and Liyang, but less than that on corn. The total effect (direct and residual effects) of K applied to corn or rice was greater than that to wheat in Siyang, but that to wheat was greater in Liyang. The direct and total effects of K application in the upland were larger than those in the wetland of Siyang; but for the wetland,the effects were larger in Liyang than in Siyang, especially in the wheat season. The results demonstrated that the most profitable practice to be recommended to the local farmers was to apply a limited amount of potash to only rice or corn but not to wheat. Equally applying half of the total annual amount of K to each of the crops may be advisable in order to lessen possible fertilization risks.

Pig Compost Use on Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Soils and Corn Plants

The use of pig compost (PC) in agricultural land has increased in Chile in the last years. This organic amendment is a valuable nutritional source for crops, but its applying must be done in a controlled manner since it exhibited high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. A short-term field experiment was conducted out to study the effects of increasing PC rates on the production and quality corn crop in two soils located at south central Chile. Five treatments were evaluated: control without fertilization (C), conventional fertilization (CF) (350 kg N ha-1), and three increasing PC rates (15.33, 30.65, and 61.31 Mg&middotha-1, corresponding to 350, 700, and 1400 kg N ha-1, respectively) in a split plot design with four replicates. The overall results indicated that dry matter production, grain yield, and plant Zn and Cu concentrations were similar among fertilization sources and rates. Extractable soil Zn concentration exhibited a rate-related increase of PC in both locations, while Cu concentration exhibited this behavior only at the soil located in Chillan. Nevertheless, the values obtained were below of those considered phytotoxic levels. Therefore, the contribution of Zn and Cu through PC applying at different rates to the soils studied showed a slight affect in soil extractable Zn and Cu values without negatively effects on quantity and quality corn crop. The organic amendment applied can be a good and cheaper substitute to conventional fertilization, although further monitoring of Zn and Cu soil levels should be carried out to avoid any environmental risk.