According to conventional theory, little genomic changes should occur in homozygous and stable amphiploids of the grass family, particularly those involving polyploid wheat as a parent. In the present study, however, ...According to conventional theory, little genomic changes should occur in homozygous and stable amphiploids of the grass family, particularly those involving polyploid wheat as a parent. In the present study, however, extensive genomic changes were detected in two octoploid partial amphiploids of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)_wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) P.B.=Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski=Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey), namely Zhong 3 and Zhong 5, by RFLP analysis using 10 low_copy, wheat chromosome_specific sequences and 33 representative homoeologous group_specific sequences as probes. Genomic changes involved loss of wheat hybridization fragment(s) and/or acquisition of new fragment(s). Uniformity of the RFLP patterns among 5 individual plants taken respectively from Zhong 3 and Zhong 5 in two successive generations, suggested that genomic changes probably had occurred in the early few generations after octoploid amphiploid formation, and remained essentially static thereafter. The highly similar RFLP patterns between Zhong 3 and Zhong 5, which had identical genomic constitution but differed from each other due to involvement of different wheat varieties as parents imply that genomic changes were probably not at random. Possible causes for the extensive and rapid genomic changes in the newly formed plant amphiploids, as well as their implications for polyploid genome evolution and breeding application are discussed.展开更多
The plants of hybrid wheatgrass （A. cristatum×A. desertorum cv. Hycrest-Mengnong） were directly induced from embryogenic callus regenerated from immature inflorescence. Immature inflorescence was cultured on im...The plants of hybrid wheatgrass （A. cristatum×A. desertorum cv. Hycrest-Mengnong） were directly induced from embryogenic callus regenerated from immature inflorescence. Immature inflorescence was cultured on improved MS medium containing 2.0-3.0 mg L^-1 2,4-D to regenerate callus. The calli were then transferred to hormone-free MS medium for differentiation and 1/2 MS medium for rooting. Results showed that callus initiation frequency was 83.4% and plant regeneration frequency was 59.6%. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase （bar） gene was transformed into the hybrid wheatgrass by particle bombardment. Resistant callus was obtained using selecting agent, herbicide glufosinate of 0.5 mg L^-1, and some transgenic plants were recovered in vitro. The transgenic plants were identified by PCR and Southern blot analysis and these plants developed normally in the glufosinate medium, whereas the nontransgenic plants did not. The results demonstrated that bar cDNA integrated into the genomic DNA of the transgenic plants. The transgenic frequencies of bar gene were 1.1%.展开更多
Wheatgrasses （Thinopyrum spp.）, which are relatives of wheat （Triticum aestivum L）, have a perennial growth habit and offer resistance to a diversity of biotic and abiotic stresses, making them useful in wheat imp...Wheatgrasses （Thinopyrum spp.）, which are relatives of wheat （Triticum aestivum L）, have a perennial growth habit and offer resistance to a diversity of biotic and abiotic stresses, making them useful in wheat improvement. Many of these desirable traits from Thinopyrum spp. have been used to develop wheat cultivars by introgression breeding. The perennial growth habit of wheatgrasses inherits as a complex quantitative trait that is controlled by many unknown genes. Previous studies have indicated that Thinopyrum spp. are able to hybridize with wheat and produce viable/stable amphiploids or partial amphiploids. Meanwhile, efforts have been made to develop perennial wheat by domestication of Thinopyrum spp. The most promising perennial wheat-Thinopyrum lines can be used as grain and/or forage crops, which combine the desirable traits of both parents. The wheat-Thinopyrum lines can adapt to diverse agricultural systems. This paper summarizes the development of perennial wheat based on Thinopyrum, and the genetic aspects, breeding methods, and perspectives of wheat-Thinopyrum hybrids.展开更多
This paper presents the data from two-year experiments concerning with doses of sewage sludge （0, 7, 14 and 21 ton.ha^-1） and inorganic nitrogen doses （0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha^-1） from the Municipality of Van, wh...This paper presents the data from two-year experiments concerning with doses of sewage sludge （0, 7, 14 and 21 ton.ha^-1） and inorganic nitrogen doses （0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha^-1） from the Municipality of Van, which is located at an altitude of 1,725 m of eastern Anatolia in Turkey. A study was conducted to assess two different N sources on sandy-silty-clay soils grown to crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn, grass pasture which had been amended with sewage sludge for two years. Plant tissue and DTPA （diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid） extractable soil nutrient were evaluated; twelve elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and six elements in the soil extract in different soil depths. The research demonstrated that the applications produced increase contents of N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Pb in the plant. There was a significant （P 〈 0.01） accumulation of DTPA extractable concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb in the top soil horizon. Also, sewage sludge resulted in 51 folded increase in extractable P in 0-20 cm soil horizon. However, DTPA concentrations of in soil showed that Fe exhibited a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of exchangeable fractions of Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb with the correlation. Positive correlations were also observed between Cu-Mn, Mn-Zn, Mn-Pb, Cu-Zn, Cu-Pb and Zn-Pb concentrations. In the same way, plant uptake of the Mn, Zn and Pb was highly correlated with concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil. It was concluded that sewage sludge is a valuable source of nutrient and also provides an opportunity to increase soil organic matter.展开更多
Argentina is the country with the highest proportion of arid and semi-arid ecosystems in Latin America.In the rangelands of Southwestern Buenos Aires(Patagones Department),there is a clear advancement of the agricultu...Argentina is the country with the highest proportion of arid and semi-arid ecosystems in Latin America.In the rangelands of Southwestern Buenos Aires(Patagones Department),there is a clear advancement of the agricultural frontier to the detriment of the native forest in this region.Due to rainfall variation and seed acquisition,Thinopyrum ponticum is cultivated as a forage perennial crop in this region.Our objective was to evaluate the performance of T.ponticum as a facilitating crop for the medium-term rehabilitation of natural grasslands in semi-arid areas.The working hypotheses were that:1)native perennial grass cover increases over the years and 2)diversity and specific richness of the vegetation are enhanced by the duration of Tall Wheatgrass implantation.Data were collected from commercial plots where T.ponticum was shown:recent implantation(5–8 years,RI);medium implantation(13–15 years,MI);and old implantation(20–22 years,OI).Thirty-four species were identified and classified into seven functional groups:Annual grasses,annual herbs,perennial herbs,exotic perennial herbs,perennial forage grasses,exotic perennial forage grasses,perennial forage exotic grasses,and nonforage perennial grasses.Thinopyrum ponticum’s total cover was between RI and OI.Total cover,species richness,and Shannon-Weaver diversity index showed no differences among treatments.Perennial forage grasses exhibited higher cover values in sites with greater implantation age and annual grasses showed the opposite response.Our results indicated that T.ponticum does not invade the sampled plots and enhances the colonization of the planted plots by perennial forage native species.However,even though the herbaceous cover had been recovered,the woody layer which could provide environmental services and specific values for conservation was not.展开更多
以转P 5CSF 129A基因的冰草属(A g ropy ron G aertn)阳性植株(97#、19#、66#)和阴性植株为材料,测定叶片脯氨酸含量、相对含水量、质膜透性和K+/N a+比值4项耐盐指标。结果表明:转基因植株的脯氨酸含量明显高于阴性植株,说明P 5CSF 129...以转P 5CSF 129A基因的冰草属(A g ropy ron G aertn)阳性植株(97#、19#、66#)和阴性植株为材料,测定叶片脯氨酸含量、相对含水量、质膜透性和K+/N a+比值4项耐盐指标。结果表明:转基因植株的脯氨酸含量明显高于阴性植株,说明P 5CSF 129A基因已经在冰草转化植株体内表达,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性;其它耐盐指标的结果也证明转基因冰草植株的耐盐性高于对照植株。对转基因植株和阴性植株的耐盐能力综合评定结果是97#>19#>66#>阴性植株。展开更多
文摘According to conventional theory, little genomic changes should occur in homozygous and stable amphiploids of the grass family, particularly those involving polyploid wheat as a parent. In the present study, however, extensive genomic changes were detected in two octoploid partial amphiploids of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)_wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) P.B.=Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski=Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey), namely Zhong 3 and Zhong 5, by RFLP analysis using 10 low_copy, wheat chromosome_specific sequences and 33 representative homoeologous group_specific sequences as probes. Genomic changes involved loss of wheat hybridization fragment(s) and/or acquisition of new fragment(s). Uniformity of the RFLP patterns among 5 individual plants taken respectively from Zhong 3 and Zhong 5 in two successive generations, suggested that genomic changes probably had occurred in the early few generations after octoploid amphiploid formation, and remained essentially static thereafter. The highly similar RFLP patterns between Zhong 3 and Zhong 5, which had identical genomic constitution but differed from each other due to involvement of different wheat varieties as parents imply that genomic changes were probably not at random. Possible causes for the extensive and rapid genomic changes in the newly formed plant amphiploids, as well as their implications for polyploid genome evolution and breeding application are discussed.
文摘The plants of hybrid wheatgrass （A. cristatum×A. desertorum cv. Hycrest-Mengnong） were directly induced from embryogenic callus regenerated from immature inflorescence. Immature inflorescence was cultured on improved MS medium containing 2.0-3.0 mg L^-1 2,4-D to regenerate callus. The calli were then transferred to hormone-free MS medium for differentiation and 1/2 MS medium for rooting. Results showed that callus initiation frequency was 83.4% and plant regeneration frequency was 59.6%. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase （bar） gene was transformed into the hybrid wheatgrass by particle bombardment. Resistant callus was obtained using selecting agent, herbicide glufosinate of 0.5 mg L^-1, and some transgenic plants were recovered in vitro. The transgenic plants were identified by PCR and Southern blot analysis and these plants developed normally in the glufosinate medium, whereas the nontransgenic plants did not. The results demonstrated that bar cDNA integrated into the genomic DNA of the transgenic plants. The transgenic frequencies of bar gene were 1.1%.
基金Financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Project （2017YFD0101002）, the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province （201601 D021128）, the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences （YBSJJ1808）, the CAAS Innovation Team （CAAS-GJHZ201700X）, and the National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding is gratefully appreciated.
文摘Wheatgrasses （Thinopyrum spp.）, which are relatives of wheat （Triticum aestivum L）, have a perennial growth habit and offer resistance to a diversity of biotic and abiotic stresses, making them useful in wheat improvement. Many of these desirable traits from Thinopyrum spp. have been used to develop wheat cultivars by introgression breeding. The perennial growth habit of wheatgrasses inherits as a complex quantitative trait that is controlled by many unknown genes. Previous studies have indicated that Thinopyrum spp. are able to hybridize with wheat and produce viable/stable amphiploids or partial amphiploids. Meanwhile, efforts have been made to develop perennial wheat by domestication of Thinopyrum spp. The most promising perennial wheat-Thinopyrum lines can be used as grain and/or forage crops, which combine the desirable traits of both parents. The wheat-Thinopyrum lines can adapt to diverse agricultural systems. This paper summarizes the development of perennial wheat based on Thinopyrum, and the genetic aspects, breeding methods, and perspectives of wheat-Thinopyrum hybrids.
文摘This paper presents the data from two-year experiments concerning with doses of sewage sludge （0, 7, 14 and 21 ton.ha^-1） and inorganic nitrogen doses （0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha^-1） from the Municipality of Van, which is located at an altitude of 1,725 m of eastern Anatolia in Turkey. A study was conducted to assess two different N sources on sandy-silty-clay soils grown to crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn, grass pasture which had been amended with sewage sludge for two years. Plant tissue and DTPA （diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid） extractable soil nutrient were evaluated; twelve elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and six elements in the soil extract in different soil depths. The research demonstrated that the applications produced increase contents of N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Pb in the plant. There was a significant （P 〈 0.01） accumulation of DTPA extractable concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb in the top soil horizon. Also, sewage sludge resulted in 51 folded increase in extractable P in 0-20 cm soil horizon. However, DTPA concentrations of in soil showed that Fe exhibited a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of exchangeable fractions of Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb with the correlation. Positive correlations were also observed between Cu-Mn, Mn-Zn, Mn-Pb, Cu-Zn, Cu-Pb and Zn-Pb concentrations. In the same way, plant uptake of the Mn, Zn and Pb was highly correlated with concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil. It was concluded that sewage sludge is a valuable source of nutrient and also provides an opportunity to increase soil organic matter.
基金supported by the National University of Río Negro(PI UNRN 40-C-873 GP,DAS and PI UNRN 40-C-1088 JMZ,GP,DAS).
文摘Argentina is the country with the highest proportion of arid and semi-arid ecosystems in Latin America.In the rangelands of Southwestern Buenos Aires(Patagones Department),there is a clear advancement of the agricultural frontier to the detriment of the native forest in this region.Due to rainfall variation and seed acquisition,Thinopyrum ponticum is cultivated as a forage perennial crop in this region.Our objective was to evaluate the performance of T.ponticum as a facilitating crop for the medium-term rehabilitation of natural grasslands in semi-arid areas.The working hypotheses were that:1)native perennial grass cover increases over the years and 2)diversity and specific richness of the vegetation are enhanced by the duration of Tall Wheatgrass implantation.Data were collected from commercial plots where T.ponticum was shown:recent implantation(5–8 years,RI);medium implantation(13–15 years,MI);and old implantation(20–22 years,OI).Thirty-four species were identified and classified into seven functional groups:Annual grasses,annual herbs,perennial herbs,exotic perennial herbs,perennial forage grasses,exotic perennial forage grasses,perennial forage exotic grasses,and nonforage perennial grasses.Thinopyrum ponticum’s total cover was between RI and OI.Total cover,species richness,and Shannon-Weaver diversity index showed no differences among treatments.Perennial forage grasses exhibited higher cover values in sites with greater implantation age and annual grasses showed the opposite response.Our results indicated that T.ponticum does not invade the sampled plots and enhances the colonization of the planted plots by perennial forage native species.However,even though the herbaceous cover had been recovered,the woody layer which could provide environmental services and specific values for conservation was not.
文摘以转P 5CSF 129A基因的冰草属(A g ropy ron G aertn)阳性植株(97#、19#、66#)和阴性植株为材料,测定叶片脯氨酸含量、相对含水量、质膜透性和K+/N a+比值4项耐盐指标。结果表明:转基因植株的脯氨酸含量明显高于阴性植株,说明P 5CSF 129A基因已经在冰草转化植株体内表达,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性;其它耐盐指标的结果也证明转基因冰草植株的耐盐性高于对照植株。对转基因植株和阴性植株的耐盐能力综合评定结果是97#>19#>66#>阴性植株。
