Global gene expression profiling of perirenal brown adipose tissue whitening in goat kids reveals novel genes linked to adipose remodeling

Background Brown adipose tissue(BAT)is known to be capable of non-shivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation,which is related to the mortality of animals.In the previous study,we observed that goat BAT is mainly located around the kidney at birth,and changes to white adipose tissue(WAT)in the perirenal adipose tissue of goats within one month after birth.However,the regulatory factors underlying this change is remain unclear.In this study,we systematically studied the perirenal adipose tissue of goat kids in histological,cytological,and accompanying molecular level changes from 0 to 28 d after birth.Results Our study found a higher mortality rate in winter-born goat kids,with goat birthing data statistics.Then we used thermal imaging revealing high temperature in goat hips at postnatal 0 d and gradually decrease during 28 d.This is consistent with the region of perirenal BAT deposition and highlights its critical role in energy expenditure and body temperature regulation in goat kids.Additionally,we found a series of changes of BAT during the first 28 d after birth,such as whitening,larger lipid droplets,decreased mitochondrial numbers,and down-regulation of key thermogenesis-related genes(UCP1,DIO2,UCP2,CIDEA,PPARGC1a,C/EBPb,and C/EBPa).Then,we used RNA-seq found specific marker genes for goat adipose tissue and identified 12 new marker genes for BAT and 10 new marker genes for WAT of goats.Furthermore,12 candidate genes were found to potentially regulate goat BAT thermogenesis.The mechanism of the change of this biological phenomenon does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.While apoptosis may play a limited role,it is largely not critical in this transition process.Conclusions We concluded that perirenal BAT plays a crucial role in thermoregulation in newborn goat kids,with notable species differences in the expression of adipose tissue marker genes,and we highlighted some potential marker genes for goat BAT and WAT.Additionally,the change from BAT to WAT does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.

In Vivo Study of a Natural Whitening Agent

A natural whitening agent to replace synthetic bioactives was developed.Xin Qi Bai(XQB)was composed of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and the whitening efficacy was tested in vivo.Qualified volunteers were selected and used cream with or without XQB for 8 weeks continuously.The individual type angle(ITA°),melanin index(MI)and the stain area(%)were tested after 0,2,4 and 8 weeks.XQB can increase ITA°value,decrease MI value and the stain area of skin.Results showed that XQB has good whitening efficacy in vivo,and is a natural whitening agent.

Extraction and Refining Process of Polysaccharide from Tricholoma matsutake and Verification of Its Whitening Effect

[Objectives]The paper was to determine the extraction and refining process of polysaccharide from Tricholoma matsutake,and to verify its whitening effect.[Methods]With T.matsutake as the research object,the effects of eluent concentration,loading amount and diameter-to-height ratio on the refining process of T.matsutake polysaccharide were explored by orthogonal test,to optimize the dynamic elution conditions of T.matsutake polysaccharide.The survival rate of mouse melanoma cells(B16),inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibition of tyrosinase activity of crude extract A1 and refined extracts A2-A4 were tested to verify the whitening effect of T.matsutake.[Results]The best extraction and refining process for T.matsutake polysaccharide was:eluent 40%ethanol(volume fraction),loading amount 30 mg/g(polysaccharide-resin),diameter-to-height ratio 1∶8.Under this condition,the extraction rate of T.matsutake can reach up to 33%(A3).The whitening efficacy test showed that crude extract A1 and refined extracts A2-A4 had good whitening effects,and the whitening effects were A3≥A4>A1>A2.[Conclusions]The study provides a reference for the application of T.matsutake polysaccharide in cosmetics.

Study on The Whitening Effect of a Composite Plant Extract

By compounding the cranberry extract,lavender flower extract,Kakadu plum extract,edelweiss flower/leaf extract and aloe vera extract into a composite plant extract(BIRC-Rosée WT100),the whitening effects of this composite plant extract in antioxidation,anti-inflammation,skin barrier maintenance,and inhibition of melanin production and transport were evaluated.By comparing the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity between the composite plant extract andα-arbutin,and then analyzing the decline of apparent chromaticity,apparent brightness and melanin content through 3D melanin skin model platform,the comprehensive whitening effect was evaluated and compared with that of kojic acid.The results showed that,the composite plant extract(BIRC-Rosée WT100)had a tyrosinase inhibition rate of 98.99%at the original concentration,which was much higher than that ofα-arbutin.In 3D melanin skin model,the apparent chromaticity and brightness could be effectively improved,and moreover,the total amount of melanin in the skin could be reduced,showing remarkable whitening effect.

基于PCA和Whitening算法的水稻病害图像预处理研究

水稻病害图像预处理在使用机器视觉技术对水稻病害智能诊断识别中至关重要。预处理效果直接影响水稻病害识别准确率。提出一种新的基于PCA和Whitening融合算法的水稻病害图像预处理方法。实验获取了水稻病害彩色图像和灰度图像的训练样本和测试样本,对获取的样本应用PCA降维,然后对降维后的样本随机取样,应用Whitening算法得到了相应的训练特征和测试特征。实验表明,该融合算法增强了预处理后的水稻病害图像样本对光照及亮度的鲁棒性,可有效提高病害识别准确率。

Potential risks of spectrum whitening deconvolution——compared with well-driven deconvolution

Deconvolution is widely used to increase the resolution of seismic data. To compare the resolution ability of conventional spectrum whitening deconvolution to thin layers with that of welldriven deconvolution, a complex sedimentary geological model was designed, and then the simulated seismic data were processed respectively by each of the two methods. The amplitude spectrum of seismic data was almost white after spectrum whitening, but the wavelet resolution was low. The amplitude spectrum after well-driven deconvolution deviated from white spectrum, but the wavelet resolution was high. Further analysis showed that if an actual reflectivity series could not well satisfy the hypothesis of white spectrum, spectrum whitening deconvolution had a potential risk of wavelet distortion, which might lead to a pitfall in high resolution seismic data interpretation. On the other hand, the wavelet after well- driven deconvolution had higher resolution both in the time and frequency domains. It is favorable for high resolution seismic interpretation and reservoir prediction.

Polarimetric whitening filter for POLSAR image based on subspace decomposition

Speckle filtering is an indispensable pre-processing step for applications of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar （POLSAR）, such as terrain classification, target detection, etc. As one of the most typical methods, the polarimetric whitening filter （PWF） can be used to produce a minimum-speckle image by combining the complex elements of the scattering matrix, but polarimetric information is lost after the filtering process. A polarimetric filter based on subspaze decomposition which was proposed by Cu et al specializes in retrieving principle scattering characteristics, but the corresponding mean value of an image after filtering is not kept well. A new filter is proposed for improving the disadvantage based on subspace decomposition. Under the constraint that a weighted combination of the polarimetric SAR images equals to the output of the PWF, the Euclidean distance between an unfiltered parameter vector and a signal space vector is minimized so that noises can be reduced. It is also shown that the proposed method is equivalent to the subspace filter in the case of no constraint. Experimental results with the NASA/JPL airborne polarimetric SAR data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Three-region Method of Color Matching in the Presence of Fluorescent Whitening Agents

An expression of reflectance of fluorescent dyes in emission region was used in this article. Through the analysis of the spectral radiance factor of fluorescent whitening agents(FWA), the color matching of FWA was studied and the three-region method of color matching method was put forward. The method was proved to be reliable for the dyes used and was easy to apply for the color matching of FWAs.

Chemical analysis of hydroquinone and retinoic acid contents in facial whitening creams

Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is known to be a skin and respiratory irritant.Hydroquinone is carcinogenic it has been banned in some countries because of fears of a cancer risk[1,2].Animal studies have shown that topically applied retinoic acid can be photocarcinogenic[3].The aim of this study was qualitative and quantitative determination of hydroquinone and retinoic acid contents in facial whitening creams by colour reaction tests,FT-IR after TLC separation and HPLC.

Whitening Effect for Wool Processed by Rare Earth in the Dyeing Processes

The wool which were processed by rare earth in the dyeing processes have soft and loose hair withpure-white tone and silky luster. A few papers concerned with the mechanism of wool dyeing in the presenceof rare earth~[1,2]. However, the distribution of the combining of rare earth ions with wool toward the color andluster of woollen has not been discussed yet. In this paper, the whitening effect of Inner Mongolia goatwoolprocessed by rare earth after coarse wool were pulled out was investigated by electronic spectral ana-lysis. The wool samples including normal and rare earth processed Inner Mongolia goat wool were supplied

Mechanism of Wool Whitening in the Rare Earth Assistant Dyeing Process

The keratins of wool underwent Photooxidation to form a weaker luminophor in visible blue region (λ_(max)=420nm),that reacts with cerium ion to produce an enhanced luminophor complex (λ_(max)=426 nm),it makes wool white obviously.

Entire Whitening of Apple Trees to Increase Chill Units in Regions of Warm Temperatures during the Fall-Winter Seasons

Different studies have shown that global warming and climate change have increased the planet’s temperature in different locations. For the apple-growing farmers, this may have a negative impact on the accumulations of chill units when the air temperature during the fall-winter season increases. When the entire trees are covered with a reflective material, the wood temperature may decrease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of whitening (with calcium hydroxide) the entire apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) after defoliation, on the branches and trunks’ internal temperature (under the bark), the accumulation of chill units (CU), its effects on fruit yield and quality and the relation with the use of thidiazuron (TDZ) (inducer of budbreak). The study was conducted during the fall-winter seasons of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The results of this study showed that at the hours of the highest incidence of solar radiation, the internal temperature of the whitened trunks and leaves decreases up to 9°C and 6°C respectively. The accumulated CU during the time of the study, of the whitened branches were up to 81% higher than the ones recorded on the branches with no whitening;while the CU was lost at the hours of highest solar radiation (due to a high temperature) were up to 37.2% smaller. Entire tree whitening increased up to 26% of the yield per tree compared to the application of TDZ. No statistical difference in fruit quality was observed between whitened trees and those with no whitening but with the application of thidiazuron.

Walnut Meal Whitening and the Impact of Whitening Factors on Its Quality

Walnut meal is a nutrient-rich product and has a high nutritional value. Walnut meal is a product that can be used in food technology, in order to improve the nutritional quality, expand the range of confectionery products, and replaces the walnut kernel. Due to the dark color, the use of the walnut meal in the preparation of pastries would have a negative effect on the appearance of some final products and the whitening process would allow its use without negatively influencing the final product. The aim of the research is to whiten Juglans regial L. walnut meal as a valuable nutritious raw material. Hydrogen peroxide was used to bleach the walnut meal, and the pH, concentration of the whitening agent and the concentration of the meal were used as variable parameters of the bleaching process. The color descriptors (Whitening index, Saturation index, Total color difference, Browning index) were calculated to establish the optimal whitening conditions of the walnut meal. The obtained results showed that an alkaline medium, with the hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10% and 2.5% meal concentration allows obtaining the best color parameters in terms of Lightness (82.20) and Whitening Index (71.20). In addition, the study of walnut meal quality in terms of peroxide value evolution showed that the treatment with hydrogen peroxide does not affect in any way the value of the peroxide index of the lipids. The highest peroxide value (4.91 mmol/g oil) was recorded for the sample bleached in a 10% Hydrogen peroxide solution, with a pH of 10 against the 4.71 mmol/g oil for the unbleached sample.

Spectrofluorometric Study of the Inclusion Complexation of Fluorescent Whitening Agents and β-Cyclodextrins

The inclusion complexation behavior of 2,5-Bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2yl)-thiophene (UVOB) with native β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and βCD-monochlorotriazinyl (βCD-MCT) was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The association constant (Ks), stoichiometry, , and were evaluated at 25℃ ± 0.1℃ in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 10.5, 0.1 mo•dm–3) in order to find out the complex formation ability and stability. Fluorescence enhancement for UVOB and UVBNB with both CDs has been observed as a result of the complex formation. A stoichiometry 1:1 for UVOB in both CDs was observed;a stoichiometry 3:1 for UVBNB in both CDs has been observed. The Ksvalues for UVOB were 4916 ± 137 M–1 and 655 ± 19 M–1 (acetone: water 90/10, v/v) with βCD and βCD-MCT, respectively. The value obtained indicates a spontaneous and stable complex formation, but the complex βCD-UVOB showed high Ks value as an indicative of a high concentration of complex formed. Additionally, Ks and thermodynamic parameters and were evaluated in a commercial product UVBNB (UVOB, 13%, v/v). In aqueous solution, the values obtained were 2552 ± 115 and 1787 ± 75 M–1 respectively. Complexation of UVOB with CDs is an interesting approach for utilization of UVOB in aqueous systems without the need of solvents and or surfactants used in commercial product (UVBNB).

Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Hydroquinone in Skin Whitening Cosmetics

Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. Its use in cosmetics has been banned as a result of skin problems including contact dermatitis and ochronosis. A total of 22 samples of different skin whitening cosmetics were collected from local market. They were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography and HPLC for qualitative and quantitative determination of their hydroquinone contents. The hydroquinone was extracted from samples by using 96% ethanol and was subjected to TLC analysis. Eleven out of 22 samples were found to contain hydroquinone. The HPLC analysis showed the concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.002% to 0.092% in the cosmetic samples.

Objective and Self-Perceived Facial Skin Status Using Whitening Efficacy of Cosmetic Products on Taiwan Residents Women

Background: Tranexamic acid and vitamin C derivatives are important reagent used in cosmetic skin-whitening products. Recently, self-perceptions regarding improvement in facial skin status have been increasingly recognized as an important outcome of whitening cosmetic products intervention. Aims: The purpose of the study was to determine the receptiveness of objective and self-perceived facial skin status using whitening cosmetic products. Methods: A total of 40 volunteers were photographed using the Visia? machine and completed questionnaires at pre- and post-operation (8 weeks after receiving whitening cosmetic products). Visia? digital image analysis and questionnaires were used for assessment of facial skin status. The receptiveness of objective and self-perceived measures was assessed by paired t test and Effect Size (ES). Results: There were progresses with regard to the surface spot (ES = 0.22), wrinkles (ES = 0.24), texture (ES = 0.31) and pores (ES = 0.21) after using cosmetic products with tranexamic acid. For self-perceived measures, there were significant progresses in pigmented spots (ES = 0.75), rough complexion (ES = 0.76), red complexion (ES = 0.41), wrinkle (ES = 0.58) and obvious pores (ES = 0.75). Conclusions: This study suggests that the whitening cosmetic products are associated with improvement of objective and self-perceived facial skin status. The results could be provided as available information for cosmetic investigation.

A Study on the Whitening Efficacy of Flavones in Lotus Leaf

Taking lotus flavones as the research object, cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT test, inhibitory effects onthe activity of tyrosinase was studied, and DPPH scavenging experiments were carried out. Lotus flavoneswere used in a formula of skin cream and facial whitening effects were examined. Results shows that lotusflavones are exhibited no cytotoxicity at a concentration equal or less than 1%, and it can decrease the activityof tyrosinase at a concentration between 0.02%~0.30%. Lotus flavones can scavenge DPPH radical. The skincream containing lotus flavones declines facial melanin content. Lotus flavones have good biological safety andare suitable in cosmetics as whitening agents.

Study of a Whitening and Anti-wrinkle Bio-functional Ingredient Based on Epigenetics

Via quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） test method, the efficacy of hexapeptide-2 was studied, including silencing on miR-29 and increasing miR-218 expression which targeted collagen coding mRNA （message RNA） then decreases the collagen synthesis, and the latter silences the melanin synthesis related enzyme. Then the double blind spilt-face clinical test on 35 Asian people （18 male and 17 female） was conducted to evaluate the whitening and anti-wrinkle effect. The qPCR test showed that hexapeptide-2 can decrease miR-29 expression for human fibroblast of different age （P 〈 0.05）; and the result on human melanocyte showed that it can increase miR-218 expression （P 〈 0.05）. Immunostaining results showed that it can increase the expression of collagen I and III significantly （P 〈 0.05）. The double blind split - face test showed that 1% hexapeptide-2 displays significant efficacy for skin whitening, spots lightening, skin erythema and skin dullness improvement, as well as skin wrinkles reduction as comparing with that from the placebo side （P 〈 0.05）.

The Skin Whitening Effect of Co-Cultured Conditioned Medium: Involvement of Synergy between Stem Cells and Immune Cells

Many researchers have described that mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium and immune cells conditioned medium have a clear whitening effect when they are used as cosmetic ingredients. In this study, we confirmed the whitening efficacy of various concentrations of immune cells and stem cell conditioned media. The author tried to study a conditioned medium that has a strong whitening effect even with a composition of less than 20% (the most used concentration in cosmetics). Because of the fact that the conditioned medium contains various cytokines and growth factors secreted by stem cells or immune cells, it is known to have effects such as wound healing, antioxidant, and whitening effect. Recently, stem cells have been used not only in the development of cosmetic raw materials but also in skincare procedures, and there are reports being released of cosmetics using immune cells conditioned medium. The concentration-dependent whitening effect equivalently increased as the concentration of the mono-cultured conditioned medium was obtained through the stem cells or immune cells culture. In the case of co-culture, whitening results are like the effect of positive control such as arbutin in the medium carrying only 10% of the co-cultured conditioned medium. It is possible that enhanced whitening efficiency in co-cultured conditioned medium leads to a major innovation in the global cosmetic market.

Study on the Efficacy of A Whitening Product

A whitening essence lotion was prepared and its whitening and moisturizing efficacy was studied.24 female volunteers were selected to use the whitening essence lotion on the inner side of their forearm as required for 8 weeks continually.The changes of MI value,L*value,ITA°value and the moisture content of skin stratum corneum were tested for the skin at corresponding position.The results showed that,after using cosmetics for eight weeks,the skin’s MI value,L^* value,ITA°value and moisture content were significance level from the initial values(P<0.05).The product showed certain effects of whitening and moisturizing.