Diversity of Wild Mushrooms in Nagaland, India

The Indian sub-continent is blessed with favorable agro climatic conditions that are suitable to a varied range of fungal species. Though the occurrence of mushrooms is of diverse nature, they are not well studied and documented. Northeastern region of India is one of the biodiversity hotspots. Nagaland is one of the Northeastern states of India. The people of the state highly covet mushrooms and have been a delicacy since time immemorial. The present study documents the macro fungal diversity in various districts of the state. A total of 87 species of wild mushrooms were collected and identified. They are parasitic, saprophytic and ecto-mycorrhizal in habitat. The highest numbers of mushroom species were collected during May–September from the study areas. Of the collected mushrooms, 37 species were identified as edible, 21 species medicinal, 5 poisonous and 37 inedible/unclassified.

Morphological Characteristics and Nutritional Values of Wild Types of Sago Mushrooms (<i>Volvariella</i>sp.) That Growth Naturally in Manokwari, West Papua

Sago mushrooms (SMs) are an edible fungus that is favorite food for community in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia in particular. This work aims to determine the morphological characteristics and nutritional value of SMs growing naturally in Manokwari. Morphological characteristic of SMs that grows wild in Manokwari has an average of pileus diameter 9.53 cm, pileus weight 21.53 grams, and pileus color. The pileus color is divided into three colors: outer circle color is RHS163D, middle circle color is RHS199B, and inner circle color is RHS199A. Average of stipe diameter, length, and weight is 1.00 cm, 10.43 cm, and 9.15 gram respectively. Stipe is a yellowish white color (RHS155B). SMs nutrient content that grows naturally in Manokwari is potassium 1394.02 milli-grams and calcium 13.37 milligrams per 1000 grams fresh weight. The others nutrient contents of SMs that are measured are fat 1.01 grams, protein 1.30 grams, carbohydrates 0.18 grams, phosphorus 0.34 milligrams, and energy 15.01 kilocalories per 100 grams of fresh weight.

Comparison of Protein and Amino Acids in the Extracts of Two Edible Mushroom, <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>

This study was undertaken to determine total protein (%) and profiles of amino acid and made comparison between the aqueous and organic solvent extracted mushroom. Extraction was made from two edible, Pleurotus sajor-caju (commercial) and Schizophyllum commune (wild) types of mushrooms. Four types of solvents were used for the extraction include 100% aqueous, 50% ethanol, 50% methanol and 50% acetone. True protein of mushroom extract was analyzed with colorimetric Lowry method and amino acids were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The range of 1.06% to 3.43% and 1.30% to 2.17% total protein value were obtained in the extracts of P. sajor-caju and S. commune respectively, while the highest total protein of 3.43% was determined in aqueous extracted P. sajor-caju mushroom. The amount of total amino acids of S. commune and P. sajor-caju were in the range of 308.65 mg/g to 443.84 mg/g and 172.52 mg/g to 400.76 mg/g, respectively. The highest content of 443.84 mg/g total amino acids and 77.08 mg/g of essential amino acids were obtained in the aqueous extracted Schizophyllum commune. On the other hand the total content of essential amino acids (EAA). Essential amino acid of both mushrooms was dominated by leucine along with threonine and alanine, but the highest contents were determined from the extract of Schizophyllum commune. Aqueous extraction was effective in both types of mushroom for the protein components as well essential amino acids compared to other organic solvents that were used in extraction process in this study.

云南省勐腊县2020—2022年食用野生蘑菇中毒事件分析

目的了解云南省勐腊县食用野生蘑菇中毒事件的流行病学特征,为制定有效的预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法对勐腊县2020—2022年“食源性疾病暴发报告系统”上报的食用野生蘑菇中毒事件进行描述分析。结果勐腊县共报告野生蘑菇中毒事件18起,中毒人数61例,死亡0例;5—8月为报告中毒起数和人数的高峰,分别占总数的83.33%和83.61%。农村食用野生蘑菇中毒的危害更严重,事件构成比为77.78%,中毒人数占81.97%。农村家庭是食用野生蘑菇中毒的高发场所,事件报告数占总报告数的77.78%。食用野生蘑菇中毒事件中只有31.15%的中毒患者采取过自救措施,中毒发病后到就医的间隔时间中位数为2小时。结论自行采摘和加工不当是野生蘑菇中毒的主要因素;高发季节前应结合新形势下的防控策略和措施提前预警,针对高发地区和场所应加强监测和科普宣教。

相同提取条件下野生大球盖菇羊肚菌马鞍菌多糖含量的比较研究

大球盖菇、羊肚菌、马鞍菌均为营养价值极高的野生食用菌,其食用菌多糖具有提高免疫力、降血糖、抗癌等功效,采用索氏提取去除脂肪,三氯乙酸去除蛋白,以蒸馏水作为对照,用苯酚硫酸法进行处理测吸光度,得到在相同条件下提取3种不同的菌种多糖时,大球盖菇的多糖含量最少,羊肚菌的多糖含量最高。

Comparative study of protein pattern changes and mineral composition in cultivated and newly domesticated wild Flammulina velutipes

A wild strain of Flammulina velutipes indigenous to Iran has been recently adapted for artificial cultivation,requiring nutritional information in order to improve its utilization as a medicinal-culinary mushroom.Thus,the current study aimed to evaluate protein profile of this domesticated wild F.velutipes strain over six different developmental stages,in comparison with a commercially cultivated strain of F.velutipes.Various macro-and microelements were also investigated in the mature sporomes cultivated in a lignocellulosic substrate composed of 40%wheat straw+40%sawdust+18%wheat bran+1%lime+1%gypsum.The lowest and highest amounts of protein were observed in primordia(33%of dry matter)and sporomes picked at the third or fifth day of harvesting(57%of dry matter),respectively(p≤0.05),followed by an obvious decrease in protein content at the late stages of harvesting(p≤0.05).Further SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that the protein molecular mass increased from less than 30 kDa in primordia to 235 kDa in mature sporomes.However,no significant difference in protein profiling was noticed between the wild and the reference strains of any given stage(p≥0.05).While nutritional elements such as K,P and Mg were found at 886.9,745.2,and 142.7 mg/100 g of dry weight,respectively,no heavy metals was found at levels higher than the provisional maximum tolerable intake in the sporomes.This study may be considered an initial step towards recognition of the wild F.velutipes as a non-toxic functional food,warranting further proteomics studies.

A Systematic Review of Biodiversity and Conservation of Indigenous Mushrooms(Basidiomycotina,Ascomycotina)of Central Africa Countryside:Uses,Distribution and Checklists

Significant socio-economic,spiritual,nutritional and medicinal needs of the countrysides in Central Africa region are obtainable from macrofungi.Conversely,anthropogenic activities and climate change have led to a reduction in the habitats of mushrooms which has led to some mushrooms becoming endangered.A dearth of information on the ecology,management and composition of mushrooms in Central Africa exists.Hence a review was systematically carried out on published mycological research outcomes from Central African countryside,to delineate the way forward.It was observed that the level of indigenous mycological knowledge was very high(>60%)in all the tribes.The highest number of edible mushrooms was from Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)(377 species),followed by Cameroon(50 species).The dataset showed that 448 edible mushrooms have been identified based on citable publications and 27 tribes/localities evaluated.Additionally the dataset showed 116 author-identified mushrooms that inhabitants did not identify and use.The most popular edible mushrooms from 79 key edible mushrooms were Russula(9 spp.),Termitomyces(8),Cantharellus(8),Plerotus(5),Amanita(5),Marasmius,Lactarius and Lactifluus(4 spp.each).The topmost consumed species were Pleurotus tuber-regium(14 out of 27 localities),Auricularia cornea(13),Cantharellus congolensis(12),Marasmius bekolacongoli(12),Schizophyllum commune(11)and Cantharellus floridulus(11).Mushrooms for mythology uses:(Phallus indusiatus and Dictyophora sp.),Mythology+food:(Termitomyces robustus),Medicinal:(Daldinia concentrica,Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum),Medicinal+food:(Polyporus dictyopus,Schizophyllum commune and Termitomyces clypeatus)and Food+mythology+medicinal:(Termitomyces microcarpus and Termitomyces titanicus).Irrefutably,these previous ethnomycological and ecological studies have scarcely made a significant impact on fungi biodiversity.

Global perspectives on the ecological,cultural and socioeconomic relevance of wild edible fungi

Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 countries indicates the existence of more than 2,100 edible species,a figure that is continually growing,as vast regions and many cultures remain understudied.However,only around 30 species of WEF are grown commercially at a large-scale.WEF also play a key ecological role in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems and have significantly contributed in shaping all life on the planet.Either as food,medicine or both,they are important for the survival,cultures,and economies of hundreds of ethnic groups around the globe.Over the last 15 years,there has been a noteworthy increase in the international trade of WEF,which is currently estimated at billions(USD)annually.In 2017,the WEF global trade,of either fresh or processed products,exceeded 1,230,000 tonnes.Due to their ecological,sociocultural and economic importance,the international WEF trade has a role to play in the post-pandemic recovery period.The main challenge of this period will be maintaining natural ecosystems while simultaneously improving human wellbeing.Critical elements of this challenge include ensuring food security,enhancing rural development,creating sustainable jobs,mitigating hunger,and slowing the loss of traditional knowledge generated over millennia.This review analyzes the ways in which sustainable use of WEF could contribute to achieving these goals.

A Comparative Study of Technological Impact on Mushroom Industry in Sri Lanka: A Review

The present status of technological implementation for mushroom industry in Sri Lanka is expressed along this paper. It has been comparatively discussed with entire Japanese mushroom industry. Sri Lanka is a developing country located in south Asia. Almost all the mushroom cultivators in the country are growing Pleurotus ostreatus, Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. These species are most preferred because they are not difficult to cultivate using the low cost cultivation method being practiced in the country. Mushroom cultivators are selling their product at prices ranging from LKR 240 (1.47) to LKR 430 (USD 2.63) per kg in 2017. Mushroom cultivation is not that popular in Sri Lanka. This may be, partly, attributed to lack of know-how, technological barrier and awareness on the economic, nutritive and medicinal benefits of cultivated mushrooms. Some of the major supermarkets do sell locally cultivated P. ostreatus and, Agaricus bisporus and Lentinula edodes mushrooms which are imported from the Republic of China and Thailand. At present, there are few private and government institutions which produce spawn and offer knowledge to the farmers. Their programs have been mainly focused on mushroom cultivation as a woman’s household business;but the industry should be developed towards large scale commercial mushroom cultivation as well. This study is focused on main steps of mushroom production with some discussion and suggestion for increase production efficiency through technological advancement.

Mineral constituents of a prized edible mushroom(Tricholoma matsutake)and soils beneath the fruiting bodies from the production areas across China

Fruiting bodies(500 g per site) of Tricholoma matsutake and the surface layer of soils collected from 20 spatially distant areas with pristine backgrounds across China were analyzed for potassium,magnesium,calcium,zinc,iron,copper,manganese and cadmium using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.In terms of the bioconcentration and bioexclusion concept,K,Mg,Zn,and Cu were highly bioconcentrated,and their bioconcentration factor values varied between 75-615,2-107,38-603 and 7-76,respectively,across the 20 sites.Fe,Mn and Cd were moderately bioconcentrated and their bioconcentration factors(BCFs) varied between 0.6-34.0,0.4-37.0 and 0.9-7.0 respectively.However,Ca was excluded(BCF<1).T.matsutake is a species that is harvested in the wild as a valuable food and can contain a wide spectrum of both essential and hazardous mineral compounds that accumulate at elevated concentrations even if grown in pristine areas.The estimated intake rate of Cd in the fruiting bodies indicates cause for concern associated with this metal resulting from the daily consumption of between 200 and 400 g of fruiting bodies on a frequent basis during the mushrooming season.

The coral mushrooms Ramaria and Clavaria

The need to improve the quality life together with the increase in the frequency of threating diseases direct the attention of many scientists to look for potential foods as a source of nutritional and therapeutical agents.Since ancient times,several mushrooms have been reported as a nutritious food with valuable medicinal properties.The genus Ramaria and Clavaria belonging to coral fungi are a group of edible mushrooms that are distributed all over the world.The studies on different species of Ramaria and Clavaria have revealed their medicinal potentials.This review aims to present the importance of genera Ramaria and Clavaria as both food and medicine,and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.

血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果分析

目的:探讨血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果。方法:选取2021年7月—2022年7月贵州航天医院收治的36例野生菌中毒患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各18例。对照组给予对症支持治疗,观察组给予血液灌流治疗,比较两组凝血功能及肝功能指标。结果:治疗前,两组高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组hs-CRP、TNF-α均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组BUN、Cr水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。治疗前,两组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组ALT、AST水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论:血液灌流治疗野生菌中毒的效果显著,可改善患者凝血功能及肝功能。

Maximizing Agricultural Residues: Nutritional Properties of Straw Mushroom on Maize Husk, Waste Cotton and Plantain Leaves

The straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea (Bulliard ex Fries) Singer, (V. volvacea), a tropical and sub-tropical mushroom is an invaluable vegetable. Nutritional properties of straw mushrooms grown on plantain leaves, maize husk and waste cotton were investigated. Aim: The aim of this study was to recommend these agro-wastes for mushroom production by farmers instead of relying solely on seasonal wild hunting, and to promote consumption of the mushroom. Method: Ten percent (10%) of the mushrooms spawn was used to inoculate 500 g of each substrate in plastic baskets. Mushrooms were harvested after twenty days of incubation followed by proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies. Results: Results indicated that the fruiting bodies harvested from the substrates varied significantly (P Conclusion: These agro wastes are recommended for production of V. volvacea.

野生菌中毒防控研究进展

由于野生菌味道鲜美,营养丰富,逐渐走上人们餐桌。但野生菌种类丰富,食用菌与毒菌外形极其相似,导致我国每年都有误食毒菌中毒的事件发生,误食毒菌成为我国食物中毒事件中导致死亡的最主要原因。本文查阅国内外关于野生菌中毒相关文献并对其进行归纳梳理,从野生菌中毒现况及流行病学特点、野生菌相关知识知晓现况、对野生菌的态度及行为等方面进行综述,为减少野生菌中毒、科学防控等工作提供科学依据。

一起云南不明原因猝死案件中4种野生菌的细胞毒性

目的探究一起云南不明原因猝死(Yunnan sudden unexplained death,YNSUD)案件中涉及的4种野生菌的细胞毒性,为YNSUD的防治提供实验依据。方法采集事件发生家庭食用过的4种野生菌,通过专家辨认和基因测序鉴定种属。运用超声波萃取法提取4种野生菌的生品浸膏干预HEK293细胞,然后用细胞计数试剂盒-8(Cell Counting Kit-8,CCK-8)筛选出有明显细胞毒性的野生菌。将筛选出的野生菌再分别制成生品、熬煮和熬煮后酶解3种浸膏,所得3种浸膏以不同浓度干预HEK293细胞,用CCK-8与乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)检测法联合检测细胞毒性,并用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态。结果4种野生菌分别为粉黄黄肉牛肝菌(Butyriboletus roseoflavus)、美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、变绿红菇(Rus⁃sula virescens)和隐花青鹅膏(Amanita manginiana)。仅在隐花青鹅膏中发现细胞毒性,其生品浸膏在质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL时显示出细胞毒性,熬煮浸膏和熬煮后酶解浸膏分别在质量浓度为0.4 mg/mL和0.7 mg/mL时有明显细胞毒性。除数量明显减少外,隐花青鹅膏提取物干预后的HEK293细胞还表现出突触增多及折光性差等改变。结论该起YNSUD案件涉及的野生菌中,隐花青鹅膏的提取物具有明显细胞毒性,通过熬煮和酶解两种工艺可以降低其部分毒性,但不能完全灭毒,食用该菌具有一定的安全隐患,隐花青鹅膏可能是导致该起YNSUD案件的原因之一。

野生蕈中毒神经精神症状病情评价量表编制

目的编制野生蕈中毒神经精神症状病情评价量表(NSWMPES),探讨临床使用方案。方法在经典测量理论(CTT)框架的指导下,通过回顾性收集分析病历资料、查阅书籍和文献、参照现有评分系统量表、访谈等方式收集、整理形成条目池,依据德尔菲法(Delphi)原则通过两轮专家咨询形成初测量表。对初测量表进行临床适用性初步评价,以临床典型病例情景模拟方式收集不同年资、不同专业背景的使用者对初测量表使用情况的访谈结果。抽样选取2023年6月至8月就诊于云南大学附属医院急诊医学部内科的野生蕈中毒神经精神型患者使用初测量表进行测评,并记录不同使用者测评的情况。相关测评访谈结果通过专家小组讨论,在不改变大体结构的基础上对条目进一步修订,探讨修订后量表的临床使用方案。结果通过两轮专家咨询、专家小组讨论、临床适用性初步评价访谈后修订形成的《野生蕈中毒神经精神症状病情评价量表(V2.4.9)》包含两大部分,评价量表条目项目14个,症状描述用词48个,各条目的严重程度分为5个级别。量表目标使用对象为从事野生蕈中毒救治的急诊科医师,访谈结果显示,目标使用者对量表的接受度较好,实际使用情况及评分结果存在个人差异。初步临床使用中发现,因患者和家属配合度,对疾病的认识和理解程度等客观因素,使用者经验等客观差异,测评结果存在一定误差。结论野生蕈中毒神经精神症状病情评价量表编制有一定临床实际使用价值,测量学检验需进一步收集临床使用数据,从而提高量表的科学性、准确性与适用性。

正电性金纳米-核酸适配体纳米生物传感器快速检测野生菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽

目的 构建一种基于正电性金纳米-核酸适配体的纳米生物传感器,以实现野生菌中α-鹅膏毒肽(α-amanitin, α-AMA)的快速检测。方法 选择可与α-AMA特异性结合的核酸适配体作为识别元件,以半胱氨酸(cysteamine, Cys)修饰的正电性纳米金(gold nanoparticles, AuNPs)作为信号探针。基于静电吸附作用,将适配体固载到Cys@AuNPs表面。测定溶液在特定波长处吸光度值的变化,实现α-AMA的快速检测。结果 该纳米生物传感器检测α-AMA的最佳条件:Cys@AuNPs体积为150μL,适配体浓度为6 nmol/L, Cys@AuNPs与适配体反应时间为10min, α-AMA与适配体结合时间为10 min。在最佳条件下检测α-AMA的线性范围为1~125 ng/mL(r2=0.995)。本体系中α-AMA的检出限为0.87 ng/mL,加标回收率为98.6%~120.0%。结论 该纳米生物传感器操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性好、成本低廉,适用于野生菌样品中α-AMA的快速检测。

改进YOLOv4的野生菌视觉检测方法

人工搜寻野生香菇效率低下,且存在一定危险性;而对于复杂情况下小目标检测的算法研究多集中于精度提升,检测效率与模型参数量不满足实际需求。基于此,提出一种基于改进YOLOv4的机器视觉检测方法,在保证精度前提下,提升检测效率,满足嵌入式设备的需求。以YOLOv4为框架,采用高效的ShuffleNetv2特征提取网络、轻量级的自适应空间特征融合(ASFF)结构减少网络参数和计算量,针对检测分支,将深度可分离卷积(DWConv)和金字塔卷积(PyConv)替代普通卷积以进行轻量化改进。在此基础上优化模型精度:网络输出端引入SA注意力模块以少量计算代价弥补轻量化改进造成的精度损失;最后Weight DIoU NMS算法优化预测框选取。利用1 112张野生蘑菇图片,按照8∶2的比例划分训练集与测试集。实验结果表明:改进YOLOv4模型检测结果 AP为88.76%,F1为0.858,FPS为67.93,模型权重尺寸为52.28 MB,相比于YOLOv4的AP为91.5%,F1为0.890,FPS为37.15,精度变化幅度小,速度提升82.9%,模型权重尺寸仅为原来的21.4%。网络模型在保证检测精度的同时,检测速度明显提升,可为野生菌嵌入式采摘设备提供理论支持。

野生菌中鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽检验方法及样品处理技术研究进展

综述鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽检验方法及野生菌样品处理技术研究进展。食用蘑菇中毒事件多为误食鹅膏菌毒素所致,引起急性肝毒性中毒的致命蘑菇毒素主要为鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽。蘑菇毒素检测样品处理技术主要包括蛋白沉淀法、固相萃取技术、在线净化技术、免疫亲和技术等,检测方法主要包括快速检测法、毛细管电泳质谱联用法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱质谱联用法等。快速检测法操作简便,适用于蘑菇毒素现场检测;毛细管电泳质谱联用法有高分辨率和高灵敏度的特点;高效液相色谱法在基层实验室广泛应用于蘑菇毒素的检测分析;液相色谱质谱联用法可准确的对蘑菇毒素进行定性和定量分析。通过比较这些技术和方法,可对实验室根据相对应的样本建立简单、快速、准确检测鹅膏毒肽的方法提供重要参考依据。

野生香菇菌株鉴定及其与栽培菌株的生物学特性比较

【目的】对野生香菇进行鉴定,并比较其与栽培菌株的生物学特性,为野生香菇种质资源的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用形态特征和分子序列分析方法对野生食用菌进行鉴定,并分析温度、碳源、氮源等因素对菌丝生长的影响,并比较其与6株栽培香菇的生物学特性。【结果】2株野生食用菌(林香18和林香19)鉴定为香菇,所有供试菌株均能在15~30℃条件下生长,其中,林香18在15~30℃范围内菌丝生长速度为2.5~4.7 mm/d,菌丝生长力极强;林香19在15~20℃时菌丝生长缓慢,生长速度为0.5~1.6 mm/d,在25~30℃时生长速度显著加快,为2.58~3.08 mm/d,说明林香19不耐低温。2株野生菌株在30℃时菌丝生长速度最快,分别为4.7、3.08 mm/d,且明显高于栽培菌株,属于耐高温菌株;其余6株栽培菌株在25℃时生长速度最快,为3.18~4.91 mm/d,均属于中温菌株。供试菌株L12、L26、林香19、申香34、申香60和浦香08以可溶性淀粉为最适碳源,林香18和L808的最适碳源为蔗糖,以乳糖为碳源时菌丝生长最差;供试菌株以尿素为氮源时均不能生长,以牛肉膏为氮源时菌丝生长最好,以硝酸钾为氮源时菌丝生长最差;林香18、林香19、申香60和L26最佳C/N为10/1,申香34、L12最佳C/N为30/1,浦香08和L808最佳C/N分别为40/1和50/1,由此可知,申香34、林香18和林香19菌丝生长不受C/N的影响,其余菌株均受C/N的影响。【结论】野生香菇菌株林香18和林香19均为耐高温菌株,但林香19对低温较敏感。林香18和林香19的最适碳源分别为蔗糖和可溶性淀粉,最适氮源分别为牛肉膏和蛋白胨,最适C/N均为10/1。研究明确了野生香菇林香18和林香19菌丝生长的营养需求和条件,研究结果可为耐高温香菇新品种的选育提供新材料。