Modeling Analysis of Factors Influencing Wind-Borne Seed Dispersal: A Case Study on Dandelion

A weed is a plant that thrives in areas of human disturbance, such as gardens, fields, pastures, waysides, and waste places where it is not intentionally cultivated. Dispersal affects community dynamics and vegetation response to global change. The process of seed disposal is influenced by wind, which plays a crucial role in determining the distance and probability of seed dispersal. Existing models of seed dispersal consider wind direction but fail to incorporate wind intensity. In this paper, a novel seed disposal model was proposed in this paper, incorporating wind intensity based on relevant references. According to various climatic conditions, including temperate, arid, and tropical regions, three specific regions were selected to establish a wind dispersal model that accurately reflects the density function distribution of dispersal distance. Additionally, dandelions growth is influenced by a multitude of factors, encompassing temperature, humidity, climate, and various environmental variables that necessitate meticulous consideration. Based on Factor Analysis model, which completely considers temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, and land carrying capacity, a conclusion is presented, indicating that the growth of seeds is primarily influenced by plant attributes and climate conditions, with the former exerting a relatively stronger impact. Subsequently, the remaining two plants were chosen based on seed weight, yielding consistent conclusion.

Parameterization Method of Wind Drift Factor Based on Deep Learning in the Oil Spill Model

Oil spill prediction is critical for reducing the detrimental impact of oil spills on marine ecosystems,and the wind strong-ly influences the performance of oil spill models.However,the wind drift factor is assumed to be constant or parameterized by linear regression and other methods in existing studies,which may limit the accuracy of the oil spill simulation.A parameterization method for wind drift factor(PMOWDF)based on deep learning,which can effectively extract the time-varying characteristics on a regional scale,is proposed in this paper.The method was adopted to forecast the oil spill in the East China Sea.The discrepancies between predicted positions and actual measurement locations of the drifters are obtained using seasonal statistical analysis.Results reveal that PMOWDF can improve the accuracy of oil spill simulation compared with the traditional method.Furthermore,the parameteriza-tion method is validated with satellite observations of the Sanchi oil spill in 2018.

Five-phase Synchronous Reluctance Machines Equipped with a Novel Type of Fractional Slot Winding

Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are well known because of short end winding length,simple structure,field weakening sufficiency,fault tolerant capability and higher slot fill factor.The five-phase machines equipped with FSCW,are very good candidates for the purpose of designing motors for high reliable applications,like electric cars,major transporting buses,high speed trains and massive trucks.But,in comparison to the general distributed windings,the FSCWs contain high magnetomotive force(MMF)space harmonic contents,which cause unwanted effects on the machine ability,such as localized iron saturation and core losses.This manuscript introduces several new five-phase fractional slot winding layouts,by the means of slot shifting concept in order to design the new types of synchronous reluctance motors(SynRels).In order to examine the proposed winding’s performances,three sample machines are designed as case studies,and analytical study and finite element analysis(FEA)is used for validation.

Near ground wind characteristics during typhoon Meari:Turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peak factors

Wind data were collected during the 2011 typhoon Meari at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 m above the ground using a 40 m high anemometer tower in the coastal area near Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Wind speeds and directions, turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peaks were analyzed using the time records of wind speed. The results show that turbulence intensity components in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions decrease with mean wind speed, regardless of elevations, and the turbulence intensities are in a linear relationship with mean wind speeds. The ratios of three turbulence intensity components(i.e. Iu, Iv, Iw) at heights of 10, 20 and 40 m were calculated and equal to be 1:0.88:0.50, 1:0.84:0.57, and 1:0.9:0.49, respectively. In addition, the gust factors in three directions exhibit a reduction with increasing mean wind speed. The peak factors at different heights show a similar trend and slightly decrease with mean wind speed; average peak factors for all 10-min data from Typhoon Meari are 2.43, 2.48, and 2.47, respectively.

The Influence of Radial Area Variation on Wind Turbines to the Axial Induction Factor

Improvements in the aerodynamic design will lead to more efficiency of wind turbines and higher power production. In the present study, a 3D parametric gas turbine blade geometry building code, 3DBGB, has been modified in order to include wind turbine design capabilities. This approach enables greater flexibility of the design along with the ability to design more complex geometries with relative ease. The NREL NASA Phase VI wind turbine was considered as a test case for validation and as a baseline by which modified designs could be compared. The design parameters were translated into 3DBGB input to create a 3D model of the wind turbine which can also be imported into any CAD program. Design modifications included replacing the airfoil section and modifying the thickness to chord ratio as a function of span. These models were imported into a high-fidelity CFD package, Fine/TURBO by NUMECA. Fine/TURBO is a specialized CFD platform for turbo-machinery analysis. A code-geomturbo was used to convert the 3D model of the wind turbine into the native format used to define geometries in the Fine/TURBO meshing tool, AutoGrid. The CFD results were post processed using a 3D force analysis code. The radial force variations were found to play a measurable role in the performance of wind turbine blades. The radial component of the blade surface area as it varies in span is the dominant contributor of the radial forces. Through the radial momentum equation, this radial force variation is responsible for creating the streamline curvature that leads to the expansion of the streamtube (slipstream) that is responsible for slowing the wind velocity ahead of the wind turbine leading edge, which is quantified as the axial induction factor. These same radial forces also play a role in changing the slipstream for propellers. Through the design modifications, simulated with CFD and post-processed appropriately, this connection with the radial component of area to the radial forces to the axial induction factor, and finally the wind turbine power is demonstrated. The results from the CFD analysis and 3D force analysis are presented. For the case presented, the power increases by 5.6% due to changes in airfoil thickness only.

基于风雨综合指数的安徽省台风灾害房屋风险评估方法

台风致灾因子具有多重性,相对于其他灾种其风险评估更加复杂。采用安徽省81个国家气象站及1035个区域气象站台风过程逐日降水量、最大风速资料,构建台风风雨综合指数;利用台风风雨综合指数及孕灾环境影响系数,开展台风致灾危险性评估;基于自然灾害风险系统理论,综合致灾危险性、承灾体暴露度和脆弱性信息,评估安徽省台风灾害房屋风险。结果表明:影响安徽省台风年均个数为1.9个,持续天数以2~4 d居多;台风降水南部多于北部、山区多于平原。台风致灾高危险区位于皖南山区和大别山区,较高危险区位于江淮之间东部,低危险区位于沿淮淮北大部及江淮之间西北部。台风灾害房屋高及较高风险区主要分布在大别山区、江淮之间东部及皖南山区,这些区域海拔总体较高,台风过境易引发山洪地质灾害,加之房屋脆弱性较高,房屋倒塌及损毁风险高;中等风险区位于沿淮至江淮之间、江南部分地区,呈零星分布;较低和低风险区位于淮河以北中西部、沿江部分地区及城市主城区。利用全省各县区台风造成的房屋倒损数据,从空间一致性及散点相关对区划结果进行验证得到,区划结果与灾损具有高度的空间一致性,二者散点相关通过0.01的显著性水平检验,安徽省台风灾害房屋风险区划结果与实际情况基本吻合。

海上风电机组DeepCWind平台系泊缆布置及断裂仿真分析

以NREL 5 MW风电机组和OC4-DeepCWind半潜式浮式平台为研究对象,运用ANSYS/AQWA水动力分析软件和OPENFAST仿真分析软件进行风电机组气动、水动和系泊系统的时域耦合运动分析,研究不同系泊缆数量、角度布置形式及系泊缆断裂等因素对浮式风电机组动态响应和系泊缆张力的影响。结果表明:增大系泊缆的布置角度可提高浮式风电机组平台的稳定性,但同时增大了系泊缆张力,导致安全系数降低;迎浪侧系泊缆断裂瞬态情况下,浮式平台产生明显的运动响应波动,系泊缆布置角度的增大使浮式平台的稳定性急剧降低。

超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验及其等效静力风荷载

为研究超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验方法及其等效静力风荷载,根据某实际工程中的超高桥塔建立了有限元模型,进行了动力特性计算,进而设计了相应的气弹模型,并开展了风洞试验。在此基础上,开展了超高桥塔风致振动的非线性时程计算,并基于阵风荷载因子法,对比了以位移、内力和应力为单一目标的超高桥塔的等效静力风荷载。结果表明:斜风作用下的桥塔风致振动比较显著,其影响随着风速的增大而愈加明显;当风向角为75°~90°时,超高桥塔将在风速为35~50 m·s^(-1)的区间发生顺桥向的侧弯涡振,但幅值较小;基于应力的阵风荷载因子比基于位移或内力的阵风荷载因子更加稳定,这使得基于应力的等效静力风荷载要优于基于位移或内力的等效静力风荷载,比较适合于超高桥塔。

1980—2016年中国北方风蚀气候侵蚀力的变化

随着修订风蚀方程(RWEQ)的提出,采用增加了冻结因子的气候因子(WF)表达风蚀气候侵蚀力更具有科学性和必要性。基于中国北方风蚀区157个气象站1980—2016年的观测数据,逐月计算了各站点气候因子,并探讨了气候因子时空分布变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:①1980—1997年,年气候因子值表现为快速下降,从940.46 kg/m下降到273.03 kg/m;而1998—2016年,年气候因子值表现相对稳定,在139.81~398.85 kg/m范围内波动。②春季气候因子值约占全年63%,其变化也显著高于其它季节,这也是土壤风蚀发生在春季的主要原因。③气候因子的高值区分布在新疆东部、青海西部、40°N以北的内蒙古中西部,这与气压中心和高大山体地形分布有关。

内蒙古1991—2020年风速变化及其人为影响因素

选用内蒙古118个气象台站1991—2020年年平均风速与台站沿革信息、2010年与2020年人口普查资料,根据城市人口增长率、台站迁移、仪器高度变化、探测环境变化等影响地面风速的信息,将站点分为4类分析。结果表明:内蒙古平均风速北部大于南部,西部大于东部;年平均风速整体呈减小趋势,各站差异很大;台站变化和城市化对风速的影响均比较明显,后者大于前者;探测环境对风速的影响非常可观,约为区域背景风速变化趋势的1~3倍;城市化程度越高迁站后风速的变化幅度越大;在各站风速资料突变点中,约63.2%是台站变化引起的。

基于LightGBM-VIF-MIC-SFS的风电机组故障诊断输入特征选择方法

针对风电机组数据采集与监视控制(SCADA)系统数据维数较高、特征冗余、特征相关性高导致风电机组的故障诊断过程存在误差大、分类正确率低的问题,提出一种基于LightGBM-VIF-MIC-SFS的三段式特征选择方法。首先,根据LightGBM实现对所有特征的重要性计算,确定初步特征空间;其次,根据方差膨胀因子(VIF)和最大信息系数(MIC)构建相关性判别阵,据此评估一次筛选中重要性相近的特征,舍弃相似性高的输入特征;最后,使用序列前向搜索法对特征进行第3次处理,逐个输入前2次特征选择获得的特征,保留能提升系统性能的特征,从而实现最终特征的选取。在完成了模型的建立后,使用风电场真实SCADA系统数据进行性能评估,将所提方法与2种对比算法在6个数据集上进行对比,结果显示所提出的LightGBM-VIF-MIC-SFS相较2种对比特征选择算法有显著优势。对所提方法内部的3个模块进行了消融实验,有效验证了所提特征选取方法内部各个模块的有效性以及基于所提方法得到的最优特征空间的合理性及准确性。

基于模糊性能水准的直立锁缝屋面系统风灾易损性分析

现有结构风灾易损性研究中的性能水准大多是定义明确的,其模糊性常被忽略。为客观描述风荷载作用下直立锁缝屋面系统的实际损伤状态,在其有限元模型及传统性能水准的基础上,通过引入隶属函数,提出一种基于模糊性能水准的风灾易损性分析方法。结合具体工程算例,该文建立了考虑模糊性能水准的直立锁缝屋面系统风灾易损性曲线,并研究讨论了模糊性系数和隶属函数形式对风灾易损性的影响。结果表明:存在一个交点临界风速,当基本风速小于该临界风速时,直立锁缝屋面系统的模糊损伤概率大于等于传统损伤概率,反之小于等于传统损伤概率;同一模糊性系数下,不同形式隶属函数对传统性能水准下结构风灾易损性的影响存在明显差异;同一形式隶属函数对结构风灾易损性的影响随模糊性系数的增大而增大,其表现为模糊性能水准下的风灾易损性曲线逐渐偏离传统性能水准下的风灾易损性曲线并趋于平缓。

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

风与地震作用下平面索网幕墙系统的动力性能研究

平面索网幕墙被广泛应用于大型公共建筑中,因具有阻尼小、刚度低、非线性强等特点,其在强风与地震作用下易出现索力突变、变形过大、面板损伤等不利现象。建立了索网幕墙系统的精细化数值模型,量化了风、地震作用下相邻主结构对幕墙动力性能的影响,分析了两种灾害共同作用下的索网动力响应及面板、密封胶安全状态,计算了幕墙的风振系数并与规范参考值进行对比。研究结果表明:考虑主结构影响的索网幕墙的频率平均减小了12%,地震作用下中部拉索的峰值位移比为6.5,远大于风致响应,计算索网幕墙的地震响应时不可忽略主结构的影响。两种灾害共同作用时,索网位移的增幅大于索力的增幅,位移响应对外部激励变化更加敏感,且位于幕墙顶部的玻璃面板与密封胶的应力均超过设计强度,应在运维过程中予以重点关注。此外,对索网幕墙风致响应结果进行数理统计,得到了可供工程设计参考的风振系数。

1000 kV特高压变电构架风荷载及风致响应

1000 kV特高压变电构架高度大、频率低,其风荷载及风致响应对结构设计起控制作用。通过高频天平测力风洞试验获得1000 kV特高压变电构架塔架节段(A~D节段)、横梁和整体模型的基底剪力和弯矩,分析地貌类型和风向角对体型系数的影响规律,并与国内外相关规范进行对比分析,利用有限元方法计算结构风致响应并详细考察不同地貌下结构位移响应及风振系数随风向角的变化规律。研究结果表明:0°风向时,模型节段A~D三类风场(均匀流、A类和B类)体型系数之比分别为1∶0.93∶0.42、1∶0.86∶0.36、1∶0.84∶0.41和1∶0.60∶0.23。90°风向时,整体模型在三类风场下的体型系数均取得最大值3.40、2.42和0.97,比DL/T 5154—2012和ASCE7—16规范值大24%~40%。此外,结构塔顶位置X和Y方向位移响应均方根值分别在90°和0°达到最大值69.66 mm和61.51 mm,塔顶典型节点X和Y方向风振系数分别在0°和90°风向取得最大值2.61和3.27。

基于改进时间卷积网络与藤Copula的短期风速预测

考虑风电场相邻风机风速间以及风速与气象因素间复杂的非线性关系,提出了一种基于改进时间卷积网络与藤Copula相结合的风速预测方法。首先,利用深度残差收缩网络中存在的注意力机制及软阈值化的思想改进时间卷积网络中的残差模块,并进行初步风速预测;然后,考虑到众多气象因素对风速的影响,使用核主成分分析对气象数据进行降维,在保证数据特征的同时,降低数据的复杂度;最后,利用藤Copula在描述非线性相关结构方面的优势构建修正模型,使用降维的气象数据修正初步风速预测值,得到最终的风速预测结果。实验证明,所提方法提高了短期风速预测的精度。

基底隔震高层建筑风振响应和等效静风荷载

基于高层建筑风荷载规范,建立了基底隔震高层建筑在风荷载下的运动方程,推导得到了结构风振响应均方根.通过3栋高度不同的隔震高层建筑工程案例,对比分析了它们隔震前后的结构动力特性和顺风向风致响应;提出了与非隔震建筑等效静风荷载在表达形式上一致的基底隔震建筑等效静风荷载公式,其中对风振因子简化公式进行了修正.结果表明:结构隔震后在初始刚度弹性范围内的振动频率降低,阻尼比减小,振型在隔震层位置存在滑移,因此结构各响应较非隔震建筑增大;提出的背景因子简化公式可精确估计隔震结构风振系数,同时也可用于加速度的计算.该研究为高层隔震建筑在弹性范围内的风振验算提供了参考.

半分离式斜腹板双箱梁大跨单肋拱桥颤振临界风速分析

为研究低扭弯频率比大跨度桥梁的颤振性能,以某主跨180 m的半分离式斜腹板双箱梁大跨单肋拱桥为背景(主梁扭弯频率比接近1.0),进行颤振临界风速分析。采用有限元法分析该桥动力特性,计算桥梁颤振稳定性;对比《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》(JTG/T 3360-01—2018)推荐的3组理想平板颤振临界风速估算公式,基于Scanlan半逆解法的理想平板颤振临界风速,考虑主梁形状与攻角修正系数确定颤振临界风速范围;采用强迫振动数值模拟识别颤振导数,获得精确颤振临界风速,进一步计算半分离式斜腹板双箱梁的形状和攻角系数。结果表明:该桥主梁扭弯频率比较低,颤振稳定性低于500 m级大跨度双肋拱桥;规范推荐的理想平板颤振临界风速估算公式在小扭弯频率比时差异较大;半分离式斜腹板双箱梁形状修正系数小于分离式双箱梁而大于P-K梁、带斜腹板箱梁,攻角修正系数略大于这3种形式主梁。

基于高功率因数的游标电机设计思路

为解决游标电机功率因数偏低的问题,提出了一种提高功率因数的电机设计优化思路。首先,使用绕组函数法计算出分数槽集中双层绕组的电感,推导出游标电机的功率因数表达式,分析影响功率因数的主要设计参数;其次,结合有限元法研究各设计参数改变时电机性能的变化规律,进而总结出设计思路;然后,以一台裂齿式游标电机为基准样机,按照所提思路重新设计一台高功率因数的电机,并采用遗传算法对电机主要设计参数进行多目标优化;最后,与基准样机进行性能对比,结果表明所设计电机的功率因数更高,验证了理论分析和所提设计思路的有效性。

城市雾霾污染特征及气象影响因素研究

文章以唐山市为例,通过研究区域内的环境监测站获取气象参数和各项污染物数据,推算出实时雾霾污染指数,分析城市雾霾污染特征及气象影响因素。唐山市雾霾污染指数月季变化特征大致表现为“U”型,年际变化特征随年份推移后雾霾污染指数不断降低。风速在4 m/s以内时,与雾霾污染指数成正比,4 m/s以上成反比。城市温度超过20℃后,雾霾超标率明显上升,且随相对湿度的增大先上升后下降。说明风速风向、温度和相对湿度是对城市雾霾污染影响显著的三个气象因素,温度25℃以上、相对湿度为14%~64%、偏北风且风速为2~4 m/s时城市雾霾污染最为严重。