Mapping Network-Coordinated Stacked Gated Recurrent Units for Turbulence Prediction

Accurately predicting fluid forces acting on the sur-face of a structure is crucial in engineering design.However,this task becomes particularly challenging in turbulent flow,due to the complex and irregular changes in the flow field.In this study,we propose a novel deep learning method,named mapping net-work-coordinated stacked gated recurrent units(MSU),for pre-dicting pressure on a circular cylinder from velocity data.Specifi-cally,our coordinated learning strategy is designed to extract the most critical velocity point for prediction,a process that has not been explored before.In our experiments,MSU extracts one point from a velocity field containing 121 points and utilizes this point to accurately predict 100 pressure points on the cylinder.This method significantly reduces the workload of data measure-ment in practical engineering applications.Our experimental results demonstrate that MSU predictions are highly similar to the real turbulent data in both spatio-temporal and individual aspects.Furthermore,the comparison results show that MSU predicts more precise results,even outperforming models that use all velocity field points.Compared with state-of-the-art methods,MSU has an average improvement of more than 45%in various indicators such as root mean square error(RMSE).Through comprehensive and authoritative physical verification,we estab-lished that MSU’s prediction results closely align with pressure field data obtained in real turbulence fields.This confirmation underscores the considerable potential of MSU for practical applications in real engineering scenarios.The code is available at https://github.com/zhangzm0128/MSU.

Aero-Hydrodynamic Coupled Dynamic Characteristics of Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Under Inflow Turbulence

In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.

Studies on Performance of Distributed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine under Building Turbulence

As a part of the new energy development trend,distributed power generation may fully utilize a variety of decentralized energy sources.Buildings close to the installation location,besides,may have a considerable impact on the wind turbines’operation.Using a combined vertical axis wind turbine with an S-shaped lift outer blade and-shaped drag inner blade,this paper investigates how a novel type of upstream wall interacts with the incident wind at various speeds,the influence region of the turbulent vortex,and performance variation.The results demonstrate that the building’s turbulence affects the wind’s horizontal and vertical direction,as well as its speed,in downstreamplaces.The wall’s effect on wind speed changing in the downstreamarea is thoroughly investigated.It turns out that while choosing an installation location,disturbing flow areas or low disturbing flow zones should be avoided to have the least impact on wind turbine performance.

Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface

Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.

Near ground wind characteristics during typhoon Meari:Turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peak factors

Wind data were collected during the 2011 typhoon Meari at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 m above the ground using a 40 m high anemometer tower in the coastal area near Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Wind speeds and directions, turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peaks were analyzed using the time records of wind speed. The results show that turbulence intensity components in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions decrease with mean wind speed, regardless of elevations, and the turbulence intensities are in a linear relationship with mean wind speeds. The ratios of three turbulence intensity components(i.e. Iu, Iv, Iw) at heights of 10, 20 and 40 m were calculated and equal to be 1:0.88:0.50, 1:0.84:0.57, and 1:0.9:0.49, respectively. In addition, the gust factors in three directions exhibit a reduction with increasing mean wind speed. The peak factors at different heights show a similar trend and slightly decrease with mean wind speed; average peak factors for all 10-min data from Typhoon Meari are 2.43, 2.48, and 2.47, respectively.

Coherent structures and spectral shapes of kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence in solar wind at 1 AU

This paper presents the generation of kinetic Alfv én wave(KAW) coherent structures of magnetic filaments applicable to solar wind at 1 AU,when the background plasma density is modified by parallel ponderomotive force and Joule heating.The inhomogeneity in the magnetic field,which was included as a perturbation in the transverse direction of the magnetic field,takes energy from the main pump KAWs and generates the filamentary structures.When the intensity is high enough,the filaments are broken down and the energy initially confined to low wavenumbers is redistributed to higher wavenumbers,leading to cascades of energy at small scales less than the ion acoustic gyroradius or comparable to electron gyroradius.The magnetic field spectral profile is generated from the numerical simulation results,and its dependence on different directions of the wavevector and initial conditions of the simulation representing the transverse magnetic field inhomogeneity is studied.The relevance of these results with other spacecraft observations and measurements is also pointed out.

A Low-Cost Active Control Multi-Fan Turbulence Wind Tunnel with an Embedded System to Generate Natural Wind

This paper describes a new actively controlled multi-fan wind tunnel that generates natural wind as a type of turbulence wind tunnel at a reduced cost. The driving section of the wind tunnel has 100 PC cooling fans that are controlled by an original embedded system. The fluctuating velocity wind is successfully generated with a mean velocity of 7 m/s and two turbulent intensities of 2% and 3% based on Karman’s power spectrum density function. The case of 2% has the integral scales of 5 m, 10m and 20 m, and the case of 3% has the integral scales of 3 m, 6 m and 15 m with a turbulence grid. In particular, the wind with the turbulent intensity of 2% satisfies the Kolmogorov’s -5/3 multiplication rule of inertial subrange with the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 2.0 Hz. Consequently, the new wind tunnel can be used for studying engineering technology and research regarding conditions with natural wind.

Experimental study on correlation between turbulence and sound in a subsonic wind tunnel

In this paper, the effects of turbulence on sound generation and velocity fluctuations due to pressure waves in a large subsonic wind tunnel are studied. A trip strip located at different positions in the contraction part or at one position in the diffuser of a large wind tunnel is used to investigate the aforementioned phenomenon, and the results indicate that the trip strip has significant effects on sound reduction. The lowest turbulence intensity and sound are obtained from a trip strip with a diameter of 0.91 mm located either at X/L = 0.79 or at X/L = 0.115 in the wide portion of the contraction. Furthermore, the effect of monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources of aerodynamic noise at different velocities is investigated, and it is demonstrated that the contribution of the monopole is dominant, while the shares due to the dipole and quadrupole remain less important. In addition, it is found that the sound waves have a modest impact on the measured longitudinal turbulence and are generated essentially by eddies.

Turbulence and Rainfall Microphysical Parameters Retrieval and Their Relationship Analysis Based on Wind Profiler Radar Data

Rainfall is triggered and mainly dominated by atmospheric thermo-dynamics and rich water vapor.Nonetheless, turbulence is also considered as an important factor influencing the evolution of rainfall microphysical parameters. To study such an influence, the present study utilized boundary layer wind profiler radar measurements. The separation point of the radar power spectral density data was carefully selected to classify rainfall and turbulence signals;the turbulent dissipation rate ε and rainfall microphysical parameters can be retrieved to analyze the relationship betweenε and microphysical parameters. According to the retrievals of two rainfall periods in Beijing 2016, it was observed that(1) ε in the precipitation area ranged from 10^(-3.5) to 10^(-1) m^(2) s^(-3) and was positively correlated with the falling velocity spectrum width;(2) interactions between turbulence and raindrops showed that small raindrops got enlarge through collision and coalescence in weak turbulence, but large raindrops broke up into small drops under strong turbulence, and the separation value of ε being weak or strong varied with rainfall attributes;(3) the variation of rainfall microphysical parameters(characteristic diameters, number concentration, rainfall intensity, and water content) in the middle stage were stronger than those in the early and the later stages of rainfall event;(4) unlike the obvious impacts on raindrop size and number concentration, turbulence impacts on rain rate and LWC were not significant because turbulence did not cause too much water vapor and heat exchange.

On the Wind and Turbulence in the Lower Atmosphere above Complex Terrain

Numerical modeling and studies of the wind fields at the junction of three continents: over the complex terrains of the South-east Europe, Asia Minor, Middle East, Caucasus and over the Black, Caspian and Medi-terranean seas have been carried out for the first time. Traveling synoptic scale vortex wave generation and subsequent evolution of orographic vortices are discovered. Wind fields, spatial distribution of the coefficients of subgrid scale horizontal and vertical turbulence and the Richardson number are calculated. It is shown that the local relief, atmospheric hydrothermodynamics and air-proof tropopause facilitate the generation of β-mesoscale vortex and turbulence amplification in the vicinity of the atmospheric boundary layer and tropopause. Also turbulence parameters distribution in the troposphere has the same nature as in the stratosphere and mesosphere: turbulence coefficients, stratification of the vertical profiles of the Richardson number, thickness of the turbulent and laminar layers.

Updating empirical results of wind loads on cooling towers for turbulence intensity effects

Variations of wind effects on large cooling towers observed at different turbulence intensities for our previous full-scale measurements might be caused by the inherent uncertainties in our physical experiments.Accordingly,the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)technique is employed for analyzing the data measured on the prototype Pengcheng cooling tower.Because ANOVA indicates that the variations of full-scale wind effects are basically the effects of turbulence intensity,the empirical results of wind loads on cooling towers obtained by generalizing physical experimental data without considering the turbulence intensity effects are updated using model test results obtained in multiple flow fields.The empirical fluctuating wind pressure distribution is updated based on the fact that the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient linearly increases with the increase in the turbulence intensity,and the empirical formulae of the spectra and the coherences is updated based on conservative assumptions.Comparisons of the empirical results and full-scale measurement data suggest that the original empirical results are either too conservative or unsafe for use.However,economic efficiency and conservativeness will be balanced if the updated empirical results are employed for the wind engineering design.

The Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Tip Speed Ratio on the Coherent Structure of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Wake:A Wind Tunnel Experiment

The evolution laws of the large-eddy coherent structure of the wind turbine wake have been evaluated via wind tunnel experiments under uniform and turbulent inflow conditions.The spatial correlation coefficients,the turbulence integral scales and power spectrum are obtained at different tip speed ratios(TSRs)based on the time-resolved particle image velocity(TR-PIV)technique.The results indicate that the large-eddy coherent structures are more likely to dissipate with an increase in turbulence intensity and TSR.Furthermore,the spatial correlation of the longitudinal pulsation velocity is greater than its axial counterpart,resulting into a wake turbulence dominated by the longitudinal pulsation.With an increase of turbulence intensity,the integral scale of the axial turbulence increases,meanwhile,its longitudinal counterpart decreases.Owing to an increase in TSR,the integral scale of axial turbulence decreases,whereas,that of the longitudinal turbulence increases.By analyzing the wake power spectrum,it is found that the turbulent pulsation kinetic energy of the wake structure is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency vortex region.The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy increases with an increase of turbulence intensity and the turbulence is transported and dissipated on a smaller scale vortex,thus promoting the recovery of wake.

Generation and Control of Turbulences in a Wind Tunnel

In this paper, the generation and control of turbulences in a wind tunnel, for design, analysis and testing of test objects are proposed. Modifications to the wind tunnel are made in order to generate the turbulences in the test chamber. Specifically, for the turbulence analysis, the reflective symmetry concept is used in order to group the different turbulences cases generated in the wind tunnel test chamber. The Ansys software is used in order to model and analyze the wind tunnel. Specific platform or module known as Fluent is used for the analysis of the turbulence generated in the wind tunnel. To design proposal of a wind tunnel capable to generate and controlling turbulences is exposed in this paper. For this, the controller design and verification are performed by means of simulations. To obtain the control law structure, the inversion concept is used. The proposed control law is validated via a co-simulation implemented in the Simplorer module, with the aim of combining the power electronics part, controller and engine, with the proposed model wind tunnel.

Running safety analysis of a train on the Tsing Ma Bridge under turbulent winds

The dynamic responses of the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and the running behaviors of trains on the bridge under turbulent wind actions are analyzed by a three-dimensional wind-train-bridge interaction model. This model consists of a spatial finite element bridge model, a train model composed of eight 4-axle identical coaches of 27 degrees-of-freedom, and a turbulent wind model. The fluctuating wind forces, including the buffeting forces and the self-excited forces, act on the bridge only, since the train runs inside the bridge deck. The dynamic responses of the bridge are calculated and some results are compared with data measured from Typhoon York. The runnability of the train passing through the Tsing Ma suspension bridge at different speeds is researched under turbulent winds with different wind velocities. Then, the threshold curve of wind velocity for ensuring the running safety of the train in the bridge deck is proposed, from which the allowable train speed at different wind velocities can be determined. The numerical results show that rail traffic on the Tsing Ma suspension bridge should be closed as the mean wind velocity reaches 30 m/s.

Surface Roughness Around a 325-m Meteorological Tower and Its Effect on Urban Turbulence

Based on slow- and fast-response measurements under neutral stratification conditions from a 325-m meteorological tower located in a built-up area of north-central Beijing as well as a descriptive survey of surface roughness elements (i.e., buildings and trees) around the tower site, urban roughness lengths, zo, with zero-plane displacement height are estimated using logarithmic wind profile and morphometric methods in eight 45° directional sectors. When comparing their results with each other, the slow-response method tends to give smaller zo values. At a given location, considerable directional variations in values are observed. The effect of surface roughness on urban turbulence characteristics in terms of non-dimensional standard deviations of three-component velocity, σi/u*1 (where i = u, v, w and u*1 is local friction velocity), is investigated.

Effects of Turbulent Dispersion on the Wind Speed Profile in the Surface Layer

New Reynolds mean momentum equations including turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze the vertical profile of wind speed in the surface layer. It is demonstrated that the wind profile of the surface layer including turbulent dispersion has a logarithmic modification on the classical power law. Under the condition of unstable stratification, the effect of dispersion is stronger than under stable stratification. Under neutral stratification, the power law degenerates to the logarithmic law, but the von Karman constant is replaced by k 1 = (1+ k / 4)−1 k, which can also be obtained by similarity theory.

Experimental study on aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on viaducts in turbulent crosswinds

In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train on viaducts in turbulent crosswinds using a 1:25 scaled sectional model wind-tunnel testing. Pressure measurements of two typical sections, one train-head section and one train-body section, at the windward and leeward tracks were conducted under the smooth and turbulence flows with wind attack angles between-6° and 6°, and the corresponding aerodynamic force coefficients were also calculated using the integral method. The experimental results indicate that the track position affects the mean aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle, especially for the train-body section. The fluctuating pressure coefficients at the leeward track are more significantly affected by the bridge interference compared to those at the windward track. The effect of turbulence on the train-head section is less than that on the train-body section. Additionally, the mean aerodynamic force coefficients are almost negatively correlated to wind attack angles, which is more prominent for vehicles at the leeward track. Moreover, the lateral force plays a critical role in determining the corresponding overturning moment, especially on the train-body section.

Turbulent Wind Field Simulation of Wind Turbines With Rotational Effects

为准确得到风轮旋转效应对风力发电机组湍流风速脉动分量的影响，推导了旋转Fourier自谱和互谱。分析了风轮旋转效应通过相干函数和相位延迟体现的物理本质，提出了引入相位延迟参数的旋转Fourier自谱和互谱。以旋转Fourier自谱和互谱的模构建旋转谱矩阵，对其进行Cholesky分解，将相位延迟引入谱表现方法中实现风力发电机组湍流风场的模拟。最后，结合某1．5Mw三叶片变桨距风电机组进行纵向脉动风速时程的数值模拟，并对计算功率谱与目标谱进行了校核，证明该文算法可以更为准确地模拟作用在风轮旋转叶片上的脉动风速时程。

丘陵地区10 m高度以下近地面风场实测及非平稳特性分析

为确定10 m高度以下风场特征以指导光伏支架结构设计,在陕西汉中某拟建光伏电站场址内开展了近地面风场实测.由于实测结果存在较高的低频能量,分别选用平稳模型和基于离散小波变换的非平稳模型,研究了10 m以下近地面风场的平均风速、湍流度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度和风功率谱等特征参数,并与规范取值进行对比分析.结果表明:丘陵地区10 m以下近地面风场具有一定的非平稳特性;平稳模型会高估风的湍流强度和湍流积分尺度;非平稳模型较好地提取了时变平均风速,提高了样本的平稳性,且与光伏结构易发生共振的高频部分能量密度有所增大,能量接近Kaimal谱和von Karman谱,高于平稳模型结果,更具适用性.

湍流风况顺桨风力机叶片气动阻尼特性研究

当前风电技术大型化发展,叶片气弹失稳问题特别是特殊工况下的稳定性问题成为国内外各界关注的热点和难点.湍流风况下顺桨风电叶片气弹稳定性直接影响风电机组的安全可靠性.气动阻尼是叶片稳定性判断的重要指标.为探究湍流风况顺桨风电叶片气弹失稳特性规律,以NERL 5 MW风力机叶片为研究对象,基于修正叶素动量理论、欧拉-伯努利梁模型和气动阻尼计算方法,建立顺桨叶片气动阻尼计算模型,采用Kaimal湍流风模型进行瞬态分析,获得风况参数对风力机叶片气动稳定性的影响规律及叶片的气动失稳概率,为大型风力机叶片气弹稳定性设计与控制提供参考.结果表明:顺桨叶片气动阻尼在全周风向上呈180°周期特性,且25°风向为相对危险工况;风速越大气动阻尼负值越显著,气动不稳定风向范围越大,失稳概率越大;湍流强度增加,一阶挥舞气动阻尼下限降低幅度明显,气动不稳概率增加;湍流风况下顺桨叶片平面外方向的失稳概率较平面内方向更大,且两个方向失稳概率曲线呈相似周期性规律.