Analysis of the Application of Windbreak and Sand Fixation Technology in Desert Roads

In order to solve the problems in the construction of desert roads and improve the quality of desert roads in China,this paper discusses the current windbreak and sand fixation technologies in desert areas in China,and puts forward relevant suggestions and corresponding solutions for each problem.This paper is written with hopes of contributing to the development of windbreak and sand fixation technologies in China as well as the development of the economy,society and environment in China's deserts.

Effects of sand-fixing and windbreak forests on wind flow:a synthesis of results from field experiments and numerical simulations

Sand-fixing and windbreak forests are widely used to protect or/and improve the ecological environments in arid and semi-arid regions. A full understanding of wind flow characteristics is essential to arranging the patterns of these protective forests for enhancing the effectiveness. In this study, the wind velocity over the underlying surface with sand-fixing forests and windbreak forests at the heights of 1–49 m was monitored from two 50-m high observation towers in an oasis of Minqin, Gansu Province of China. The wind velocities were simulated at different locations over these protective forests between those two towers by a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics（CFD） model. The results showed that at the heights of 1–49 m, the wind velocity profiles followed a classical logarithm law at the edge of the oasis and a multilayer structure inside the oasis. With increasing number of sand-fixing forest and windbreak forest arrays, the wind velocity at the heights of 1–49 m generally decreased along the downstream direction of the prevailing wind. Specifically, below the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity decelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then accelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. In contrast, above the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity accelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then generally decelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. Both the array number and array spacing of sand-fixing and windbreak forests could influence the wind velocity. The wind protection effects of sand-fixing forests were closely related to the array spacing of windbreak forests and increased with the addition of sand-fixing forests when the array of the forests was adequately spaced. However, if the array spacing of windbreak forests was smaller than seven times of the heights of windbreak forests, the effects were reduced or completely masked by the effects of windbreak forests. The results could offer theoretical guidelines on how to systematically arrange the patterns of sand-fixing and windbreak forests for preventing wind erosion in the most convenient and the cheapest ways.

Evaluation on Regional Ecological Benefits of Windbreak Systems

This paper studied how dynamically to evaluate regional ecological benefits of windbreak systems in a county scale. Data of air temperature. humidity. wind speed, crop yield and forest cover percentage were investigated and collected in some of counties of Heilongjiang Province, where windbreak systems were established in the last thirty years. Through analysis, an evaluation index system estimating regional ecological benetits of windbreak systems was set up, which consists of both a vegetation index system and a climate index systeln. The former includes a forest cover percentage index and a crop yield index; the later does three variable indexes of wind speed, air temperature and humidity. An integrated regional ecological benefit index.was developed through combinations of some coined evaluation indexes from the evaluation system.And to take Zhaozhou County and Anda County as a case study, the regional ecological benetits since establishment of windbreak systems of the two counties were evaluated dynamically using the integrated index.

Numerical Analysis of Different Nose Shapes on the Train Aerodynamic Performance at a Windbreak Transition under Crosswinds

Based on the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method, this paper studied the effect of the nose shape on the aerodynamic performance when the high-speed train subjected to a windbreak transition under crosswinds. The windbreak transition generated by the irregular terrain from the flat ground to the cutting. The results showed that with the height of the front window increased from Z ? 2 to Z + 2 (the dimensionless height), the side force coefficient Cy and rolling moment co-efficient Cmx increased by 26% and 27% for the head car, respectively. The flow structures around the lower front window were smoother than that around the higher front window. The flow structures in the higher front window resulted in more considerable positive pressure on the windward side (WWS) and top of the nose region.

ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE EFFECTS OF WINDBREAK SYSTEMS IN DESERT ZONE OF WESTERN CHINA

This paper, by applying the theories of landscape ecology, illustrates the role and mechanism of windbreak system in the establishment and maintenance of oasis ecosystem on the basis of systematic analysis of characteristics and ecological crises of China's desert, and especially of desert zone in western China. Furthermore, direct economic benefits are summarized.

A PRELIMINARY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS ON TURBULENCE IN LEESIDE OF WINDBREAKS

The spectrum characteristics of turbulence such as period of fluctuation, frequency and amplitude of oscillation were discussed by using the method of spectral analysis of turbulence in this paper. The results show that the spectrum density in the range of low frequency is sharply variance with the distance from the windbreaks, but it follows the power index law of -5 / 3 and satisfies the theory of local isotropic turbulence in the range of high frequency. It also shows by connecting with Eulerium autocorrelation analysis that there are small scale,high frequency and short period of turbulence near the lecsidc of windbreaks,but often large scale, low frequency and long period of turbulence far from the windbreaks.

WINDBREAKS FOR SAND DUNE FIXATION IN JILIN PROVINCE

There are 0.78 million hm2 of sand dune areas in Jilin Province. The effects of two types of windbreaks. shelterbelts and small areas ofartdicial forests, on sand dune fixation were discussed. The temperature, humidity and reduced situation of wind speed in the two types of windbreaks wer systematically studied.

THE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENCE ON LEESIDE OF WINDBREAKS

The distributive characteristics of turbulence, turbulent velocity, turbulent intensity and Reynolds stress, in horizontal and vertical direction on leeward side of windbreak were discussed in this paper. The results show that all the three kinds of parameters of turbulence have the similar distributive patterns in lee, their peaks were around 10H for horizontal and Z/ H = 1 for vertical. The windbreak is important barrier to affect the structure and distribution of wind speed and turbulence. Porosities of windbreaks could alter the patterns of turbulence, therefore, affect the abilities and functions of windbreaks.

Effects of Different Wind Speeds behind Windbreak Wall of Fattening Cattle Farm on Farm Environment and Performance of Beef Cattle in Zhangye District

[Objective]The paper was to study the wind-reducing effect of windbreak wall at different sheltering distances and the effects of wind speed on cattle performance.[Method]The 40 cattle with insignificant difference in initial weight were randomly distributed in four selected stalls,and were divided into two groups according to the distance between stalls and windbreak wall to measure their daily gain.According to the actual conditions and weather conditions of fattening cattle farm,the wind speed,temperature and other environmental indexes of measuring point and heat production of beef cattle were carried out field measurement and analysis.[Result]The windbreak wall in fattening cattle farm reduced the wind speed by 40%-70%within a horizontal distance of 10 times of the wall height at a height of 1.2 m.The best sheltered area behind windbreak wall was 2-4 times of the height of windbreak wall.Within the distance of 6 times of the wall height,the wind speed reduction effect was obvious and the maximum reduction rate reached 70%.With an external WCI of-15.61 and average beef cattle weight of 480 kg,the WCI of fattening cattle farm equipped with windbreak wall reached-9.00,and the heat loss reduced by each cow was 3.31 MJ/h.Meantime,due to the difference in distance from windbreak wall,the daily gain difference of beef cattle was 0.15 kg/head day,but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).

Design of Tall Cable-Supported Windbreak Panels

The design and construction of tall and slender steel structures is always challenging. This paper discusses several design aspects (structural information, analysis methods, applied loads, cost optimisation) and a case study regarding the design and construction of 10-m-tall windbreak panels for a Greek electricity producer. The purpose of the panels is to reduce wind turbulence and improve the performance of the electricity producer’s air-cooled condenser. In this case, the main wind load acts in the longitudinal direction, with friction inducing only a small amount of wind load in the transverse direction. The steel columns are constructed from 10-m-tall hot-rolled IPE 270 (S235) cross-sections, and are supported by cables in the longitudinal direction and bracing systems in the transverse direction. Concrete anchorages and concrete footings are used for the cables and steel columns, respectively. System optimisation is investigated in terms of the steel weight, cable length, and overall cost, and practical issues are explained regarding technical decisions. Furthermore, the construction details, construction methods, and cost estimation are discussed.

基于多孔介质的高速铁路透风式挡风墙关键参数研究

合理的匹配参数是风区铁路沿线防风设施研究的关键问题。针对风区铁路沿线部分区段混凝土实心挡风墙出现的环境风越过挡风墙顶导致严重的弓网离线、无法正常升弓,危及铁路行车安全问题,提出改“堵”为“疏”,通过一定的透风率来调控挡风墙后的线路风场,从而为缓解上述现象提供一种新思路,其关键问题在于透风式挡风墙关键参数与防风效果的合理匹配。为此,基于多孔介质的自身特性,提出一种基于多孔介质的挡风墙风场新研究方法,将挡风墙透风率与防风效果的合理匹配问题转化为多孔介质的阻力系数与列车气动载荷的关系研究。首先,通过比较数值模拟结果与兰新高铁挡风墙风场现场试验结果,修正并验证数值模拟方法的准确性。然后,通过数值模拟研究进一步探究多孔介质阻力参数与挡风墙透风率之间的关系,获得风区铁路沿线透风式挡风墙关键参数最优区间。研究结果表明:可以采用多孔介质代替挡风墙几何进行挡风墙风场研究,能够显著提升研究效率;多孔介质的黏性阻力系数在挡风墙风场研究中可以忽略,多孔介质的惯性阻力系数与挡风墙的透风率呈幂函数关系;风区铁路沿线透风式挡风墙高度为3.5 m,透风率在24.4%~28.7%区间时,对一线、二线列车的防风效果最好。

槽式太阳能阵列挡风增速效果数值模拟

采用开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM中的Simple求解器对流场进行数值模拟,研究5.00 m/s风速下槽式太阳能阵列挡风墙挡风效果。对由槽式太阳能阵列组成的6个不同高度的挡风墙对整体流场速度的影响以及不同高度挡风墙背风侧30,60,90 m处的速度进行了分析。研究发现,当气流通过挡风墙时,低于墙高的位置速度大幅衰减,而高于墙高的位置开始加速,存在明显的分区作用。当气流流过挡风墙后,会在其后形成明显的速度衰减区,其面积和延伸与挡风墙的高度正相关。在挡风墙背风侧较远处,高于墙高的气流开始减速,低于墙高的气流开始加速,并随着距离的增加风速逐渐趋于平稳。

Utilizing sediment grain size characteristics to assess the effectiveness of clay–sand barriers in reducing aeolian erosion in Minqin desert area,China

The clay–sand barriers in Minqin desert area,China,represent a pioneering windbreak and sand fixation project with a venerable history of 60 a.However,studies on evaluating the long-term effectiveness of clay–sand barriers against aeolian erosion,particularly from the perspective of surface sediment grain size,are limited and thus insufficient to ascertain the protective impact of these barriers on regional aeolian activities.This study focused on the surface sediments(topsoil of 0–3 cm depth)of clay–sand barriers in Minqin desert area to explain their erosion resistance from the perspective of surface sediment grain size.In March 2023,six clay–sand barrier sampling plots with clay–sand barriers of different deployment durations(1,5,10,20,40,and 60 a)were selected as experimental plots,and one control sampling plot was set in an adjacent mobile sandy area without sand barriers.Surface sediment samples were collected from the topsoil of each sampling plot in the study area in April 2023 and sediment grain size characteristics were analyzed.Results indicated a predominance of fine and medium sands in the surface sediments of the study area.The deployment of clay–sand barriers cultivated a fine quality in grain size composition of the regional surface sediments,increasing the average contents of very fine sand,silt,and clay by 30.82%,417.38%,and 381.52%,respectively.This trend became markedly pronounced a decade after the deployment of clay–sand barriers.The effectiveness of clay–sand barriers in erosion resistance was manifested through reduced wind velocity,the interception of sand flow,and the promotion of fine surface sediment particles.Coarser particles such as medium,coarse,and very coarse sands predominantly accumulated on the external side of the barriers,while finer particles such as fine and very fine sands concentrated in the upwind(northwest)region of the barriers.By contrast,the contents of finest particles such as silt and clay were higher in the downwind(southeast)region of the sampling plots.For the study area,the deployment of clay–sand barriers remains one of the most cost-effective engineering solutions for aeolian erosion control,with sediment grain size parameters serving as quantitative indicators for the assessment of these barriers in combating desertification.The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the construction of windbreak and sand fixation systems and the optimization of artificial sand control projects in arid desert areas.

大风区高速铁路路基双侧挡风墙周围沙粒沉积数值模拟研究

兰新高速铁路横穿多个大风区,对其安全运营造成严重影响。为降低强风对线路的危害,在大风区修筑大量防风构筑物,其中以路基挡风墙最为常见,挡风墙降低了风害的影响,但是带来严重的线路积沙问题。通过数值模拟研究不同风速下路基双侧挡风墙周围的流场特征,利用风产生的壁面剪切应力与沙粒剪切应力的比值确定地表沙粒沉积与侵蚀类型。研究发现,气流在两道挡风墙之间分别形成一个顺时针涡流和一个逆时针涡流,在第二道挡风墙背风侧形成一个顺时针大涡,随着来流风速增大,漩涡尺寸和涡流强度均在增大;由于涡流的存在,部分沙粒被卷走,路堤背风坡附近以及路基面上的沙粒沉积显著减少,当来流风速为24、30 m/s时,南北侧线路道床面均出现沙粒反向侵蚀;单双侧挡风墙的积沙规律对比结果表明,设置双侧挡风墙时,线路积沙显著减少。研究揭示了大风区铁路双侧挡风墙周围路基面上的沙粒沉积规律,对未来风区铁路的防护建设具有指导意义。

木麻黄基干林带对台风“杜苏芮”的防风效应

为了解海防林对台风的防护效应,以惠安赤湖国有防护林场监测站收集的“杜苏芮”台风登陆前后的气象数据为材料,分析了台风登陆前后近地层的风速、风向、湍流强度、防风效能和气流加速率等的特征规律。结果表明:(1)台风登陆前后的平均风速和风向时程变化特征满足了台风眼区经过的条件,平均风速曲线呈“M”形双峰分布,通过采集到的台风眼区、眼壁和外围强风的完整风况数据,完整展示了台风经过林带前后风速、风向的演变过程。(2)湍流强度的时程整体变化趋势随着台风靠近和离去呈现增大-减小-剧增-回落的过程,尤其台风后风圈影响的区域,湍流强度剧烈增大,强度可增大2倍以上。(3)向岸风在垂直方向上,弱风或强风的防风效能随高度增加而降低,高度相同,林带后弱风的防风效能小于强风;水平方向上,林内及林带后1H和5H处防风效能最好,在高度3 m平均防风效能为49.57%~93.93%,在高度9 m平均防风效能为44.04%~90.10%。离岸风在垂直方向上,随着气流靠近林带,弱风或强风的气流加速率随高度增加而增大,林带后1H高度3 m气流加速率平均为0.2193,高度9 m气流加速率平均为0.3242,林内气流加速率达到最低值;而风越过林带后,弱风风速恢复到88%左右,强风的气流则有个加速的过程。

一种计算机模拟的针阔林木抗风性能分析

自然界中的强风常常对树木造成不可逆破坏,分析强风穿过时树林内部的气流情况有利于评估树木的抗风性,更好地理解如何减轻风的影响。以阔叶树和针叶树为原型,提取了二者叶团簇和枝干构造的特点,建立两种结构不同的树木模型,组合成树林模型,在3个不同叶面积密度下进行风力作用下的仿真模拟实验。分别使用改进的k-ε双方程模型和k-ω双方程模型以设置风环境,并且用龙格-库塔法分析求解湍流模型。k-ε双方程模型下,当叶面积密度分别为1,5和10 m~2/m~3时,阔叶林背风侧20 m处的最低风速与入口风速相比下降了49.60%,67.23%和80.40%,针叶林分别为55.13%,68.90%和78.29%。k-ω双方程模型展示了阔叶树林内部风场的复杂性。结果表明,叶面积密度与树林挡风能力之间是非线性关系,树林的挡风能力随叶面积密度的上升而增强,增强到一定程度后上升幅度减缓。不同的树木结构会导致风场的变化,影响同等强度风荷载下的受损概率和挡风能力。叶面积密度高、树冠体积大的树木更容易在强风中受到损害。

多时序卫星遥感数据在麦盖提县防风固沙成效分析中的应用

为了守住家园,打造宜人、宜居、宜业、宜游的社会发展环境,多年来,麦盖提县各族群众奋力与沙相争,使黄沙退去,绿色重建。本文利用国产卫星影像作为数据源,提取麦盖提县百万亩防风固沙生态林建设工程历年变化信息,数字重建变化过程,从分布、面积、健康状况等指标方面分析变化特征,对2013年以来防风固沙工程开展遥感监测,通过卫星影像分析和展现防风固沙实际成效,为麦盖提县经济社会发展和生态环境保护提供科学依据。

乌兰布和荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆防风效应风洞模拟

灌丛沙堆作为荒漠绿洲过渡带广泛存在的生物地貌类型,其在不同演化阶段和植被盖度下的风速分布及防风效应对土壤风蚀灾害控制具有重要意义。为揭示灌丛沙堆演化阶段及植被盖度对周围风场结构特征及防风效应指标的影响规律,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠荒漠绿洲过渡带单个和两个白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆为对象,利用风洞模拟试验测定其在4个不同演化阶段(雏形阶段、发育阶段、稳定阶段、活化阶段)和3种不同植被盖度(0、40%及70%)工况下竖直和水平面的风速分布,探讨演化阶段及植被盖度对相对速率、防风效能等防风效应指标的影响。研究发现,不同演化阶段的白刺灌丛沙堆在0~0.8H(H为灌丛沙堆高度)高度范围内、距沙堆中心-H~5H水平范围内风速有显著变化;对比坡前减速区、上方加速区、两侧急流区和后方减速区的风速变化发现,白刺灌丛沙堆在后方减速区的风速变化最为显著,处于稳定阶段的灌丛沙堆在植被盖度为70%时的风速最大可减少90%;不同演化阶段中,稳定阶段灌丛沙堆对风速的削减更为显著,防风效能较大,而处于雏形阶段的灌丛沙堆的防风能力相对较弱;在两个平行于风向排列的灌丛沙堆的相互影响下,沙堆之间丘间低地的防风效能比单个灌丛沙堆有所提高,且第二个灌丛沙堆下游区域的防风效能略小于两个灌丛沙堆间的丘间低地;各演化阶段单个和两个灌丛沙堆周围的防风效能均随植被盖度增大而增大。该研究结果可为乌兰布和荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤风蚀防治提供参考。

东北黑土区防风林带基本特性及其与风向的关系

[目的]为探究东北黑土区防风林带走向与主害风向的关系。[方法]利用遥感解译和野外调查,获取研究区内林带基本特征数据,结合研究区内43个气象站点风速风向数据,对林带走向与主害风向的交角,即风向偏角进行计算分析。[结果]蒙东黑土亚区偏西风占比大,风向较为集中,主害风主导性强烈,松嫩黑土亚区风向较为分散,主害风主导性较弱;平均林带密度松嫩黑土亚区>蒙东黑土亚区;防风林带走向在松嫩黑土亚区占比最大的为N-S走向林带,蒙东黑土亚区没有明显的规律性;研究区内风向偏角<30°占比为29.60%,>30°占比为70.40%,防风作用较差。[结论]研究区内大量防风林带走向与主害风向斜交,对主害风的防护作用较差。该研究结果对于了解现有防风林带密度、走向,进一步建设和改造防风林带有重要参考价值。

An Application of the Shark Skin Denticle Geometry for Windbreak Fence Design and Fabrication

Windbreak fences in open and urban areas can be used to effectively reduce the wind velocity. In this paper we examine how the geometrical shape of the windbreak fence can optimally mitigate wind velocity. We propose an approach for windbreak fence design based on a bionic parametric model of the shark skin denticle geometry, which improves the reduction of the wind velocity around and behind the windbreak fences. The generative model was used to estimate improvements by variations in the parameters of the fence panel＇s geometrical shape, inspired by shark skin denticles. The results of the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） analysis indicates that the fence surface inspired by shark skin performs much better than both flat and cor- rugated surfaces. Taking into account the complex geometry of the surface inspired by shark skin denticles, we propose a fab- rication process using an expanded polystyrene foam （EPS） material, created using an industrial robot arm with a hot-wire tool. Creating EPS moulds for the shark skin denticle panels allows for a richer variety material to be used in the final design, leading both to higher efficiency and a more attractive design.