The influence of explicit tidal forcing in a climate ocean circulation model

The eight main tidal constituents have been implemented in the global ocean general circulation model with approximate 1° horizontal resolution.Compared with the observation data,the patterns of the tidal amplitudes and phases had been simulated fairly well.The responses of mean circulation,temperature and salinity are further investigated in the global sense.When implementing the tidal forcing,wind-driven circulations are reduced,especially those in coastal regions.It is also found that the upper cell transport of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation（AMOC） reduces significantly,while its deep cell transport is slightly enhanced from 9×106m3/s to 10×106 m3/s.The changes of circulations are all related to the increase of a bottom friction and a vertical viscosity due to the tidal forcing.The temperature and salinity of the model are also significantly affected by the tidal forcing through the enhanced bottom friction,mixing and the changes in mean circulation.The largest changes occur in the coastal regions,where the water is cooled and freshened.In the open ocean,the changes are divided into three layers：cooled and freshened on the surface and below 3 000 m,and warmed and salted in the middle in the open ocean.In the upper two layers,the changes are mainly caused by the enhanced mixing,as warm and salty water sinks and cold and fresh water rises;whereas in the deep layer,the enhancement of the deep overturning circulation accounts for the cold and fresh changes in the deep ocean.

Wind-Driven,Double-Gyre,Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity,2.5-Layer,Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.

Dispersed Wind Power Planning Method Considering Network Loss Correction with Cold Weather

In order to play a positive role of decentralised wind power on-grid for voltage stability improvement and loss reduction of distribution network,a multi-objective two-stage decentralised wind power planning method is proposed in the paper,which takes into account the network loss correction for the extreme cold region.Firstly,an electro-thermal model is introduced to reflect the effect of temperature on conductor resistance and to correct the results of active network loss calculation;secondly,a two-stage multi-objective two-stage decentralised wind power siting and capacity allocation and reactive voltage optimisation control model is constructed to take account of the network loss correction,and the multi-objective multi-planning model is established in the first stage to consider the whole-life cycle investment cost of WTGs,the system operating cost and the voltage quality of power supply,and the multi-objective planning model is established in the second stage.planning model,and the second stage further develops the reactive voltage control strategy of WTGs on this basis,and obtains the distribution network loss reduction method based on WTG siting and capacity allocation and reactive power control strategy.Finally,the optimal configuration scheme is solved by the manta ray foraging optimisation(MRFO)algorithm,and the loss of each branch line and bus loss of the distribution network before and after the adoption of this loss reduction method is calculated by taking the IEEE33 distribution system as an example,which verifies the practicability and validity of the proposed method,and provides a reference introduction for decision-making for the distributed energy planning of the distribution network.

VARYING SEASONS' MESOSCALE WIND FIELD CIRCULATION IN HAINAN ISLAND

Using a one-level numerical diagnostic model, the features of surface wind fields in Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula and maritime area around it are studied. In the experiments with prevailing synoptic situation for varying seasons there are obvious deflection flows, terrain slope drafts, convergence lines, sea/land breeze and mountain/valley breeze, and difference in season accounts for the features found in the mesoscale distribution.The complex terrain and seatland distribution in the area is shown to be the important cause for the formation of varying mesoscale circulation, and close relationships between local climatic distribution feature and mesoscale circulation are then revealed.

Calculation and analysis of losses of magnetic-valve controllable reactor

Magnetic-valve controllable reactor(MCR)has characteristics of DC bias and different types of magnetic flux density in the magnetic circuit and winding current distortion.These characteristics not only lead to loss calculation method of MCR different from that of power transformer,but also make it more difficult to calculate the core loss and wingding loss of MCR accurately.Our study combines core partition method with dynamic inverse J-A model to calculate the core loss of MCR.The winding loss coefficient of MCR is proposed,which takes into account the influence of harmonics and magnetic flux leakage on the winding loss of MCR.The result shows that the proposed core loss calculation method and winding loss coefficient are effective and correct for the loss calculation of MCR.

Visualization and Quantitative Evaluation of Eddy Current Loss in Bar-Wound Type Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Mild-Hybrid Vehicles

This paper describes the conductor eddy current loss that occurs in a permanent magnet type synchronous motor with a distributed winding stator using a rectangular copper wire designed for mild hybrid system applications for small vehicles.Compared with the conventional round wire inserter method,the space factor can be improved and the coil-end length can be shortened by applying a so-called hairpin windings using a pre-formed into hairpin shape of bar conductor,and as a result,DC current resistance of the armature winding can be reduced.However,since the conductor cross-sectional area tends to increases,the conductor eddy current loss generated by the space harmonics linkage becomes too large to ignore.In order to study the reduction of the conductor eddy current loss,it is important to visualize the spatial leakage flux distribution which causes loss and finely analyze how the magnetic path is formed.Therefore,analysis of the conductor eddy current loss distribution generated in the bar-wound conductor is performed using the CAE model that faithfully reproduces the coil-end shape of the actual machine.Furthermore,it was qualitatively clarified what ratio of conductor eddy current loss at various driving points.Finally,the results of preliminary study on reduction of conductor eddy current loss are reported.

Analysis of Observed and Modelled Near-Surface Wind Extremes over the Sub-Arctic Northeast Pacific

Wind speed extremes in the sub-Arctic realm of the North-East Pacific region were investigated through extreme value analysis of wind speed obtained from wind simulations of the COSMO-CLM (Consortium for Small-scale Modelling, climate version) mesoscale model, as well as using observed data. The analysis showed that the set of wind speed extremes obtained from observations is a mixture of two different subsets each neatly described by the Weibull distribution. Using special metaphoric terminology, they are labelled as “Black Swans” and “Dragons”. The “Dragons” are responsible for strongest extremes. It has been shown that both reanalysis and GCM (general circulation model) data have no “Dragons”. This means that such models underestimate wind speed maxima, and the important circulation process generating the anomalies is not simulated. The COSMO-CLM data have both “Black Swans” and “Dragons”. This evidence provides a clue that an atmospheric model with a detailed spatial resolution (we used in this work the data from domain with 13.2 km spatial resolution) does reproduce the special mechanism responsible for the generation of the largest wind speed extremes. However, a more thorough analysis shows that the differences in the parameters of the cumulative distribution functions are still significant. The ratio between the modelled Dragons and Black Swans can reach up to only 10%. It is much less than 30%, which was the level established for observations.

Modeling an Oil Spill along the Southern Brazilian Shelf: Forcing Characterization and Its Influence on the Oil Fate

Oil spills can generate multiple effects in different time scales on the marine ecosystem. The numerical modeling of these processes is an important tool with low computational cost which provides a powerful appliance to environmental agencies regarding the risk management. In this way, the objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of a number of physical forcing acting over a hypothetical oil spill along the Southern Brazilian Shelf. The numerical simulation was carried out using the ECOS model (Easy Coupling Oil System), an oil spill model developed at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande—FURG, coupled with the tridimensional hydrodynamic model TELEMAC3D (EDF, France). The hydrodynamic model provides the current velocity, salinity and temperature fields used by the oil spill model to evaluate the behavior and the fate of the spilled oil. The results suggest that the local wind influence is the main forcing driven the fate of the spilled oil, and this forcing responds for more than 60% of the oil slick variability. The direction and intensity of the costal currents control between 20% and 40% of the oil variability, and the currents are important controlling the behavior and the tridimensional transportation of the oil. On the other hand, the turbulent diffusion is important for the horizontal drift of the oil. The weathering results indicate 40% of evaporation and 80% of emulsification, and the combination of these processes leads an increasing of the oil density around, 53.4 kg/m3 after 5 days of simulation.

A Process Study of the Wind-Induced Circulation in the Persian Gulf

A shallow-water model, coupled with a three dimensional, hydrostatic ocean model, is used to study the wind induced circulation, and the Shatt-al-Arab river plume expansion, in the Persian Gulf. The models are used in an idealized configuration. The following results are obtained: 1) with northwesterly winds, a double gyre is formed: this gyre is cyclonic in the south and anticyclonic in the north. Southeastward currents flow along the Iranian and Arabian coast where the wind stress at the surface dominates the pressure gradient related to the free surface slope, and conversely in the deeper region of the Gulf;2) In the eastern part of the Gulf, the cyclonic gyre intensifies, as observed and reported in the literature;3) For northwesterly winds, the plume from Shatt-al-Arab first heads towards the Iranian coast and then spreads southeastward along the Arabian coast;for northerly and northeasterly winds, the plume directly follows the Kuwaiti coast and then the Arabian coast. This sensitivity of the orientation can be related to the double gyre flow structure;4) A southeasterly wind confines the plume in the northern end of the Gulf as does a pure tidal flow.

基于低风速功率修正和损失函数改进的超短期风电功率预测

风电功率具有较强的波动性和随机性。为进一步提升风电功率的预测精度,提出一种基于低风速功率修正和损失函数改进的超短期风电功率预测模型。该模型采用卷积神经网络、自注意力机制和双向门控循环单元捕获风电功率序列的长期时序依赖关系。为了解决低风速下待风状态神经网络难以精确拟合的问题,模型通过预测风速并结合当前时段的风电功率对低风速段的预测功率进行修正。针对参数训练的稳定性问题,模型通过改进预测策略和共享权重,引入一种多元非线性的损失函数来提取序列间的关联性。结果表明,所提模型在多项误差指标中均优于对比模型,能够有效提升超短期风电功率的预测效果。

高速电机定子散嵌线绕组换位对环流损耗的抑制分析

定子绕组铜耗是高速永磁电机损耗的主要来源之一,对于多根并绕的散嵌线绕组,由于各导线所处的漏磁场不同,导致感应出的电压也不同,从而会在导线之间形成环流,所带来的额外交流附加铜耗已成为限制该类电机功率密度以及效率提高的主要因素。本文主要针对并绕导线间由于环流引起的不同股线之间电流不均展开研究,通过绕组端部换位的方式实现了对绕组环流损耗的抑制,并通过设计实验验证了环流抑制分析的有效性。

基于最小二乘法的间冷开式循环水系统水量损失计算

某炼油厂循环水系统每天的计算水损失量与实际水损失量存在一定的偏差。针对该问题,对该套循环水系统水量损失的计算情况进行了校正。通过试验装置的水量损失数据与计算数据对比并利用最小二乘法进行拟合,拟合后的曲线最优区间变化斜率k控制在1.06~1.09且循环水最优区间变化截距b控制在14~19时,实际损失量与计算数值的偏差率可控制在5%以内;当k取值为1.07且b取值为15时,最大偏差率仅为4.77%,验证了该算法的可行性。

重覆冰区域风电送出线路中节能导线的应用研究

开展节能导线的应用研究,对重覆冰区域风电送出线路的安全、经济运行具有重要意义。以湖南某110 kV风电送出线路工程为例,针对其重覆冰、低损耗小时数的特点,从电能损耗、覆冰弧垂及过载能力、经济费用等方面对3类节能导线、钢芯铝合金绞线和普通钢芯铝绞线进行了应用分析。分析结果表明:在15 mm中冰区和20 mm重冰区,JL3/G1A-400/50型钢芯高导电率铝绞线更优;在30 mm重冰区,考虑弧垂特性和排杆需要,不适合采用节能导线,推荐采用钢芯铝合金绞线。

Wind risk and mitigation calculator framework for determining the wind annualized risk for single- and multi-family homes to support resilient community decision-making

Communicating risks and mitigation benefits associated with natural hazards such as wind to the general public is challenging given the location-dependency of parameters and the complexity of the problem.Web tools play a crucial role in educating residents,decision-makers,and stakeholders regarding potential wind hazard losses to,for example,residential buildings.However,a notable gap exists on the practical incorporation of mitigation actions within these tools.This gap hampers the collective awareness and understanding among stakeholders,communities,and citizens regarding the tangible advantages of mitigation strategies in reducing wind-related risks.Furthermore,there exists a need to elucidate the functionality and objectives of these tools in a more accessible manner.This study aims to present and outline the wind risk and mitigation calculator tool(WRMCT)within the Hazardaware platform,which is an address-based risk assessment tool.This tool,developed for 196 counties in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area,facilitates users’education of potential risks and benefits associated with mitigation strategies.WRMCT enables users to access location-specific wind risk and interactively suggests potential mitigation actions along with economic savings to support informed decisions and residential risk reduction.WRMCT intends to enhance users’ability to make informed decisions,take proactive measures in mitigating wind hazards,and contribute to the development of resilient,residential communities.

基于工程尾流模型的风电场发电量评估

基于WAsP-Park1、WAsP-Park2、Park-Gauss和Bastankhah这4种工程尾流模型,对比了风电场中单一风向下风电机组的风速差异,并分析了工程尾流模型、尾流衰减因子、尾流速度亏损叠加方法、邻近风电场等因素对风电场发电量计算结果的影响。研究结果表明:1)同一风电场中,单一风向下,Park-Gauss模型计算得到的风电机组尾流速度亏损最大,WAsP-Park2模型的次之,WAsP-Park1模型的较小,Bastankhah模型的最小。2)不考虑邻近风电场的影响时,WAsP-Park1模型和WAsP-Park2模型计算得到的目标风电场的尾流损失基本一致;但考虑邻近风电场的影响时,WAsP-Park2模型的计算结果比WAsP-Park1模型的计算结果增大约3%~5%。同一工况下,与WAsP-Park1模型的计算结果相比,Park-Gauss模型的计算结果约为其1.5倍,Bastankhah模型的计算结果约为其0.4倍。3)对任意工程尾流模型而言,同一工况下,尾流衰减因子越小,目标风电场的尾流损失越大;尾流衰减因子每减小0.01,计算得到的目标风电场尾流损失的增幅基本在10%以上。4)当考虑邻近风电场的影响时,对于目标风电场的尾流损失而言,直接求和法的计算结果最大,平方和开根号法的次之,最大值法的最小。因此,对风电场进行发电量评估时,要综合考虑邻近风电场、尾流衰减因子及尾流速度亏损叠加方法的影响。

计及风电出力波动的风电场导线经济截面选择

由于风电出力具有随机性,风电场线路电能损耗的计算与传统火电厂不同。电能损耗的准确计算决定了导线经济截面的选择,不恰当的导线截面会使风电场面临巨大的经济损失。文中提出一种考虑线路功率波动的电能损耗计算方法,可指导风电场选择导线经济截面。利用两参数韦伯分布模型对历史风速数据进行分析,结合风机出力曲线,建立考虑风速随机性的风机出力概率分布模型,得到未建风电场线路的电能损耗,并以导线全寿命周期内总费用最小为原则,为风电场选择经济的导线截面。基于实际风电场线路参数和出力数据的仿真结果,所提方法能够准确计算线路电能损耗,为风电场导线经济截面的选择提供依据和参考。

风电场导线经济截面计算方法

风电场导线经济截面仍延用传统选择方法,没有考虑风电场四季、早晚的风速不同和冬季发电多、夏季发电少、晚上发电多、白天发电少的鲜明特征。鉴于此,提出一种适用于风电场计算最大负荷损耗时间的方法。首先,根据全寿命周期年费用最小法,综合考虑运行损耗费用,重点研究风电场最大负荷损耗时间对风电场导线经济截面的影响。然后通过风电场实际功率数据重新建立最大负荷损耗时间和最大负荷利用时间的对应关系。最后,借助平均值比率和峰谷差比率描述风电场之间的关联性,给出最大负荷损耗时间的量化表达,采用全寿命周期年费用最小法计算出导线经济截面。结合实际数据验证,所提方法能够指导未建风电场选择导线经济截面。

一种含风电电力系统的日前发电计划和旋转备用决策模型

提出了一种新的大规模风电并网后日前发电计划和旋转备用决策模型。利用风电和负荷2种随机因素的概率密度函数估算系统的停电损失和弃风损失,并将它们作为风险成本计入发电成本目标函数中,在充分满足机组爬坡和系统安全等约束的前提下,同时求解每台常规机组的日前出力和正负旋转备用量。采用优先列表法和基于最小边际成本法的经济调度算法对模型进行求解。算例分析结果表明,所提模型和方法是有效的。

输电导线气动阻尼效应的风洞试验研究

基于单跨六分裂输电导线气弹模型风洞试验,测得了不同风速下输电导线端部,即输电导线传递给输电塔的动张力时程,结合经验模态分解法(EMD)、小波分析及随机减量法(RDT)识别了输电导线的前四阶气动阻尼比,并将其与基于准定常理论的气动阻尼比进行了对比。考虑气动阻尼的影响,对输电导线动张力进行了计算。研究结果表明:输电导线的气动阻尼相对于结构阻尼,占有主导地位,在强风下可以达到结构阻尼比的10倍以上;由于输电导线的风致非线性振动,使得基于准定常理论的气动阻尼比与识别结果相比存在显著差异;强风作用下,不考虑气动阻尼比的计算结果将严重地高估输电导线的风致动张力响应。

海洋环流模式的发展和应用 Ⅰ.全球海洋环流模式

概述近10年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体动力学数值模拟国家重点实验室全球海洋环流模式的发展及其在全球海气耦合模式的发展和气候模拟方面的应用。重点是:一个30层、0.5°×0.5°的准全球海洋环流模式LICOM的建立及其模拟的热带太平洋海洋环流和印度尼西亚贯穿流;以20层海洋模式为海洋分量建立的全球海洋—大气—陆面系统耦合模式GOALS在气候变化模拟方面的应用,和以海洋模式L30T63为海洋分量建立的灵活的耦合环流模式FGCM-0在热带太平洋—印度洋海气相互作用及古海洋—古气候模拟方面的应用。