Recent Trends in Winter Temperature Extremes in Eastern China and their Relationship with the Arctic Oscillation and ENSO

Interannual variations in the number of winter extreme warm and cold days over eastern China （EC） and their relationship with the Arctic Oscillation （AO） and E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） were investigated using an updated temperature dataset comprising 542 Chinese stations during the period 1961- 2011. Results showed that the number of winter extreme warm （cold） days across EC experienced a significant increase （decrease） around the mid-1980s, which could be attributed to interdecadal variation of the East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM）. Probability distribution functions （PDFs） of winter temperature extremes in different phases of the AO and ENSO were estimated based on Generalized Extreme Value Distribution theory. Correlation analysis and the PDF technique consistently demonstrated that interannual variation of winter extreme cold days in the northern part of EC （NEC） is closely linked to the AO, while it is most strongly related to the ENSO in the southern part （SEC）. However, the number of winter extreme warm days across EC has little correlation with both AO and ENSO. Furthermore, results indicated that, whether before or after the mid-1980s shift, a significant connection existed between winter extreme cold days in NEC and the AO. However, a significant connection between winter extreme cold days in SEC and the ENSO was only found after the mid-1980s shift. These results highlight the different roles of the AO and ENSO in influencing winter temperature extremes in different parts of EC and in different periods, thus providing important clues for improving short-term climate prediction for winter temperature extremes.

Predicting Winter Surface Air Temperature in Northeast China

The author investigates the prediction of Northeast China's winter surface air temperature (SAT),and first forecast the year to year increment in the predic-tand and then predict the predictand.Thus,in the first step,we determined the predictors for an increment in winter SAT by analyzing the atmospheric variability associated with an increment in winter SAT.Then,multi-linear re-gression was applied to establish a prediction model for an increment in winter SAT in Northeast China.The pre-diction model shows a high correlation coefficient (0.73) between the simulated and observed annual increments in winter SAT in Northeast China throughout the period 1965-2002,with a relative root mean square error of -7.9%.The prediction model makes a reasonable hindcast for 2003-08,with an average relative root mean square error of -7.2%.The prediction model can capture the in-creasing trend of winter SAT in Northeast China from 1965-2008.The results suggest that this approach to forecasting an annual increment in winter SAT in North-east China would be relevant in operational seasonal forecasts.

Influence of October Eurasian Snow on Winter Temperature over Northeast China

This paper addresses the interannual variation of winter air temperature over Northeast China and its connection to preceding Eurasian snow cover. The results show that there is a significant negative correlation between October Eurasian snow cover and following-winter air temperature over Northeast China. The snow cover located in eastern Siberia and to the northeast of Lake Baikal plays an important role in the winter air temperature anomaly. More （less） eastern Siberia snow in October can cause an atmospheric circulation anomaly pattern in which the atmospheric pressure is higher （lower） than normal in the polar region and lower （higher） in the northern mid-high latitudes. Due to the persistence of the eastern Siberia snow from October to the following winter, the winter atmospheric anomaly is favorable （unfavorable） to the widespread movement of cold air masses from the polar region toward the northern mid-high latitudes and, hence, lower （higher） temperature over Northeast China. Simultaneously, when the October snow cover is more （less）, the SST in the northwestern Pacific is continuously lower （higher） as a whole; then, the Aleutian low and the East Asia trough are reinforced （weakened）, favoring the lower （higher） temperature over Northeast China.

Change in Sea Ice Cover is Responsible for Non-Uniform Variation in Winter Temperature over East Asia

Observed winter(December–February)surface air temperature over East Asia(0°–60°N,100–140°E)(TEA)shows non-uniform variation during 1979–2013,with cooling and weak warming north and south of40°N.To understand this,the authors perform statistical analysis(linear regression and composite)on the observed data.The results suggest that reduced(increased)autumn sea ice cover in the Barents-Kara Sea(BK-ASIC)lowers(warms)TEA over northern East Asia,which is consistent with previous studies.In comparison,increased(decreased)winter sea ice cover in the Sea of Okhotsk(O-WSIC),warms(cools)the air over southern East Asia.The mechanism can be described as follows:When the BK-ASIC decreases,the East Asian winter monsoon tends to be stronger with an intensified Siberian high,leading to cooling over northern East Asia.An O-WSIC increase is associated with cold anomalies north of 50°N,altering the meridional temperature gradient between the midlatitudes and tropics,and leading to a northward shift of the East Asian jet steam in the upper troposphere.In the low atmosphere,anomalous northeasterly winds prevail north of50°N and anomalous southerly winds control the southern coast of East Asia,contributing to the weak warming over southern East Asia.Version 3 of the Community Atmosphere Model also provides evidence for the impact of increased O-WSIC on the warm southern mode of TEA.

Geographical origin identification of winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao')by using multi-element fingerprinting with chemometrics

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.

Arctic autumn sea ice decline and Asian winter temperature anomaly

Associations between the autumn Arctic sea ice concentration （SIC） and Asian winter temperature are discussed using the singular value decomposition analysis. Results show that in recent 33 years reduced autumn Arctic sea ice is accompanied by Asian winter temperature decrease except in the Tibetan plateau and the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean coast. The autumn SIC reduction excites two geopotential height centers in Eurasia and the north Arctic Ocean, which are persistent from autumn to winter. The negative center is in Barents Sea/Kara Sea. The positive center is located in Mongolia. The anomalous winds are associated with geopotential height centers, providing favorable clod air for the Asian winter temperature decreasing in recent 33 years. This relationship indicates a potential long-term outlook for the Asian winter temperature decrease as the decline of the autumn sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is expected to continue as climate warms.

Effects of planting patterns plastic film mulching on soil temperature,moisture, functional bacteria and yield of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China

The yield of winter wheat is hindered by drought and low temperature in the Loess Plateau of China.Two common mulching methods to conserve soil moisture,ridge furrows with plastic film mulching (RP) and flat soil surfaces with plastic film mulching (FP) are helpful for wheat production.Our previous study indicated that FP could improve wheat yield more effectively than RP,but the reason remains unclear.The effect of mulching method on functional bacteria also needs to be further studied.In this study,winter wheat was employed to evaluate the impacts of mulching method on soil temperature,moisture content,microorganisms and grain yield.The results showed that FP had a warming effect when the soil temperature was low and a cooling effect when the temperature was too high.However,the ability to regulate soil temperature in the RP method was unstable and varied with year.The lowest negative accumulated soil temperature was found in the FP treatment,which was 20–89 and 43–99%lower than that of the RP and flat sowing with non-film mulching control (NP) treatments,respectively.Deep soil moisture was better transferred to topsoil for wheat growth in the FP and RP treatments than the NP treatment,which made the topsoil moisture in the two treatments (especially FP) more sufficient than that in the NP treatment during the early growing stage of wheat.However,due to the limited water resources in the study area,there was almost no difference between treatments in topsoil water storage during the later stage.The wheat yield in the FP treatment was significantly higher,by 12–16and 23–56%,respectively,than in the RP and NP treatments.Significant positive correlations were observed among the negative accumulated soil temperature,spike number and wheat yield.The Chao1 and Shannon indices in the RP treatment were 17 and 3.9%higher than those in the NP treatment,respectively.However,according to network relationship analysis,the interspecific relationships of bacteria were weakened in the RP treatment.Phosphorus solubilizing,ammonification and nitrification bacteria were more active in the RP than in the FP treatment,and microbes with nitrate reduction ability and plant pathogens were inhibited in the RP treatment,which improved nutrient availability and habitat for wheat.

Influence of the NAO on Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over East Asia:Multidecadal Variability and Decadal Prediction

In this paper,we investigate the influence of the winter NAO on the multidecadal variability of winter East Asian surface air temperature(EASAT)and EASAT decadal prediction.The observational analysis shows that the winter EASAT and East Asian minimum SAT(EAmSAT)display strong in-phase fluctuations and a significant 60-80-year multidecadal variability,apart from a long-term warming trend.The winter EASAT experienced a decreasing trend in the last two decades,which is consistent with the occurrence of extremely cold events in East Asia winters in recent years.The winter NAO leads the detrended winter EASAT by 12-18 years with the greatest significant positive correlation at the lead time of 15 years.Further analysis shows that ENSO may affect winter EASAT interannual variability,but does not affect the robust lead relationship between the winter NAO and EASAT.We present the coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge(COAB)mechanism of the NAO influences on winter EASAT multidecadal variability through its accumulated delayed effect of~15 years on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)and Africa-Asia multidecadal teleconnection(AAMT)pattern.An NAO-based linear model for predicting winter decadal EASAT is constructed on the principle of the COAB mechanism,with good hindcast performance.The winter EASAT for 2020-34 is predicted to keep on fluctuating downward until~2025,implying a high probability of occurrence of extremely cold events in coming winters in East Asia,followed by a sudden turn towards sharp warming.The predicted 2020/21 winter EASAT is almost the same as the 2019/20 winter.

Interdecadal Variations of Winter Temperatures in East China During the Past 100 Years and Related Atmospheric Circulation

The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1961–80)periods are identified for the East China winter temperature index.Comparison of160-station observational data,NCAR sea level pressure(SLP)data,and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis shows that the20th-v2 Reanalysis can successfully depict the major features of the warming from P3 to P4,which is part of the global warming phenomenon.The cooling from P1 to P2is a regional phenomenon under global warming.However,both changes are consistent with the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation(AO),while the second change is also accompanied by the phase change of Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)from negative to positive.Original sources of the interdecadal shifts of the AO and winter temperature in East China require further research.

Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature on the Interannual Variability of Winter Haze Days in Guangdong Province

The impact of sea surface temperature(SST)on winter haze in Guangdong province(WHDGD)was analyzed on the interannual scale.It was pointed out that the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific SST play a leading role in the variation of WHDGD.Cold(warm)SST anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific stimulate the eastward propagation of cold(warm)Kelvin waves through the Gill forced response,causing Ekman convergence(divergence)in the western Pacific,inducing abnormal cyclonic(anticyclonic)circulation.It excites the positive(negative)Western Pacific teleconnection pattern(WP),which results in the temperature and the precipitation decrease(increase)in Guangdong and forms the meteorological variables conditions that are conducive(not conducive)to the formation of haze.ENSO has an asymmetric influence on WHDGD.In El Niño(La Niña)winters,there are strong(weak)coordinated variations between the northern Indian Ocean,the northwest Pacific,and the eastern Pacific,which stimulate the negative(positive)phase of WP teleconnection.In El Niño winters,the enhanced moisture is attributed to the joint effects of the horizontal advection from the surrounding ocean,vertical advection from the moisture convergence,and the increased atmospheric apparent moisture sink(Q2)from soil evaporation.The weakening of the atmospheric apparent heat source(Q1)in the upper layer is not conducive to the formation of inversion stratification.In contrast,in La Niña winters,the reduced moisture is attributed to the reduced upward water vapor transport and Q2 loss.Due to the Q1 increase in the upper layer,the temperature inversion forms and suppresses the diffusion of haze.

A Statistical Scheme for the Seasonal Forecasting of North China's Surface Air Temperature during Winter

This paper presents a statistical scheme for the seasonal forecasting of North China's surface air temperature (NCSAT) during winter. Firstly, a prediction model for an decrease or increase of winter NCSAT is established, whose predictors are available for no later than the previous September, as this is the most favorable month for seasonal forecasting up to two months ahead.The predicted NCSAT is then derived as the sum of the predicted increment of NCSAT and the previous NCSAT. The scheme successfully predicts the interannual and the decadal variability of NCSAT. Additionally, the advantages of the prediction scheme are discussed.

Reversal of monthly East Asian winter air temperature in 2020/21 and its predictability

In this study,the reversal of monthly East Asian winter air temperature(EAWT) in 2020/21 and its predictability were investigated.The reversal of monthly EAWT in 2020/21 was characterized by colder temperatures in early winter(December 2020 to mid-January 2021) and warmer temperatures in late winter(mid-January to February 2021).Results show that the reversal in the intensity of the Siberian high(SH) also occurred between early and late winter in 2020/21.In early winter,as the Barents-Laptev sea ice in the previous September(i.e., in2020) reached a minimum for the period 1981-2020,the SH was strengthaned via a reduction of the meridional gradient between the Arctic and East Asia.In late winter,as a sudden stratospheric warming occurred on 5 January 2021,the stratospheric polar vortex weakened,with the weakest center shifting to North America in January.Subsequently,the negative Arctic Oscillation-like structure shifted towards North America in the middle and lower troposphere,which weakened the SH in late winter.Furthermore,the predictability of the reversal in EAWT in 2020/21 was validated based on monthly and daily predictions from NCEP-CFSv2(National Centers for Environment Prediction-Climate Forecast System,version 2).The results showed that the model was unable to reproduce the monthly reversal of EAWT.However,it was able to forecast the reversal date(18 January 2021)of EAWT at lead times of 1-20 days on the daily scale.

Distribution Characteristics of Winter Continuous Extreme Low Temperature in China

[Objective] The research aimed to study the distribution characteristics of winter continuous extreme low temperature in China. [Method] Based on the daily minimum temperature data in winter during 1961-2008 in 195 observatories, the continuous extreme low temperature event (cold night) which happened in winter in China and the distribution characteristics of accumulated temperature anomaly in 48 years were analyzed by using the actual probability distribution threshold method. [Result] Besides in Northeast China, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where the geographical position was northerly, and the altitude was high, the long-time (above 5 d) extreme low temperature event was also easy to happen in the south of Yangtze River, especially in Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan and so on. The continuous extreme low temperature event in the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River was the least. Started from the metaphase of the 1980s, the frequency trend of continuous extreme low temperature event decreased. But in 1992, 2000 and 2007, the low temperature event which continued above 7 d was more than the average. The accumulated cold in January in 48 years was the strongest. The second one was in February, and the smallest was in December. The accumulated cold in Northeast China and the north of Inner Mongolia was the biggest in December and January. The accumulated cold in the north of Xinjiang was the biggest in February. In the whole winter, the accumulated cold in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was the smallest. The chilling injury was easier to happen in Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan than other south areas in December and February. The occurrence probability of chilling injury in most areas of Szechwan Basin, Yunnan and Qinling Mountains in central China was smaller than that in other areas. [Conclusion] The research provided the reference basis for analyzing the influence of chilling injury on the agriculture in China.

Reconstruction of Sub-Decadal Winter Half-Year Temperature during 1651-2010 for the North China Plain Using Records of Frost Date

We extracted 374 pieces of records of frost date from historical documents. Using these records, we reconstructed winter half-year (October to next April) temperature series, with a resolution of 5-year, for the North China Plain during 1651-2010. The results show that the temperature changes in the North China Plain were divided into four phases. With the reference period of 1951-1980, two cold phases, 1651-1700 and 1781-1900, have cold anomaly of 0.83°C and 0.60°C respectively. However, between the two cold phases, 1701-1780 was a relative warm phase with the cold anomaly of 0.36°C referring to the mean of 1951-1980. After the 1900, the climate came into a warm phase. The mean temperature of 1901-2010 was 0.11°C higher than the mean of 1951-1980. During 1651-2010, the 1996-2000 is the warmest 5-year with the warm anomaly of 1.25°C than that of the reference period of 1951-1980.

Individual Variations of Winter Surface Air Temperature over Northwest and Northeast China and Their Respective Preceding Factors

Based on monthly mean surface air temperature （SAT） from 71 stations in northern China and NCEP/ NCAR and NOAA-CIRES （Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences） twentieth century reanalysis data, the dominant modes of winter SAT over northem China were explored. The results showed that there are two modes that account for a majority of the total variance over northern China. The first mode is unanimously colder （warmer） over the whole of northern China. The second mode is characterized by a dipole structure that is colder （warmer） over Northwest China （NWC） and warmer （colder） over Northeast China （NEC）, accounting for a fairly large proportion of the total variance. The two components constituting the second mode, the individual variations of winter SAT over NWC and NEC and their respective preceding factors, were further investigated. It was found that the autumn SAT anomalies are closely linked to persistent snow cover anomalies over Eurasia, showing the delayed effects on winter climate over northern China. Specifically, the previous autumn SAT anomalies over the Lake Baikal （LB; 50-60°N, 85-120°E） and Mongolian Plateau （MP; 42-52°N, 80-120°E） regions play an important role in adjusting the variations of winter SAT over NWC and NEC, respectively. The previous autumn SAT anomaly over the MP region may exert an influence on the winter SAT over NEC through modulating the strength and location of the East Asian major trough. The previous autumn SAT over the LB region may modulate winter westerlies at the middle and high latitudes of Asia and accordingly affects the invasion of cold air and associated winter SAT over NWC.

The combined effects of North Atlantic Oscillation and Western Pacific teleconnection on winter temperature in Eastern Asia during 1980−2021

As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combined effects of NAO and WP on East Asian(EA)temperature,the NAO and WP indices are divided into four phases from 1980−2021:the positive NAO and WP phase(NAO+/WP+),the negative NAO and WP phase(NAO−/WP−),the positive NAO and negative WP phase(NAO+/WP−),the negative NAO and positive WP phase(NAO−/WP+).In the phase of NAO+/WP+,the low geopotential height(GH)stays in north of EA at 50°−80°N;the surface air temperature anomaly(SATA)is 0.8−1℃lower than Southern Asian.In the phase of NAO−/WP−,the center of high temperature and GH locate in the northeast of EA;the cold air spreads to Southern Asia,causing the SATA decreases 1−1.5℃.In the phase of NAO+/WP−,the high GH belt is formed at 55°−80°N.Meanwhile,the center of high SATA locates in the north of Asia that increases 0.8−1.1℃.The cold airflow causes temperature dropping 0.5−1℃in the south of EA.The SATA improves 0.5−1.5℃in south of EA in the phase of NAO−/WP+.The belt of high GH is formed at 25°−50°N,and blocks the cold air which from Siberia.The NAO and WP generate two warped plate pressure structures in NH,and affect the temperature by different pressure configurations.NAO and WP form different GH,and GH acts to block and push airflow by affecting the air pressure,then causes the temperature to be different from the north and south of EA.Finally,the multiple linear regression result shows that NAO and WP are weakened by each other such as the phase of NAO+/WP+and NAO−/WP−.

CLIMATOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF WINTER TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN GUANGDONG

Using the monthly mean and minimum temperature data of the 36 observation stations in Guang-dong, the climatological features of the temperatures have been analyzed, including characteristics of trends, abrupt changes and periods. And the possible affecting factors on the winter warming in Guangdong have been discussed. The results show that the winter temperatures, particularly the monthly mean minimum temperatures in Guangdong, have a warming trend. The rise of the winter minimum temperatures in Guangdong began in the second half of 1960’s and the warming was more evident since the 1980’s.

Variation Characteristics of Winter Temperature in Jinan in Recent 60 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variation characteristics of winter temperature in Jinan in recent 60 years.[Method] Based on winter monthly average,maximum and minimum temperatures in the ground observation station of Jinan during 1951-2010,by using linear trend,5-year moving average and anomaly,the variation characteristics of winter average,maximum and minimum temperatures in Jinan in recent 60 years were analyzed.The historical evolution trend and decadal variation characteristics were discussed.[Result] Winter average,maximum and minimum temperatures in Jinan in recent 60 years all presented slow fluctuation rise trend.The rise trend was obvious.Especially the increase amplitude of minimum temperature was the maximum.It illustrated that the variation of minimum temperature was more sensitive than that of maximum temperature,and the climatic warming in winter was mainly from the contribution of minimum temperature rise.Seen from the decadal variation,cold winter mainly appeared before the 1970s.Then,it presented obvious decrease trend.Conversely,warm winter presented increase trend after the 1970s.Warm winter phenomenon slowed after 2000.Winter temperature presented stepped warming trend during 1950s-1990s.Winter average temperature presented jumped warming trend when entered into the 1990s.The temperature presented downward trend when entered into the 21st century.But winter temperature still presented rise trend as a whole.The population growth in Jinan made that urbanization process accelerated,and urban heat island effect aggravated.It was one of important factors for climate warming in Jinan.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for understanding the long-term variation trend of climate in Jinan area,and if it was consistent with the background of global climatic warming.

Short-time Forecast Method of Winter Minimum Temperature in the Northern Area of Fujian

[Objective] The research aimed to study the short-time forecast method of winterminimum temperature in the northern area of Fujian.[Method] By analyzing the variation trends and distribution characteristics of extremely and averageminimum temperatures in northern Fujian in winter during 1969-2008,the relative meteorological factors which affected the low temperature weather in winter were found.The influences of relative meteorological factors on winterminimum temperature and the forecast method were summarized by combining with the climate characteristics in northern Fujian.[Result] Winterminimum temperature in Guangze and Pucheng in the north of northern Fujian was the lowest.The second one was in Shaowu,Wuyishan,Jianyang,Songxi and Zhenghe.Theminimum temperature in Jian’ou and Shunchang was higher and was the highest in Yanping.Theminimum temperature mainly depended on the temperature reduction degree from the afternoon to the night.The temperature reduction degree varied with the sky condition and cold air intensity.The temperature reduction included the advection,radiation,advection-radiation and non-advection-radiation types.The temperature had the different reduction characteristics under the different sky conditions.The forecast ofminimum temperature should be carried out based on the weather typing.Meanwhile,the successful forecast key ofminimum temperature was grasping the shift pathway and speed of cold air.[Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for improving the forecast accuracy of winterminimum temperature.

Effects of Light and Temperature Factors on Biomass Accumulation of Winter Wheat

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the influence of light and temperature factors on biomass accumulation of winter wheat at each growth stage and changes in biomass of each organ. [Method] Based on the observation data from Xifeng Agrometeorological Experiment Station of Gansu Province, including phenophase and yield factors of winter wheat in 1981 -2008, biomass at three-leaves, overwintering, jointing, heading, milky maturity, and maturity stages in 1995 -2008, and meteorological data in 1995 -2008, the variation patterns of the biomass accumulation and the influence of TEP （thermal effectiveness photosynthetically active radiation） on the biomass of winter wheat at every growth stage were ana- lyzed. [Result] The biomass accumulation of winter wheat in the whole growth period presented ＂S＂ curve, with the maximum value from heading to milky maturity stage. Since 1981, TEP from heading to milky maturity stage increased with a rate of 3. 314 MJ/（m2 · a）, and the changing curves of TEP at other stages were like parable curves. TEP from turning green to jointing stage and from milky maturity to maturity stage had a higher value in the 1990s and a lower val.ue in the 1980s and early 21st century, while that from jointing to heading stage had a lower value in the 1990s but a higher value in the 1980s and early 21st century. There was a significant correlation between TEP at each growth stage and the actual yield. LAI （leaf area index） at each development stage also had a significant correlation with the utilization rate of TEP at corresponding stage. When LAI at jointing and heading stages increased by I, the utilization rate of TEP correspondingly increased by 0. 049 and 0.259 g/MJ respectively. [ Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical references for the scientific planting and management of winter wheat in future. Key words Light and temperature factors; Winter wheat; Biomass; Influence; China