Effects of Continuous Nitrogen Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

[Objective] This study aimed to achieve high yield and stable yield of win- ter wheat-summer maize rotation system and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. [Method] Effects of continuous nitrogen application on grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were investigated. [Re- sult] Nitrogen application could significantly increase the y（eld of the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system, which increased by 17.76%-30.32% and 22.24%- 46.63% in two rotation cycles, respectively. The yield of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was the maximum in two rotation cycles with nitrogen appli- cation amount of 660.0 kg/hm2, which reached respectively 23 391.19 and 23 444.35 kg/hm2, the yield and economic benefit were the highest, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was 22.2% and 30.7%, the agronomic efficiency was 8.3 and 11.3 kg/kg. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency between ni- trogen application amount of 540.0 and 660.0 kg/hm2 showed no significant differ- ence. After two rotation cycles, inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-40 cm soil with nitrogen application amount of 540.0 kg/hm2 was almost equal to that before experi- ment. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, comprehensively considering the grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and soil inorganic nitro- gen balance, the optimal nitrogen application amount was 625.3-660.0 kg/hm2 in high-yield winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.

Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model（SEBAL） and crop information for assessment of regional crop（summer maize and winter wheat） actual evapotranspiration（ET a） in Huang-Huai-Hai（3H） Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI）, and the land surface temperature（LST）. A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.

Fate of ^(15)N-Labeled Urea Under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation on the North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ^15N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and summer maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 （N360）, a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 （N120） led to a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N （NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered ngronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization and Biochar Application on CO_2 and N_2O Emissions from a Summer Maize-Winter Wheat Rotation Field in North China

This experiment was conducted in Xinxiang, Henan from June 2013 to June 2014. Total four treatments were designed including farmers ’ common practice （F, 250 kg/hm^2）, 80% F （LF, 200 kg/hm^2）, 80% F＋biochar （LFC） and no fertilizer （CK） to measure the dynamic emissions of CO2 and N2O from a summer maize-winter wheat field by static chamber-gas chromatography method. The results showed that the soil CO2 emission was 21.8-1 022.7 mg/（m^2·h）, and was mainly influenced by soil temperature and moisture content. During the growth of summer maize, the soil CO2 emission was more significantly affected by soil moisture con-tent; and in winter wheat growing season, it was more significantly affected by soil temperature in the top 5 cm. The LF and LFC treatments significantly reduced the soil cumulative CO2 emission, especial y during the growth of winter wheat. Fertiliza-tion and irrigation were the main factors influencing the soil N2O emission. The soil N2O emission during the fertilization period accounted for 73.9%-74.5% and 40.5%-43.6% of the soil cumulative N2O emission during the summer maize-and winter wheat-growing season, respectively. The peak of emission fluxes was determined by fertilization amount, while the occurrence time of emission peak and emission re-duction effect were influenced by irrigation. The LF treatment reduced the soil cu-mulative N2O emission by 15.7%-16.8% and 18.1%-18.5% during the growth period of summer maize and winter wheat, respectively. Reduced nitrogen fertilization is an effective way for reducing N2O emission in intensive high-yielding farmland. Under a suitable nitrogen level （200 kg/hm^2）, the application of biochar showed no significant effect on the soil N2O emission in a short term. The N2O emission factors of the L and LF treatments were 0.60% and 0.56%, respectively. ln the intensive high-yield-ing farmland of North China, reducing the nitrogen application amount is an appro-priate measure to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without crop yield loss.

Significant reduction of ammonia emissions while increasing crop yields using the 4R nutrient stewardship in an intensive cropping system

Ammonia (NH_3) emissions should be mitigated to improve environmental quality.Croplands are one of the largest NH_3sources,they must be managed properly to reduce their emissions while achieving the target yields.Herein,we report the NH_3 emissions,crop yield and changes in soil fertility in a long-term trial with various fertilization regimes,to explore whether NH_3 emissions can be significantly reduced using the 4R nutrient stewardship (4Rs),and its interaction with the organic amendments (i.e.,manure and straw) in a wheat–maize rotation.Implementing the 4Rs significantly reduced NH_3 emissions to 6 kg N ha~(–1) yr~(–1) and the emission factor to 1.72%,without compromising grain yield (12.37 Mg ha~(–1) yr~(–1))and soil fertility (soil organic carbon of 7.58 g kg~(–1)) compared to the conventional chemical N management.When using the 4R plus manure,NH_3 emissions (7 kg N ha~(–1) yr~(–1)) and the emission factor (1.74%) were as low as 4Rs,and grain yield and soil organic carbon increased to 14.79 Mg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) and 10.09 g kg~(–1),respectively.Partial manure substitution not only significantly reduced NH_3 emissions but also increased crop yields and improved soil fertility,compared to conventional chemical N management.Straw return exerted a minor effect on NH_3 emissions.These results highlight that 4R plus manure,which couples nitrogen and carbon management can help achieve both high yields and low environmental costs.

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau, China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity（WP）. In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting（ARH） techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year（2013–2015） field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling（108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.）, Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching（same for summer maize and winter wheat） on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges（M1）, a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M2）, a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M3）, a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M4）, and a control with no mulch（CK）. Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity（PP）, with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield（maize and wheat yields combined） and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.

The Effect of Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Applications on the Yield of Winter Wheat, Spring Barley, Forage Maize and Grass Cut for Silage

Biosolids were applied with urea to produce a granulated organo-mineral fertiliser (OMF) for application by farm fertiliser equipment to a range of agricultural crops. The recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphate and potash were calculated for the test crops using “The Fertiliser Manual”, which assesses the nutrient requirement based on previous cropping, rainfall and soil index. The OMF produced similar crop yields compared to ammonium nitrate fertiliser when applied as a top-dressing to winter wheat, forage maize and grass cut for silage in the cropping years 2010 to 2014. In 2012 the grain yield of spring barley top-dressed with OMF was significantly lower than the conventional fertiliser treatment, due to dry conditions following application. For this reason it is recommended that OMF is incorporated into the seedbed for spring sown crops and The Safe Sludge Matrix guidelines followed. The experimental work presented shows that OMF can be used in sustainable crop production systems as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for a range of agricultural crops.

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

不同锌源叶面喷施对冬小麦和夏玉米产量及籽粒营养品质的影响

为探明不同锌源叶面肥喷施对小麦和玉米产量、籽粒矿质元素含量及锌、铁生物有效性的影响,对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系开展不同叶面肥喷施试验。小麦季设置去离子水(CK1)、尿素(CK2)、尿素+纳米氧化锌(U+ZnO)、尿素+壳聚糖纳米锌(U+ZnCNP)、尿素+普通七水硫酸锌(U+Zn)5种叶面肥处理;玉米季增加尿素与锌铁硒多元混合喷施处理(U+Zn/Fe/Se)。结果表明:各叶面肥喷施处理对小麦和玉米籽粒产量均无显著影响,但对籽粒微量元素含量有显著影响。不同锌源与尿素混合叶面肥对小麦籽粒锌含量强化效果由弱到强依次为U+ZnCNP<U+ZnO<U+Zn。与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn使小麦籽粒锌含量显著提高77.7%(从22.80 mg·kg^(-1)增加至40.52 mg·kg^(-1))、籽粒植酸与锌(PA/Zn)摩尔比显著下降42.1%,使籽粒锌生物有效性(TAZ)显著提高74.5%。对于玉米,与CK2处理相比,处理U+Zn/Fe/Se使籽粒锌含量提高32.3%(从14.93 mg·kg^(-1)增加至19.60 mg·kg^(-1))、硒含量显著提高12.7倍(从17.66μg·kg^(-1)增加至242.04μg·kg^(-1))、籽粒PA/Zn摩尔比显著下降27.0%,使籽粒TAZ显著提高36.9%,使整个植株或玉米秸秆磷与锌(P/Zn)和磷与铁(P/Fe)摩尔比降低。研究表明,叶面喷施普通七水硫酸锌是提高小麦、玉米籽粒锌含量和生物有效性的最佳形式,其强化小麦籽粒锌效果优于玉米。叶面喷施尿素与锌铁硒混合溶液可同时提高玉米籽粒锌、硒含量及锌、铁生物有效性(籽粒、全株、秸秆),是解决人体或动物微量元素营养缺乏的有效农艺强化措施。

商丘地区不同降水年型冬小麦-夏玉米需水量和缺水量分析

【目的】研究不同降水年型下冬小麦、夏玉米的作物需水规律及成因。【方法】基于1954—2019年商丘市气象数据、1999—2019年河南商丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站作物生育期观测数据和2011—2018年大型蒸渗仪观测数据,采用描述性统计和Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法,探究作物需水量和缺水量变化趋势,并通过主导分析法探索气象因子对作物需水量的影响。【结果】1954—2019年,周年有效降水量呈上升趋势,冬小麦季、夏玉米季有效降水量上升速率为3.09、5.23 mm/10a;仅丰水年下冬小麦季和周年有效降水量呈下降趋势。周年作物需水量呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),冬小麦季、夏玉米季作物需水量下降速率为6.72mm/10a(P<0.01)、18.47mm/10a(P<0.01);不同降水年型下冬小麦季、夏玉米季和作物周年需水量均表现为下降趋势。周年作物缺水量呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),冬小麦季、夏玉米季作物缺水量下降速率为9.81、23.70 mm/10 a(P<0.01);仅丰水年冬小麦季缺水量呈上升趋势。在平水年和枯水年,日照时间是影响冬小麦需水量的首要因子,但在丰水年相对湿度为影响冬小麦需水量的首要因子;夏玉米需水量的主要影响因子为日照时间、平均风速和最高温度,在3种降水年型下日照时间均为首要因子,其次是平均风速和最高温度。【结论】在丰水年型下,商丘地区冬小麦应在拔节—抽穗期灌溉,夏玉米季不灌溉;在平水年型下,冬小麦季应在拔节—抽穗期灌溉,夏玉米抽雄期灌溉;在枯水年型下,冬小麦和夏玉米在播前灌溉的基础上,还需分别在拔节—抽穗期和拔节—抽雄期进行灌溉。

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系周年水分高效利用研究进展

在保证周年较高产量的同时,进一步提高水分利用效率是促进华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植体系可持续发展的关键。从20世纪中晚期开始国内学者便从节水灌溉技术创新、灌溉制度优化、替代节水种植制度构建和节水抗旱新品种选育等方面开展了以冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植体系为核心的周年水分高效利用途径的探索,取得了重要进展,显著提高了作物水分利用效率(WUE)。本文综述了华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系水分高效利用的研究进展,并提出了通过耕作或播/收期调控冬小麦-夏玉米周年降水与地下水平衡利用,促进周年水分(灌溉水和降水)高效利用的技术途径,以充分挖掘华北平原水分生产潜力,为该区冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系节水高产栽培及节水种植制度建立提供思路和依据。

基于双作物系数法估算晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统蒸散量

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统是晋南地区常用的种植模式,为评估双作物系数法在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统应用的可靠性,掌握轮作系统耗水规律,通过双作物系数法模拟2016-2019年间冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统蒸散量,以水量平衡计算结果为标准对其模拟结果进行评价,并区分植株蒸腾(T)和土壤蒸发(E)。该结果表明:在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中,冬小麦初期、发育期、中期和后期的平均基础作物系数(Kcb)为0.2、0.59、0.98和0.15,夏玉米的为0.14、0.69、1.24和0.56;冬小麦的平均土壤蒸发系数(Ke)为1.24、0.63、0.07、0.42,夏玉米的为0.78、0.45、0.06、0.46。冬小麦全生育期内ETc为264.18~526.22 mm,夏玉米的为261.76~519.67 mm;发育期为耗水高峰期,冬小麦、夏玉米发育期蒸散量占各自生育期总蒸散量的比例分别为31.2%~51.3%和34.3%~58.2%;随着灌水次数的减少,冬小麦、夏玉米总蒸散量及植株蒸腾量均逐渐降低,土壤蒸发量也在灌水最少时达到最低,全生育期E/ETc,冬小麦为27.3%~46.4%,夏玉米为29.3%~44.2%。在冬小麦和夏玉米生长初期,80%以上的土壤水分以蒸发形式消耗,在中期时土壤蒸发占比最低,冬小麦为6.1%~13.4%、夏玉米为4%~7.6%。冬小麦、夏玉米各自蒸散模拟值(ETc-FAO)与实测值(ETc)呈现出较好相关性,R2为0.8~0.86,RMSE为0.5~0.6 mm/d,MAE为0.4~0.49mm/d,可见双作物系数法模拟晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统ETc具有较高精度,可为精确掌握冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统耗水规律,进而制定合理的灌溉计划提供理论依据。

深耕时间和方式对旱地麦-玉复种体系小麦产量形成的影响

为筛选适于旱地冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系中冬小麦高产的深耕时间和方式,于2019年6月-2021年6月,在豫西典型的旱作麦-玉复种轮作种植区设置夏深翻(SP)、夏深松(SS)、秋深翻(AP)和秋深松(AS)4个处理,研究了2个试验年度的小麦产量、产量构成和穗部性状,以及2020-2021年度的小麦群体茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率、干物质和氮素积累转运特性。深耕时间和方式对旱地冬小麦产量、产量构成因素、穗部性状、茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率、干物质和氮素积累转运均有显著影响。与夏深翻相比,秋深松的冬小麦产量、穗数、返青-成熟期地上部干物质积累总量、花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、开花-成熟期氮素积累总量、花前氮素转运量、灌浆中后期旗叶SPAD值和抽穗-灌浆后期旗叶净光合速率分别显著提高18.38%~19.55%,16.85%~26.05%,15.33%~20.28%,16.47%,20.43%,26.11%~33.81%,36.49%,5.24%~9.69%和5.55%~23.70%。秋深松能够增加小麦的茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率,改善干物质和氮素积累转运特性,最终在增加穗数的同时稳定穗粒数和千粒质量,显著提高籽粒产量,是适宜于旱地麦-玉复种体系小麦生产的耕作模式。

全膜双垄沟播一膜两茬栽培技术

为了实现节本增效,在灵台县采用了一膜两年用免耕栽培的方法,开展了全膜双垄沟播玉米收获后穴播冬油菜的生产模式研究,即在玉米成熟后,采用人工收获,清除玉米秸秆,保护好上茬地膜,在原地膜上穴播点种冬油菜,冬油菜产量可达3080 kg/hm^(2),是一种轻简方便,高产高效的模式。

节水灌溉对冬小麦/夏玉米周年两熟作物光合和细胞保护参数及产量性状的影响

改善河北平原区节水栽培冬小麦/夏玉米周年两熟作物生产能力对于促进该生态区水资源可持续利用和保障我国粮食安全具有重要实践意义。本研究在前期工作基础上,对节水灌溉处理下小麦和玉米群体物质生产、光合特性、细胞保护系统特征和产量进行了研究。与生产通常采用的灌溉对照相比,小麦节水处理T1(灌溉底墒水和拔节水,节水44.4%)和玉米节水处理T2(灌溉蒙头水和吐丝水,节水42.1%)生育后期群体干物质量、光合参数和细胞保护酶活性均表现不同程度下降。此外,成熟期T1小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量以及T2玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量较对照(CK)也呈不同程度降低(降幅1.69%~9.21%)。与CK相比,T3处理下,小麦群体干物质量、光合参数、细胞保护系统参数和产量性状表现与T1相似,玉米上述性状表现与T2相似。但与CK相比,T1和T2处理生育期间耗水量减少(小麦减幅20.54%,玉米减幅12.73%),植株水分利用效率显著提高(增幅5.37%~8.40%)。表明节水灌溉处理下,小麦和玉米通过维持生育后期良好光合和细胞保护系统功能,改善植株群个体发育和干物质生产能力,实现周年小麦玉米两熟生产下较高产量水平。

基于Dualex氮平衡指数测量仪的作物叶绿素含量估算模型

作物叶绿素含量的实时、无损及快速的监测,对及时掌握作物的胁迫状况、营养水平及环境适应性,进而对农田管理进行科学指导具有重要的意义。该研究论证是否可以通过Dualex氮平衡指数测量仪构建通用的叶绿素含量估算模型,以期实现叶绿素含量的快速及无损监测和估算。结果表明：1）Dualex估测叶绿素质量分数（Chl-M）和单位面积的叶绿素质量（Chl-S）具有较好的精度（决定系数R2分别为0.77和0.88）,与SPAD叶绿素仪的估算模型（R2分别为0.66和0.79）相比,模型精度更高;2）Dualex估测Chl-S的精度明显高于Dualex对Chl-M的估测精度,Dualex与Chl-M的关系需要考虑叶片厚度的影响,而Dualex与Chl-S的线性关系更加一致;3）构建的Chl-S通用模型的R2,均方根误差和标准均方根误差分别为0.88,4.80 mg/dm2和8.33%,模型的精度较高,并且通用模型的数据范围为12.2~105.6 mg/dm2,较大的数据范围适用于冬小麦和玉米各关键生育期Chl-S的估算。该研究为Dualex实现冬小麦和玉米叶绿素含量监测和估算提供校准模型,为及时了解作物养分状况及作物营养诊断提供了参考。

华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因分析

秸秆覆盖是减少农田棵间蒸发和提高水分利用效率的措施之一。冬小麦/夏玉米一年两作种植中,秸秆资源非常丰富,随着机械化作业的发展,小麦秸秆覆盖夏玉米技术在同类地区得到成功应用和推广。但夏玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦后对冬小麦的生长发育产生了一些不利影响,造成了冬小麦不增产或减产,限制了该项技术的推广。秸秆覆盖造成冬小麦穗数的降低是冬小麦产量降低的主要原因,其次是千粒重的降低。大部分研究表明秸秆覆盖小麦地表后,使根区土壤温度白天最高温度低于不覆盖处理,夜间的最低温度高于不覆盖处理,土壤温度的日较差减小。秸秆覆盖下根区温度的变化可能是引起小麦生长发育滞后和产量降低的主导因素。本文综述了华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因,为实现两熟区冬小麦秸秆覆盖提供理论依据。

耕作方式对冬小麦–夏玉米光合特性及周年产量形成的影响

【目的】作物的光合特性及干物质积累与转运是影响产量的重要因素。研究不同耕作方式对冬小麦–夏玉米光合特性、干物质积累转运及周年产量的影响,以期为冬小麦–夏玉米两熟地区选择适宜的耕作方式提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以黄淮海地区2003~2014年连续12年定位试验为平台,在秸秆还田前提下,试验设4种耕作方式:传统翻耕(PC)为对照、免耕(PZ)、深松(PS)和旋耕(PR)。对2014~2015季冬小麦和2015季夏玉米各项光合参数、干物质积累和产量进行了测定。【结果】长期不同耕作方式对冬小麦–夏玉米光合特性和周年产量影响显著,免耕、深松和旋耕处理的光合特性和周年产量均优于对照传统翻耕,依次为PS>PZ>PR>PC。PZ、PS和PR耕作方式显著提高了生育后期冬小麦和夏玉米功能叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,其中冬小麦灌浆后期叶绿素含量分别提高了97.0%、121.1%和71.4%,光合速率分别提高了57.6%、71.6%和51.2%;夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量分别提高23.6%、28.1%和10.4%,光合速率分别提高18.6%、26.5%和19.2%,延缓了叶片衰老,使光合作用始终维持在较高水平。PZ、PS和PR处理冬小麦花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率分别达65.3%、67.8%和65.0%,夏玉米为66.3%、70.6%和63.4%,而对照处理(PC)冬小麦和夏玉米的贡献率仅为59.3%和60.9%。PZ和PS处理冬小麦和夏玉米的穗粒数和千粒重显著高于PC处理,穗数显著低于PC和PR。PZ、PS和PR可显著提高周年产量,分别提高15.4%、18.2%和11.0%。【结论】在黄淮海地区,采用长期秸秆还田下免耕、深松和旋耕均可提高冬小麦和夏玉米叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高胞间CO_2利用能力,降低非气孔限制,增强花后干物质积累能力,增加花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率,协调产量构成因素的关系,提高单季和周年产量,其中深松效果最佳,免耕次之。

冬小麦-夏玉米“双晚”种植模式的产量形成及资源效率研究

为了进一步明确黄淮平原冬小麦晚播、夏玉米晚收的"双晚"增产及资源高效的效应,选用2个中熟冬小麦品种和2个中晚熟夏玉米品种,于2006—2008年先后在河南温县和焦作进行大田试验,研究作物群体物质生产、产量形成参数定量指标及光温资源的分配利用。结果表明,冬小麦晚播产量降低不明显,夏玉米晚收产量显著提高747～2700kghm?2,"双晚"周年产量21891～22507kghm?2,比对照提高442～2575kghm?2。冬小麦晚播平均叶面积指数、每平方米穗数和穗粒数降低,但平均净同化率、收获指数和粒重提高达5%显著水平;夏玉米晚收平均叶面积指数、收获指数、生育期天数和粒重均显著提高。"双晚"栽培优化了周年资源分配,提高生育期与光、温资源变化的吻合度,其生产效率分别提高2.22%～10.86%和0.47%～11.56%。小麦和玉米品种的遗传类型是影响"双晚"栽培技术的关键。因此,选用小麦晚播早熟高产和玉米长生育期晚熟品种,通过有效调节资源配置,将小麦冗余的光温资源分配给C4高光效作物玉米,是提高周年高产高效的重要途径。

不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响

【目的】探讨本地区主要类型有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响,为不同类型有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】2014年10月-2015年9月在山东省中国农业科学院禹城试验基地进行了冬小麦–夏玉米田间小区试验,供试小麦品种为‘济麦22’,玉米品种为‘郑单958’。在常规施氮量(N225 kg/季)基础上,设化肥(CF)、鸡粪(CHM)、猪粪(PM)和牛粪(CM)单施以及化肥分别与3种有机肥配施处理(化肥氮分别占25%、50%、75%),13个处理;加倍施氮量下,有机肥和化肥单施(DCF、DCHM、CPM、DCM)4个处理;1个不施肥处理(CK),共计18个处理。测定了小麦和玉米产量、N2O排放通量和NH3挥发通量。【结果】常规施氮量(N 225 kg/hm^2)下,单施鸡粪或猪粪的小麦、玉米产量与化肥相当,单施牛粪比化肥处理减产。分别与CF、CHM、PM、CM相比,DCF、DCHM、DPM处理无增产效果,DCM处理玉米表现为增产。猪粪和鸡粪与化肥各配施比例处理的小麦、玉米产量间无显著差异,且均与单施化肥处理相当;牛粪与化肥配施处理的小麦产量随化肥配施比例的提高而提高,玉米产量各配施比例处理间无显著差异。CF处理周年NH3挥发量为39.63 kg/hm^2,是单施有机肥处理的37~53倍;单施化肥处理的NH3排放系数接近9%左右,单施有机肥处理的NH3排放系数只有0.2%左右。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年NH3挥发总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到75%时,周年NH3挥发总量与单施化肥处理相当。CF处理的周年N2O排放总量为2.85 kg/hm^2,高于单施有机肥处理,三种有机肥N2O周年排放量由大到小依次为猪粪(2.51 kg/hm^2)>鸡粪(1.91 kg/hm^2)>牛粪(1.85 kg/hm^2)处理;加倍施用化肥和有机肥的N2O排放量平均为常规施氮量的1.5倍以上。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年N2O排放总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到50%时,周年N2O排放总量达到或超过了单施化肥处理。CF处理N2O排放系数为0.4%左右,有机肥处理N2O排放系数为0.3%左右。有机肥处理的NH3挥发和N2O排放主要发生在小麦季,化肥处理主要发生在玉米季。加倍施肥均会明显增加NH3挥发总量和N2O排放总量,但不影响二者的排放系数。【结论】不同粪肥与化肥配施对作物产量、田间N2O排放和NH3挥发的影响有明显差异。推荐施肥量下,鸡粪或猪粪不配施或配施少量化肥(<50%),牛粪配施75%左右的化肥可实现与化肥相当的作物产量,同时减少农田氮肥气态损失。