Wisconsin卡片分类测验用于酒依赖者认知障碍的研究

目的 :了解酒依赖者认知功能状况。方法 :对完成脱酒治疗的 3 7例男性酒依赖者和 3 4例男性非依赖者进行Wisconsin卡片分类测验 (WCST)评定。结果 :两组间分类数 (t =5 44 )、正确应答百分数 (t=4 75 )、错误应答数 (t=5 96)、持续应答数 (t=4 78)、持续性错误数 (t =4 70 )、概念化应答百分数 (t=)的比较均显示 ,酒依赖组成绩较非依赖组差 (P <0 0 1)。相关因素分析提示 ,饮酒时间与认知功能受损程度呈正相关 (r=0 3 2～ 0 3 8,P <0 0 5 )。结论

改良Wisconsin手术治疗脊柱侧弯

为总结改良Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ手术治疗脊柱侧弯的优点。回顾性研究自１９８８年至１９９４年特发性脊柱侧弯４２例，Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ手术治疗的情况。平均随方４年。男怀１１例，女性３１例。平均年龄１４．８岁。手术前侧弯Ｃｏｂｂ角平均５３．２度，手术后２６．３度。纠正率５０．６％。无严重并发症发生，结论：脊柱侧弯Ｃｏｂｂ角小于９０度和脊柱可屈性大的患者，可选用改良Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ手术方法纠正畸形。

美国University of Wisconsin Madison心理咨询中心研修介绍及思考

本文从作者的研修经历出发,介绍了美国威斯康星麦迪逊大学心理咨询服务中心在咨询、个案管理、精神病学服务等各方面的情况,并有相关思考。

正常人^(99m)Tc-ECD脑血流灌注显像与Wisconsin卡片分类试验的关系

目的探讨不同年龄组正常人基础状态、激活状态局部脑血流（ｒＣＢＦ）灌注的特征及其与Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ卡片分类试验（ＷＣＳＴ）的关系。方法研究对象分两组：中青年组１８例，年龄２１～５０岁；老年组１７例，年龄６０～７２岁，受教育程度匹配。均为健康人，老年组ＣＴ结果均正常。均行双日法基础与认知激活脑ｒＣＢＦ显像。认知激活脑ＳＰＥＣＴ：采用ＷＣＳＴ进行认知激活，ＷＣＳＴ设９项评分：①完成作业时间；②分类次数；③总正确数；④概括力水平（％）；⑤坚持性反应数；⑥总错误数；⑦坚持性错误数；⑧坚持性错误（％）；⑨非坚持性错误数。结果①中青年组激活后双额叶、左颞叶、左顶叶的ｒＣＢＦ比值均较基础值增高，激活前后比较差异有显著性；②老年组激活后右额叶的ｒＣＢＦ值较基础值增高，但激活前后比较差异无显著性；③老年组的ＷＣＳＴ成绩较年轻人差；④基础及激活额叶、扣带前回ｒＣＢＦ与ＷＣＳＴ成绩相关。结论①９９ｍＴｃ乙撑双半胱氨酸二乙酯在不同年龄组的脑皮质中分布不同；②ＷＣＳＴ的完成与额叶的激活密切相关，轻度额叶皮层血流灌注减低可能是老年人分类概括能力较差、思维惰性和粘着性较强的原因之一；

Compared efficacy of University of Wisconsin and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solutions in ex-situ liver resection and autotransplantation for end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients

Background: The University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solutions are the two most frequently used liver graft preservation fluids. The present study aimed to compare their efficacy in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients who underwent ex-situ liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA). Methods: A total of 81 patients received ELRA from August 2010 to March 2018. They were allocated into UW ( n = 48) and HTK groups ( n = 33) based on the type of solutions used. Demographic and operational data were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcomes included 90-day mortality, incidence of early graft loss, primary dysfunction, and postoperative complications. Results: Demographic and operational characteristics were similarly distributed in the two groups. No statistically significant differences were observed with regard to 90-day mortality (12.77% vs. 12.12%) and early graft loss rate (8.51% vs. 9.09%) between the two groups. Patients in the UW and HTK groups showed a primary dysfunction rate of 27.66% and 27.27%, respectively. The UW group exhibited a higher incidence tendency of biliary complications, albeit with no statistical significance. Conclusions: This is the largest cohort study comparing the efficacy of the UW and HTK organ-preserving solutions in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients in ELRA settings. UW and HTK solutions presented similar efficacy and safety. A randomized clinical trial with larger scale is needed for further investigation in future clinical applications.

Effects of asthma on stability of Wisconsin card sorting test measures A twin study

BACKGROUND： The four measures used to assess the stability of the Wisconsin card sorting test （WCST）, that is, the number of preservative errors, percentage of preservative errors, number of categories completed, and the number of trials to complete the first category, reflect the function of the frontal lobe. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to investigate the effects of asthma on the stability of WCST measurements through the use of a twin study, and to analyze whether egg-type difference exists. DESIGN： A cohort study. SETTING： Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. PARTICIPANTS： Fifty-nine pairs of twins, aged 6-16 years, were primarily selected from schools between August 2005 and February 2007 and the WCST and Zygosity identification test was applied. Twins with achromatopsia, severe upper limb diseases, somatic diseases, or mental disorders were excluded. According to disease history of asthmatic attack, children were assigned into asthma （n = 16） and non-asthma （n = 43） groups. METHODS： Four WCST measurements were determined in the 59 pairs of twins, and egg-type differences were identified in conjunction. RESULTS： All 59 pairs of twins were included in the final analysis. Among the pairs of twins, 28 （48.5 %） were monozygotic twins, and 31 （52%） were dizygotic twins. Among the monozygotic and dizygotic twins, the number of preservative errors and percentage of preservative errors were significantly higher in the asthma group than in the non-asthma group （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference of each corresponding measure between the monozygotic and dizygotic twins （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Asthma may affect the stability of WCST measures, but egg-type differences do not exist.

浅谈美国Wisconsin州智能交通安全管理

本文通过论述美国威斯康辛州智能交通安全管理的经验，提出采用高科技技术，各有关部门密切合作，及时处理事故，减少交通事故，提高公路交通运输效率。

Experimental small bowel preservation using Polysol: A new alternative to University of Wisconsin solution, Celsior and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution?

AIM: To evaluate the potential of Polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, in cold storage of small bowel grafts, compared with the current standards, University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Celsior and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used as donors. Small bowels were retrieved, flushed and then stored in the respective 4 solutions for 18 h at 4℃. Functional integrity of the grafts was evaluated by isolated reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37℃ for 30 min in all 4 groups. RESULTS: Polysol preservation exhibited the highest tissue ATP concentration and the lowest release of LDH. Malondialdehyde, an index for tissue lipid peroxidation, was also the lowest in Polysol. Tissue oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Polysol than in the others. Of interest, UW-storage promoted 10-fold higher apoptosis than in the others. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed that the mucosal villi/micro-villi formation and the cell organelles, including mitochondria, were both significantly better preserved in Polysol, while deleterious alterations were apparent in the others, most notably in UW. Although Celsior and HTK exhibited the better trend of results than UW in some parameters, but could not reach the over-all superiority to UW.CONCLUSION: Cold storage using Polysol resulted in significantly better integrity and function of small bowel grafts than UW. Hence, Polysol may be a novel alternative for the small bowel preservation.

Relevance of proteolysis and proteasome activation in fatty liver graft preservation: An Institut Georges Lopez-1 vs University of Wisconsin appraisal

AIM To compare liver proteolysis and proteasome activation in steatotic liver grafts conserved in University of Wisconsin(UW) and Institut Georges Lopez-1(IGL-1)solutions.METHODS Fatty liver grafts from male obese Zücker rats were conserved in UW and IGL-1 solutions for 24 h at 4 ℃and subjected to "ex vivo " normo-thermic perfusion(2 h; 37 ℃). Liver proteolysis in tissue specimens and perfusate was measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Total free amino acid release was correlated with the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system(UPS: measured as chymotryptic-like activity and 20 S and 19 S proteasome), the prevention of liver injury(transaminases), mitochondrial injury(confocal microscopy) and inflammation markers(TNF 1 alpha, high mobility group box-1(HGMB-1) and PPAR gamma), and liver apoptosis(TUNEL assay, cytochrome c and caspase 3).RESULTS Profiles of free AA(alanine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, lysine, ornithine, and threonine, among others) were similar for tissue and reperfusion effluent. In all cases, the IGL-1 solution showed a significantly higher prevention of proteolysis than UW(P < 0.05) after cold ischemia reperfusion. Livers conserved in IGL-1 presented more effective prevention of ATP-breakdown and more inhibition of UPS activity(measured as chymotryptic-like activity). In addition, the prevention of liver proteolysis and UPS activation correlated with the prevention of liver injury(AST/ALT) and mitochondrial damage(revealed by confocal microscopy findings) as well as with the prevention of inflammatory markers(TNF1alpha and HMGB) after reperfusion. In addition, the liver grafts preserved in IGL-1 showed a significant decrease in liver apoptosis, as shown by TUNEL assay and the reduction of cytochrome c, caspase 3 and P62 levels. CONCLUSION Our comparison of these two preservation solutions suggests that IGL-1 helps to prevent ATP breakdown more effectively than UW and subsequently achieves a higher UPS inhibition and reduced liver proteolysis.

家庭背景、影子教育和学生学业成绩——基于Wisconsin模型的经验研究

本文基于Wisconsin模型,引入父母和子女自我的教育期望作为影响学生学业成绩和影子教育参与的中介变量,并探讨以往研究是否高估了影子教育对学生学业成绩的影响效应。研究结果表明:父母受教育程度、家庭经济水平、父母教育期望与子女自我教育期望均对学生参与影子教育时间具有显著正向影响;家庭社会经济地位通过父母教育期望和子女自我教育期望中介变量间接影响学生影子教育参与;影子教育部分调节了父母的受教育程度、家庭经济水平等家庭背景变量对学生学业成绩的影响;影子教育参与时间对学生学业成绩的影响呈现先升后降的非线性关系,并且控制父母教育期望和子女自我教育期望之后,影子教育参与时间对学生学业成绩的影响效应下降。本研究验证了Wisconsin模型在影子教育获得过程中的适用性,教育期望尤其是学生自我教育期望是学生学业成绩和影子教育参与的关键中介因素,并且发现已有研究在探讨家庭背景和影子教育对学生学业成绩的影响时,高估了家庭背景和影子教育的影响效应。

不同程度酮症酸中毒对T1DM儿童执行功能的影响

目的基于威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)探讨不同程度酮症酸中毒(DKA)对1型糖尿病(T1DM)儿童执行功能的影响。方法纳入2017年3月至2022年9月于秦皇岛市第一医院住院治疗的DKA患儿118例,根据DKA严重程度分为轻度组(n=37)、中度组(n=40)和重度组(n=41),另选取同期医院收治的新诊无DKA的T1DM患儿36例作为对照。收集一般资料,采用WCST评估患儿执行能力,采用中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)评估患儿认知功能。结果与非DKA组比较,DKA患儿随机血糖显著升高,酸碱度(pH值)和碳酸氢根(HCO_(3)^(-))显著降低,完成分类数、概念化水平显著降低,错误应答数、持续性错误数、持续性应答数显著增加,分类、知识、算术、领悟、词汇、填图、图片排列、积木、图形拼接、编码、言语智商、操作智商及总智商显著降低,并与DKA病情程度有关(P<0.05);执行功能与患儿认知功能呈正相关(r=0.698,P<0.05)。结论DKA可引起T1DM儿童执行功能障碍,随着病情程度加重损伤越明显,且执行功能与认知功能具有显著关联。

威斯康星卡片分类测验在早中期帕金森病认知评估中的应用研究

目的:将早中期帕金森病患者使用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与传统认知评估量表进行对比,分析使用WCST进行认知评估时认知功能损害特征及适用性情况。方法:回顾性分析2022年4月10日~11月15日在本院就诊的早中期原发性帕金森病患者53例,分别进行了WCST、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知功能评定量表(MoCA)、帕金森病认知功能评定量表(PD-CRS)评估,对WCST与各量表测试结果的异常率进行对比,并将WCST与各量表执行功能亚项得分进行相关性分析。结果:共纳入患者53名,Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级≤3级,MMSE平均得分27.9,小于26分的患者共7名,异常率为13.21%;MoCA平均得分25.6,小于26分的患者共22名,异常率为41.51%;PD-CRS平均分85.2,小于80.5分的患者共19名,异常率为35.85%。WCST测试中得分异常的患者共34名,异常率为64.15%,WCST与传统认知量表相比筛查出认知障碍患者例数差异具有统计学差异(P<0.01)。相关分析显示WCST得分与MoCA执行功能得分及PD-CRS执行功能得分有不同强度的相关性,相关系数介于-0.312~0.515。MMSE总分、MoCA总分及PD-CRS总分正常的患者中分别有26例、17例、17例患者在WCST测试中结果异常,且WCST对于运动障碍、言语障碍及视力下降患者也适用。结论:WCST在帕金森病患者认知评估中较MMSE、MoCA及PD-CRS量表更容易检查出认知障碍患者人群、适用范围更广。

MOU Signed Between the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Tsinghua University

A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Tsinghua University and the University of Wisconsin at Madison on May 24, 2007, during the visit of Chancellor John D. Wiley, the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

青年女性进食障碍患者的认知灵活性

目的:探索青年女性进食障碍(ED)患者的认知灵活性特征,及其与ED临床特征的关系。方法:纳入92例青年女性ED患者包括28例神经性厌食(AN)、64例神经性贪食(BN)和38例健康对照(HC)。使用威斯康星卡片分类测试(WCST)中的持续性错误率(PPE)和持续性应答率(PPR)评估认知灵活性,进食障碍调查量表-1(EDI-1)及进食障碍问卷(EDQ)评估ED临床特征。结果:ED组的PPE[(5.0±4.7)%vs.(2.8±2.8)%;P<0.01]及PPR[(11.7±7.8)%vs.(6.4±5.9)%;P<0.001]均高于HC组,但AN与BN两组间PPE[(5.5±5.4)%vs.5.0±4.5)%,P>0.05]和PPR[(11.2±7.8)%vs.(11.1±7.3)%,P>0.05]差异无统计学意义。PPE(r=0.21,P<0.05)、PPR(r=0.27,P<0.01)均与EDI-1总分呈正相关;PPR与ED组使用食欲抑制剂(r=0.28,P=0.010)及跳过几餐(r=0.30,P=0.004)的频率呈正相关。结论:青年女性ED患者存在认知灵活性缺陷,与ED临床特征相关,提示有作为疾病内表型的可能。

抑郁症及失眠症患者睡眠结构与认知功能的变化

目的探讨抑郁症与失眠症患者睡眠结构与认知功能的变化。方法采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对36例存在失眠症状的抑郁患者(抑郁伴失眠组)、31例失眠症患者(单纯失眠组)及23名健康对照组(对照组)认知功能进行评估,采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)及基于心肺耦合技术的便携式睡眠监测仪(CPC)对3组被检者进行测评,并对结果进行相关性分析。结果WCST评分显示,抑郁伴失眠组总应答数、持续性应答数、非持续性错误高于对照组(P<0.05),正确率、概念化水平百分数、完成分类数低于对照组(P<0.05);单纯失眠组总应答数、持续性应答数、非持续性错误高于对照组(P<0.05),正确率(P<0.01)、概念化水平百分数、完成分类数低于对照组(P<0.05);CPC睡眠结构分析,单纯失眠组熟睡时间占比低于对照组及抑郁伴失眠组(P<0.05),浅睡时间占比高于对照组及抑郁伴失眠组(P<0.05);抑郁伴失眠组熟睡时长占比高于单纯失眠组,快速眼球运动(REM)期时长高于对照组(P<0.01);抑郁伴失眠组PSQI睡眠障碍因子分与持续性应答数、非持续性错误呈正相关(r=0.5177、0.5180,P<0.01),与WCST正确率、概念化水平百分数、完成分类数呈负相关(r=-0.4428、-0.5189、-0.5068,P<0.01)。结论抑郁症及失眠症患者睡眠结构发生改变,部分认知功能下降。

威斯康星大学发展战略规划2020 Forward专项考察

基于美国威斯康星大学2020 Forward专项的考察结果显示:实施大学发展战略规划在价值逻辑层面呈现校园文化传统、绩效管理工具和危机应对方案三重意蕴;在行动要素层面有赖于目标体系、主体网络和保障机制的协同增效;在反馈闭环层面应形成“目标回溯-措施谋划-评价措施-行动成果-评估成效”的系统耦合。威斯康星2020 Forward的实践经验表明,战略思维、目标分解、全员参与和有效评估是大学发展战略规划精准落地、高效实施的四个关键原则。

疾病稳定期精神分裂症患者自知力水平与执行功能相关性研究

目的 探讨疾病稳定期精神分裂症患者自知力水平与执行功能的相关性,为临床干预提供依据. 方法 对41例有自知力和42例无自知力的疾病稳定期精神分裂症患者、41例健康体检者（对照组）,采用Wisconsin卡片分类测验和自知力与治疗态度问卷进行测评分析. 结果 无自知力组、有自知力组与对照组Wisconsin卡片分类测验总应答数、错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数和概念化水平数评分均有极显著性差异（P＜0.01）;对照组及有自知力组WCST总应答数、错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、持续性错误数和非持续性错误数评分均显著低于无自知力组（P＜0.05或0.01）,而概念化水平数评分显著高于无自知力组（P＜0.01）;对照组除总应答数、错误应答数显著低于有自知力组（P＜0.05）外,其他项目评分与有自知力组均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）. 结论 精神分裂症患者自知力的缺乏与额叶执行功能损害存在相关.

社会服务对高等工科院校教师的促进作用

自从十九世纪六十年代,在美国高等教育发展史上占有重要地位的州立大学——威斯康星大学以它著名的“威斯康星思想”(Wisconsin Idea),即“州立大学应该直接有利于促进农业,使工业效率更高和有利于政府”,明确地把为社会服务作为高等学校的第三职能开始,一个多世纪以来,美国对世界高等教育发展的这一卓越贡献已经得到全世界的认可。我国高等教育界开展社会服务的历史较短。但几年的实践,已使大家对高等学校有培养高级专门人才、科学研究、直接为社会服务三个主要职能这一点基本上有了统一的认识,并且作为高校第三职能的社会服务活动已经取得了许多可喜的成果。高校必须直接服务社会已成为高等教育改革和发展的必然趋势。对其进行深入探讨,有着重大的现实意义。

发育性协调运动障碍儿童执行功能的横断面研究(英文)

背景发育性协调运动障碍(developmental coordination disorder,DCD)患儿存在明显的运动能力、学习和日常生活能力的下降。国外研究表明,患儿的这些能力下降与其认知功能尤其是执行功能的受损有关,但国内尚无此类研究来证实这些结果。目的比较发育性协调运动障碍患儿与正常儿童的执行功能。方法对2008年3月至2010年3月在杭州市第七人民医院就诊并符合DSM-IV发育性协调运动障碍诊断的39例患儿采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WCST)进行评估。另外,在杭州某小学随机抽取39名健康儿童作为对照组,同样对他们进行WCST评估。结果两组在WCST的总应答数及非持续错误数相似,但是研究组的错误应答数、持续性应答数和持续性错误数均显著高于对照组。另外,研究组患儿完成分类数低于对照组,完成第一个分类所需的应答数也高于对照组。结论本研究证实了先前一些研究的结果,即发育性协调运动障碍患儿存在明显的执行功能缺陷。所有这些研究均提示,患儿的执行功能缺陷显著影响了其智能和社会功能的发展。