Properties of paper mill sludge–wood fiber–HDPE composites after exposure to xenon-arc weathering

We used paper mill sludge（PMS） to substitute for part of the wood fibers（WF） used to reinforce high density polyethylene（HDPE）.The resulting composites were subjected to xenon-arc weathering.The composite filled with limited PMS（under 10 %） had mechanical properties and aging resistance similar to those without PMS.The composites containing more PMS faded and cracked more readily than those without PMS.Based on the carbonyl index,crystallinity,and wood index,PMS appeared to accelerate the degradation of composites during weathering.Adding PMS to WF–HDPE composites reduced the weathering resistance,and this reduction was not significant if the PMS content did not exceed 20 % of the wood fibers.Therefore,PMS could be used as a reinforcement in wood-plastic composites at levels less than20 % of the wood fiber content.

The Accelerated Thermo-Oxidative Aging Characteristics of Wood Fiber/Polycaprolactone Composite:Effect of Temperature,Humidity and Time

This study investigated the characteristics of wood fiber/polycaprolactone composite after an artificial accelerated thermo-oxidative aging treatment.The effect of time,temperature and humidity during the treatment on their mechanical,chemical and morphology properties were evaluated.The composite was prepared from melted wood fibers and modified polycaprolactone by a molding process.A temperature and humidity controllable test chamber was used for the thermo-oxidative aging of the composite.The thermo-oxidative aging caused surface of the composite to be much more rougher and even a few cracks and holes appeared on it.According to the spectra of Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)and Gel Permeation Chromatography(GPC),C=O in the molecular chain of polycaprolactone was hydrolyzed and C–O was broken after the aging treatment,which resulted in a reduction in average molecular weight of the composite.Moreover,results showed that the mechanical strength decreased a lot with the increase in time,temperature and humidity,and the effect of temperature and humidity was more significant compared with that of time.Controlling the temperature and humidity during thermo-oxidative aging treatment could accelerate the aging of composite,which provided a quick and effective method for evaluating the aging resistance of the composite.

Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Wood Fibers of Shrubs and Tree Species of the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub, Northeastern Mexico and Its Possible Relation to Wood Quality and Utilization

The present study was undertaken to determine the variability in fiber cell morphology and its length among wood species of the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub, Northeastern Mexico, used for various uses such as timber for furniture, fence, post, firewood and sources of forage. The results reveal large variability in fiber cell morphology and fiber cell dimensions. The species are classified on the basis of its fiber cell morphology and fiber cell length and recommended for their possible utilization for different purposes. Wood having fibre cells with broad lumen and thin wall could be suitable for the manufacture of paper documented in the literature viz. Acacia farnesciana, Caesalpinia mexicana, Cordia boisiieri, Diospyros palmeri, Forestieria angustifolia, Morus celtifolia, Prosopis laevigata. This technique can be used in preliminary screening of woody species for its utilization for different purposes. Further studies are needed to confirm.

Effect of maleic anhydride grafted styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene （MA-SEBS） on impact fracture behavior of polypropylene / wood fiber composites

MA-SEBS 作为 compatibilizer；影响修饰词被合并到聚丙烯 / 木头纤维(PP/WF ) 提高接口粘附；影响力量合成。PP/WF composites 的影响破裂行为上的 MA-SEBS 内容的效果被学习。有 8% MA-SEBS 的 composites 的影响性质到达了最大的价值。并且到 10% 的 MA-SEBS 内容的进一步的增加没改进破裂坚韧，但是由直接存储器存取分析改进 composites 的僵硬。这被归因于改进 PP/WF 粘附。因为 MA-SEBS 内容是超过 8% ， PP 的分子相互作用；WF 被期望到比更低的 MA-SEBS 强壮的大部分。扫描电子显微镜学(SEM ) 被执行分析影响破裂表面；为木头表面显示出一种更强壮的亲密关系。

Effect of Wood Variables on the Properties of Wood Fiber-Polypropylene Composites

The effect of wood species (Chinese fir and Poplar), wood fiber content (10%, 25%, 40%) and wood fiber sizes (16 to 32 mesh, 32-65 mesh, above 65 mesh) on the properties of the wood fiber-Polypropylene composites were studied in this paper. The results indicate that the effect of wood fiber content and size in composite were more important than that of chosen wood species. Compared with polypropylene without wood fiber, the flexural strength of the composites increased when adding wood fiber into polypr...

Static Bending Creep Properties of Glass Fiber Surface Composite Wood

To study the static bending creep properties of glass fiber reinforced wood,glass fiber reinforced poplar(GFRP)specimens were obtained by pasting glass fiber on the upper and lower surfaces of Poplar(Populus euramevicana,P),the performance of Normal Creep(NC)and Mechanical Sorptive Creep(MSC)of GFRP and their influencing factors were tested and analyzed.The test results and analysis show that:(1)The MOE and MOR of Poplar were increased by 17.06%and 10.00%respectively by the glass fiber surface reinforced composite.(2)The surface reinforced P with glass fiber cloth only exhibits the NC pattern of wood and loses the MSC characteristics of wood,regardless of the constant or alternating changes in relative humidity.(3)The instantaneous elastic deformation,viscoelastic deformation,viscous deformation and total creep deflection of GFRP are positively correlated with the stress level of the external load applied to the specimen.Still,the specimen’s creep recovery rate is negatively correlated with the stress level of the external load applied to the specimen.The static creep deflection and viscous deformation of GFRP increase with the increase of the relative humidity of the environment.(4)The MSC maximum creep deflection of GFRP increased by only 7.41%over the NC maximum creep deflection,but the MSC maximum creep deflection of P increased by 199.25%over the NC maximum creep deflection.(5)The Burgers 4-factor model and the Weibull distribution equation can fit the NC and NC recovery processes of GFRP well.

INVESTIGATION OF SOFTENING AGENT PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE OF HANDMADE ECOCOMPOSITES WITH CONIFEROUS WOOD AND BASALT FIBERS

In this investigation, basalt mineral fiber softening agent was prepared in order to obtain desirable flexible performance. Stability and physical chemistry natures of softening agent were evaluated by particle size distribution, dilution, storage and folding endurance etc. Constitutes of basalt and wood fibers were determined by energy dispersion analysis X-ray which served as an accessory of scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX). Naturally degradable ecocomposite was prepared by basalt and wood fibers. The results of SEM observation illustrated that the wood and basalt fibers were blended uniformly. The impact factors of beating degree, content of wood fibers and adhesive etc. were discussed. The structure of the naturally degradable ecocomposite was contrasted with that of pure wood fibers and the cause of excellent filtration performance was analyzed. Compared with traditional methods, it was of saving wood resource, a large amount of water and reducing second pollution. As a consequence, the ecocomposite harmonized with environment and accorded with requirement of benignly friendly environment.

Reinforcing effects of modified Kevlar~ fiber on the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene composites

Kevlar fiber （KF） is a synthesized product with strong mechanical properties. We used KF as a reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene （WF/PP） composites. KF was pretreated with NaOH to improve its compatibility with the thermoplastic matrix. Maleated polypropylene （MAPP） was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between KF, WF, and PP. Incorporation of KF improved the mechanical properties of WF/PP composites. Treatment of KF with NaOH resulted in further improvement in mechanical strength. Addition of 3% MAPP and 2% hydrolyzed KF （HKF） led to an increment of 93.8% in unnotched impact strength, 17.7% in notched impact strength, 86.8% in flexure strength, 50.8% in flexure modulus, and 94.1% in tensile strength compared to traditional WF/PP composites. Scanning electron microscopy of the cryo-fractured section of WF/PP showed that the HKF surface was rougher than the virgin KF, and the KF was randomly distributed in the composites, which might cause a mechanical interlocking between KF and polypropylene molecules in the composites.

The properties of flax fiber reinforced wood flour/high density polyethylene composites

Flax fiber(FF) was used to reinforce wood flour/high density polyethylene composites(WF/PE).WF/PE particles were uniformly mixed with FF via high-speed mixing and then extruded with a single screw extruder to prepare FF reinforced WF/PE composites(FF/WF/PE).Mechanical testing,dynamic mechanical analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),creep measurement and Torque rheology were used to characterize the resulting composites.The results indicate that the mechanical performance of the composites could be remarkably improved by adding a limited amount of FF.The flexural strength and modulus increased by 14.6 and 51.4%,respectively(FF content of 9 wt%),while the unnotched impact strength could be increased by 26.5%(FF content of12 wt%).The creep resistance and toughness of thecomposite was markedly improved without changing the plastic content of the composite material.

Determination of fiber length and juvenile and mature wood zones in Acer velutinum Boiss.trees grown in Iran

In our investigation we studied fiber lengths and the transition age from juvenile to mature wood in Acer velutinum Boiss. For this purpose, samples from three normal maple trees at a Noshahr site in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height. Test samples were taken along a radial direction from the pith to the bark, accounting for every ring during a 48-year period. We used the Franklin method to distinguish between fibers of juvenile and mature wood. The results show that the fiber length in- creased along the radial direction from the pith to the bark. The transition age between juvenile and mature wood was determined at the 14th annual ring from the pith.

Effects of carbonization temperatures on microstructure of carbon fiber precursors prepared from liquefied wood

In order to enlarge the utilization field of wood and decrease the costs of carbon fibers, carbon fiber precursors from liquefied wood were prepared by soaking liquefied wood in a solution containing hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde, after melt-spinning by adding hexamethylenetetramine. The microstructure evolution of the precursor during carbonization was studied by FTIR, X-ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that precursors from liquefied wood above 400℃had diffraction peaks corresponding to the （100） crystal plane. When the carbonization temperature reached 500℃, Raman spectroscopy showed the D peak at wave number of 1360 cm^-1 and the G peak at 1595 cm^-1. By increasing the carbonization temperature, the microstructure of the precursors became more ordered. Although the structure of the precursor changed at 500 and 800℃, the peaks at 1632 and 1454 cm^-1 corresponding to the characteristic vibrations of aromatic rings, remained during carbonization. This implies that the precursor from liquefied wood cannot be easily formed into graphite.

Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Wood-Based Panels Modified by Acrylic Textile Fiber

In this research, a series of wood-based panels were produced by using wood chips [beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)] as wastes of wood-working workshops and acrylic fibers as wastes of textiles factory. Four kinds of different panels (Eltapan I, II, III and IV) were obtained by mixing these components in different composition (0%, 25% and 50%). Some physical and mechanical properties of the samples taken from these panels were determined in accordance with ASTM D1037-12 and ASTM-C 1113. The values were compared to properties of industrially produced chipboard. As a result, the textile fibers used as additive material reduced density, thermal conductivity and bending resistance of wood panel and increased dimensional stability of wood panel.

基于纤维解离水曲柳压缩解离特征与能量耗散机制研究

目的以水曲柳为研究对象,研究高应变率压缩载荷作用下水曲柳试件的解离特征和能量耗散机制。方法利用压缩加载试验分析应变率、加载方向对受载水曲柳的形态特征影响和动力学特性,并利用弹塑性基本原理分析其受压解离的能量耗散机制。结果解离后径向加载试件主要呈火柴棍状,弦向加载试件主要呈片状,轴向加载试件主要呈不规则块状,试件的解离程度随应变率的增大而增大;当应变率在400~1000 s^(-1)时,水曲柳试件的应力-应变曲线由弹性阶段和屈服后弱线性强化阶段两部分组成;水曲柳试件的屈服强度随应变率的增大而增大,当应变率从400s^(-1)增加到1000s^(-1)时,径向、弦向和轴向加载试件的屈服强度分别增加了0.45倍、1.34倍和0.71倍;木材原料沿径、弦向解离时主要依靠木材细胞的压缩变形来耗散能量,沿轴向解离时主要依靠木材细胞纵向结构的弯曲来耗散能量。结论弦向最易解离,轴向最难解离;水曲柳是一种应变率敏感材料;木材原料径、弦向解离主要依靠压缩变形来耗散能量,轴向解离主要依靠弯曲变形来耗散能量,木材原料解离能够耗散能量的多少主要受加载方向、木材细胞的结构尺寸和力学性能的影响。

榔榆木质部细胞构造特征的季节变化规律研究

为了探究榔榆木质部形成中细胞形态与壁层组分变化规律,以1个生长季内木质部细胞产生过程为主线,联合解剖学技术与光谱学技术,初步研究了木质部细胞形态、细胞尺寸及细胞壁主要化学组成的变化规律。结果表明4月出现2排早材管孔,以单管孔为主,5月开始大量产生木纤维细胞,纤维细胞壁厚,直至9月形成宽约2 mm的木质部;导管与木纤维细胞从4—6月处于伸长阶段,大小随后略有降低;2类细胞的直径则呈不同的季节变化规律;导管细胞壁纤维素和半纤维素的沉积过程在季节内稳定;而木纤维细胞中纤维素和半纤维素的沉积具有季节差异,生长季早期相对含量较低,晚期相对含量明显增加,说明2类细胞间主要组分沉积存在不同步性。

木纤维增强石膏基复合材料的耐水增韧改性

【目的】木纤维增强石膏基复合材料的耐水性和韧性较差,限制了其在建筑领域进一步的发展,针对此材料上述2种缺点开展木纤维增强石膏基复合材料的耐水增韧改性研究,扩展石膏基复合材料的应用领域,提高其经济效益。【方法】以硅酸盐水泥为无机改性剂、聚乙烯醇溶液(PVA)为增韧剂,探究两者协同对木纤维增强石膏基复合材料力学性能和耐水性能的影响,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的微观结构进行了表征。【结果】硅酸盐水泥和PVA在复合材料中产生了协同作用,可以弥补单掺水泥强度低和单掺PVA耐水性差的缺点。复合材料抗折强度和抗压强度分别为5.56和10.01 MPa,较改性前分别提升了40%和63%,2 h吸水率和24 h吸水率分别为19.83%和20.14%,比改性前分别降低了10.17%和11.97%,软化系数提高了0.4。XRD、FT-IR、SEM结果显示水泥与石膏的水化反应产生了钙钒石和硅酸钙凝胶等水化物,水化物填充水泥石膏基体。孔结构分析结果显示,水泥和PVA的加入降低了复合材料的孔隙率,减少超大孔的出现,复合材料的耐水性和力学性能得到提升。【结论】硅酸盐水泥的加入使复合材料内部水化反应受到影响,导致复合材料的力学强度受到影响。加入PVA后的复合材料内部物质连接紧密,提高了复合材料的力学性能,但是耐水性较差。硅酸盐水泥和PVA协同能提高复合材料的力学性能和耐水性能,弥补了单掺硅酸盐水泥复合材料力学下降和单掺PVA复合材料耐水性差的缺点。

木质钙钛矿型催化剂对柴油机尾气净化性能的影响

为实现对柴油机尾气中碳烟颗粒物(ST)、氮氧化物(NO_(x))、烃类(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)的四效净化,以木纤维为生物质模板,分别在600℃、700℃、800℃和900℃的焙烧温度下,制备了4种La_(0.8)Ce_(0.2)Fe_(0.3)Co_(0.7)O_(3)木质钙钛矿型催化剂(分别为LCFCO-600、LCFCO-700、LCFCO-800和LCFCO-900)。采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了催化剂的微观形貌,并对LCFCO-800的元素构成与相应占比进行了能谱(EDX)分析;采用X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂的晶体结构和物相组成进行了表征;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对催化剂的典型化学键进行了分析;采用N_(2)吸/脱附对催化剂的结构参数进行了分析。通过模拟实验评价了催化剂的四效净化性能。结果表明,所制备的催化剂具有明显的生物质结构,且钙钛矿相纯度较高,其中LCFCO-800的比表面积、总孔容积和平均孔径最大,分别为3.270 m^(2)/g、0.017 cm^(3)/g和20.486 nm,并具有较好的四效净化性能。在模拟尾气温度为400℃、流量为1 L/min和净化时间为超过120 s的条件下,LCFCO-800对ST、NO_(x)、HC和CO的最大净化效率分别为92%、92%、98%和76%。此外,根据Mars-van Krevelen氧化还原反应机理和实验结果,对催化剂的四效净化机理进行了分析,认为ST质量浓度的增加可抑制HC和CO的氧化,同时ST、HC和CO的氧化过程有助于催化剂表面产生更多的氧空位,从而促进NO_(x)的还原。

木材纤维锚定二氧化铈电极材料的制备及其性能研究

利用木材纤维含氧基团的吸附作用锚定生长二氧化铈,成功制备出一维中空管状结构复合电极材料(WF@CeO_(2))。通过调控硝酸铈的添加量改善电极材料的电化学性能,并探讨了木材纤维对二氧化铈的增效作用。研究结果表明:当硝酸铈的添加量为2 mmol时,WF@CeO_(2)-2样品的比表面积可达303.73 m^(2)/g,所制备的电极在电流密度0.5 A/g下表现出高比电容(371 F/g),木材纤维的存在极大地提高了二氧化铈电极材料的电化学性能。以WF@CeO_(2)-2电极组装的非对称超级电容器的比电容可达34.5 F/g,其峰值能量密度为44.16 Wh/kg,峰值功率密度为4002.7 W/kg,在经过5000次充放电循环后电容保持率为91.1%,表现出良好的循环稳定性。

木纤维重构红壤下根系特征对根土复合体抗剪特性的影响

红壤黏性重、水分变化大、抗剪性能较低,通过根系特征参数研究草本植物根土复合体的力学特性具有一定意义。为探明不同质量分数(0、0.5%、2.5%和5.0%)木纤维重构红壤下,根系特征对草本植物根土复合体抗剪特性的影响机理,该研究通过直剪试验测定白三叶和黑麦草根土复合体的抗剪强度,并采用WinRHIZO根系分析系统测定根表面积指数、根系体积比、根系长度、地下生物量4个根系特征参数,并进一步揭示其对抗剪强度影响机理及规律。结果表明:适量的木纤维添加有利于须根系草本植物的生长,木纤维质量分数较低时,黑麦草的根系特征参数值高于白三叶3~5倍,木纤维质量分数较高时,黑麦草和白三叶的根系长度分别为456.27和438.35 cm,地下生物量分别为0.410和0.150 mg;随根系特征参数增加黑麦草根土复合体的抗剪强度增幅大于白三叶根土复合体,增幅范围分别为26.55%~47.20%、26.21%~35.07%,但存在一定的变化阈值。采用摩尔-库伦模型对根土复合体的抗剪特性参数的模拟效果较好,根系特征参数达到变化阈值时,黏聚力变化差异明显,对内摩擦角影响较小。该研究对深入研究红壤区的边坡防护、植被恢复和土地整治等具有重要的理论和工程实践价值。