Effects of Biochar and Wood Vinegar on Labile Phosphorus Pool in Soda Saline-Alkaline Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to research the effect of biochar and wood vinegar on labile phosphorus fractions in saline-alkali soil.There were eight treatments,including CK(0 kg•hm-2 biochar+0 kg•hm-2 wood vinegar),C1(0.6 t•hm-2 biochar),C2(0.6 t•hm-2 wood vinegar),C3(1.2 t•hm-2 wood vinegar),C4(1.8 t•hm-2 wood vinegar),C5(0.6 t•hm-2 biochar+0.6 t•hm-2 wood vinegar),C6(0.6 t•hm-2 biochar+1.2 t•hm-2 wood vinegar),and C7(0.6 t•hm-2 biochar+1.8 t•hm-2 wood vinegar).The results showed that biochar without wood vinegar and the co-application of biochar and wood vinegar significantly increased soil total phosphorus content.Meanwhile,compared with CK,all of treatments increased resin phosphorus and sodium bicarbonate-extracted inorganic phosphorus(NaHCO3-Pi)contents in saline-alkali soil.Especially,the contents of resin phosphorus and NaHCO3-Pi under C5,C6,and C7 treatments were higher than those of C2,C3,and C4 treatments,respectively,indicating that the increases of labile phosphorus contents under the co-application of biochar and wood vinegar were better than those of the alone application of biochar and wood vinegar.Each treatment increased the proportion of labile phosphorus pool in saline-alkali soil and the proportion of labile phosphorus pool increased with the increase of the amount of wood vinegar.In addition,the application of biochar and wood vinegar increased the 100-grain weight of rice,and C6 treatment had the best effect,increasing the 100-grain weight by 134.35%.Therefore,the application of biochar and wood vinegar in saline-alkali soil could improve the soil phosphorus availability,increase the weight of rice grains,thereby realizing the resource utilization of agricultural waste and the sustainable development of agriculture.

Effect of Wood Vinegar on Seed Germination and Water Implantation of Corn

To analyze the effect of wood vinegar on seed germination and seedling growth, the seeds of corn are dipped in wood vinegar of different densities. The results showed that significant effects were found through all the treatments on the seed germination rate, the seed germinating energy and the germinating index. The regress CUBICS curves were developed to describe the relation. The reasonable parameters range was obtained. At the same time, the corn was cultivated by wood vinegar of different densities, aiming to study the effect of wood vinegar on biomass. It showed that all treatments had obvious effects on the seedling length and dry weight aboveground, the chlorophyll and dry weight underground were not included. The research results could be used to direct the wood vinegar deeply refining process and product development.

Inhibitory Effect of Wood Vinegar Produced from Apricot Shell on Aspergillus fumigatus

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the antifungal activity of wood vinegar produced from apricot shell. [Methods]The minimal inhibitory concentration（ MIC） of wood vinegar against Aspergillus fumigatus was determined on agar plates. Then,the mycelial growth and the morphology of the apical vesicles of A. fumigatus cultured in the medium supplemented with 1/2 MIC wood vinegar were observed to evaluate the effect of wood vinegar on A. fumigatus.RNA-Seq was performed to explore the antifungal mechanism of wood vinegar. [Results] The wood vinegar produced from apricot shell could inhibit the growth of A. fumigatus,with a MIC of 20 μl/ml. In the medium supplemented with 1/2 MIC wood vinegar,the mycelial growth of A. fumigatus was suppressed,some apical vesicles were incompletely developed. The gene ontology（ GO） term enrichment analysis based on RNA-Seq showed that the differentially expressed genes（ DEGs）were enriched in metabolic process,cellular process and single-organism process in the category of biological processes,cell,cell part,membrane,organelle and membrane part in the category of cellular components,catalytic activity and binding in the category of molecular function. The significantly up-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in cell,cell part,organelle,organelle part and macro molecular complex in the category of cellular component,while the significantly down-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in biological process,cellular process and single-organism process in the category of biological process,catalytic activity,binding,transporter activity,and nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity in the category molecular function. Moreover,KEGG（ Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes） pathway analysis showed that the DEG unigenes involved in metabolism were the most,followed by those involved in genetic information processing.[Conclusions]The results indicated that the wood vinegar produced from apricot shell might inhibit the growth of A. fumigatus by interfering with the expression of multiple genes involved in multiple signaling pathways.

Toxicity Test of Wood Vinegar Mixed with Different Fungicides on Rhizoctonia solani

There are few kinds of fungicides for the prevention and treatment of Rhizoctonia solani,and the excessive use of chemical fungicides can cause many hazards and toxic and side effects,not in line with the requirements of rice planting. The mixed use of wood vinegar and chemical fungicides can reduce the use of chemical fungicides,alleviate pollution and improve rice quality. In this experiment,the Horsfall method was used to study the synergistic inhibiting effect of mixture between wood vinegar and chemical fungicides on the growth of Rhizoctonia solani,as well as the optimal ratio. The results showed that when wood vinegar was mixed with Captan,the synergistic mixture ratio was 4∶6,3∶ 7 or 1∶ 9,and the toxicity ratio under mixture ratio of 4∶ 6 and 1∶ 9 was 1. 75 and 1. 99,respectively,with significant synergistic effect;when wood vinegar was mixed with Chlorothalonil,the toxicity ratio(1. 08) under mixture ratio of 8∶ 2 was greater than 1,showing additive effect.

Life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of the production of wood vinegar from Eucommia stem: a case study

This research undertook a case study of the life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem for the production of wood vinegar and activated carbon.The results showed that the production of one ton of wood vinegar via the slow pyrolysis of Eucommia stem show comparatively low global warming potential(2.37×10^(2) kg CO_(2) eq),primary energy demand(3.16×10^(3) MJ),acidification potential(2.19 kg SO2 eq),antimony depletion potential(3.86×10^(–4) kg antimony eq),and ozone depletion potential(7.46×10^(–6) kg CFC-11 eq)and was more environmentally friendly than the production of dilute acetic acid(12 wt%)via petrochemical routes.Meanwhile,the total capital investment,total product cost,and cash flowsheet were provided in the techno-economic analysis.Then,the net present value,internal rate of return,and dynamic payback period of the production process were evaluated.The findings indicated that while this production process is cost-effective,it might not be economically attractive or could generate investment risks.An increase in the added value of the wood vinegar and the activated carbon could remarkably improve the economic feasibility of this production process.

Preparation and Characterization of Two Wood Vinegars Obtained from Hull of Spina Date Seed and Shell of Peanut

Two new kinds of wood vinegars（WVs） from the hull of spina date seed（HSDS） and the shell of peanut（PS） were prepared. 32 Major components in the two kinds of WVs were identified and determined by gas chro- matograph-mass spectrometery. The total phenolic content was determined and the antioxidant activity of the WV was measured. The total phenolic contents of PSWV and HSDSWV were 75.9 and 98.1 rag/L, respectively, when they were expressed as catechol equivalents. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, free radical scavenging activity of HSDSWV was also superior than that of PSWV. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the two kind of WVs exhibited a good positive correlation with total phenolic content, and the linear correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9594 to 0.9970. The two kind of WVs could be used in the fields of food and medicine due to their powerful antioxidant activities.

不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响

【目的】研究不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响,确定改良棉田盐碱土的最佳木醋液酸化生物炭用量。【方法】基于一维土柱模拟试验,分别设置1%、2%、3%、4%和5%五个不同质量木醋液酸化生物炭处理(木醋液与生物炭质量比为2∶1),以空白处理作为对照CK_(1),以添加2%未酸化生物炭处理作为对照CK_(2),分析不同处理滴灌后湿润峰垂直运移距离、土壤pH值、含盐量、土壤碱化度和脱盐率的分布特征。【结果】添加酸化生物炭处理的土壤湿润峰垂直运移距离和下渗速度均显著高于CK_(2)和CK_(1);添加酸化生物炭处理下的各层土壤pH值均显著低于CK_(2)和CK_(1),且施用量越多pH值降幅越大;随着酸化生物炭施用量的增加,各土层土壤碱化度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,2%酸化生物炭处理下的土壤碱化度降幅最大;添加未酸化生物炭和酸化生物炭处理的0~50 cm各层土壤脱盐率均有所增加,2%酸化生物炭处理下的整体脱盐效果最好。【结论】添加酸化生物炭对盐碱土的改良效果优于添加未酸化生物炭,以2%酸化生物炭用量下的效果最优。

生物菌剂与木醋液配施对温室草莓产量和品质的影响

[目的]探索通过微生物菌剂与木醋液配施,有效提高草莓产量和品质的方法。[方法]采用田间小区试验,研究生物菌剂与木醋液配施以及单独喷施等不同处理对草莓生长、产量、品质和贮藏性能的影响。[结果]复合生物菌剂和木醋液均能增加草莓产量和改善品质,两者混合喷施效果更佳。生物菌剂与木醋液配施,草莓果实膨大期叶片净光合速率提高31.3%,草莓单位面积产量提高25.7%,果实单果重提高26.3%,果重变异系数降低11.9个百分点,存放6 d的腐烂率降低18.2个百分点、硬度变化值降低56.5%、糖酸比变化值降低25.3%。[结论]复合菌剂和木醋液配施能够促进草莓生长,提高草莓产量、品质和贮藏性状指标。

基于Aspen Plus模拟精馏技术分离木醋液中有机物的研究

利用Aspen软件模拟精馏技术分离模型木醋液中的有机物,选定热力学模型(NRTL)、建立四塔连续精馏操作模型并确定其基本操作参数;对精馏塔分离控制优化的过程进行研究分析,探讨了回流比、塔顶总采出摩尔流率和底液摩尔流率对产物纯度的影响;结果表明在一定进料下摩尔回流比分别为3.6、12.6、5.6和3.6时,乙酸、甲基环戊烯醇酮、苯酚和正二十四烷等有机物的纯度分别都在99%以上。

甜瓜翠雪7号高质量种子生产及加工技术研究

甜瓜种子质量决定出苗率、出苗整齐度和幼苗的健壮生长,继而影响甜瓜的产量以及品质。随着甜瓜育苗向集约化和规模化方向的发展,育苗场或者种植户对高质量甜瓜种子的需求也越来越高。基于对甜瓜种植密度、授粉数量、单株坐果数和采收时间等因素的分析以及基于木酢液可破除种子休眠特性,研究甜瓜品种翠雪7号高质量种子生产和加工处理技术,以期为厚皮甜瓜高质量种子生产提供借鉴。

木醋液的抑菌活性及其对连作番茄根际土壤微环境生态的影响

为探索木醋液对番茄根际土壤微生态的作用,以番茄为供试材料,连续3 a常规种植于相同田块,设置木醋液稀释300倍(A)、稀释600倍(B)、稀释900倍(C)处理,以无菌去离子水为对照(CK),探究不同稀释度木醋液的抑菌活性及其对连作番茄植株根系生长、根际土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响。结果显示:不同稀释度木醋液对青枯病菌和枯萎病菌均具有显著的抑制作用;3种稀释度的木醋液中,稀释600倍的木醋液浇灌不仅有利于连作番茄根系的生长,而且有助于提高番茄连作根际土壤细菌和真菌的多样性;与对照(CK)相比,不同稀释度木醋液处理均不同程度地降低了放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)细菌的相对丰度,提高了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)细菌以及子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、新赤壳属(Neocosmospora)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicilli⁃um)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌等有益微生物的相对丰度。结果表明,木醋液具有显著抑制番茄青枯病及枯萎病病原微生物的作用,浇灌稀释木醋液有利于连作番茄根系生长,改善连作番茄根际土壤微环境生态的作用;其中,以稀释600倍(B)木醋液的改良效果最佳。

木醋液配施生物炭对盐碱土壤理化特性和甜菜产量及品质的影响

以甜菜品种KWS 1176为试验材料,在黑龙江省肇东市尚家镇五间村盐碱地(Na+含量为203.33 mg·kg^(-1),pH值8.92)进行小区试验。试验设4个处理,不施加木醋液(CK)、木醋液300 kg·hm^(-2)(BW1)、600 kg·hm^(-2)(BW2)和900 kg·hm^(-2)(BW3),各个处理均施用生物炭(玉米秸秆),用量为600 kg·hm^(-2)。研究表明,木醋液配施生物炭显著提高土壤比表面积(提升1.39%~4.86%)和含水率,降低土壤pH和电导率;显著提高当季土壤有机质和养分(碱解氮、有效磷)含量,播后58 d土壤有机质和养分提升效果显著,其中碱解氮含量、有效磷含量和有机质含量分别提升14.24%~26.87%、21.17%~32.09%和2.51%~41.19%。BW2处理土壤中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)和Cl^(-)含量显著提高,可溶性Na^(+)和HCO_(3)^(-)含量显著降低;显著提高甜菜块根产量和品质,降低块根中钠盐含量、钾盐含量和α-氨基态氮含量,比CK处理块根产量提升5.32%~15.29%,块根含糖率提升0.31%~0.84%。综合分析,BW2对改善当季盐碱土壤理化特性及甜菜块根产量和品质效果最佳。

木醋液对大白菜根肿病的防治效果

以寒玉快菜为试材,采用盆栽方式,研究不同浓度木醋液(稀释600、400、200倍)对大白菜根肿病的防治效果;同时采用Hochest33342-PI双荧光复染法,测定不同浓度木醋液处理下芸薹根肿菌孢子活性,并分析木醋液主要抑菌成分。结果表明:3种浓度木醋液处理均可显著提高大白菜的株高和地上部鲜质量;并显著降低根肿病的发病率和病情指数,且随着木醋液浓度的增加根肿病的发病率和病情指数呈显著下降趋势,其中稀释200倍的木醋液处理的根肿病发病率仅为14.42%,防治效果达到68.72%。木醋液可使芸薹根肿菌孢子失活,稀释200倍的木醋液处理的孢子存活率仅为24.03%。采用GC-MS技术初步测定出供试木醋液含有24种成分,其中有17种成分对芸薹根肿菌孢子具有一定抑制作用,以俞创木酚抑制效果最好,EC50值为113.01μg·mL^(-1)。综上,本试验条件下,稀释200倍的木醋液用于大白菜根肿病防治效果最佳。

木醋液不同施用时期对油菜生长及产量的影响

为恰当使用木醋液增产,盆栽和大田种植甘蓝型油菜杂交品种华油杂9号,调查木醋液不同叶面喷施次数、不同施用间隔时间以及不同播期条件下,木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响。盆栽结果表明,连续和间隔喷施2~4次的木醋液显著提高油菜的总干重29.63%~74.07%。同时连续与间隔喷施4次的木醋液可显著提高油菜的叶面积81.58%~85.65%。大田试验结果表明,苗期、蕾薹期、花期分别喷施1次、2次、3次处理的油菜,最终籽粒产量分别显著提高3.30%、9.52%、11.38%,蛋白含量分别降低2.62%、4.02%、4.68%。3个不同播期喷施木醋液处理的大田产量较对照分别显著提高20.13%、23.25%、13.97%,单株有效角果数分别提高47.29%、61.87%、72.90%。综合分析表明,在油菜生长期间喷施木醋液2~4次,每次间隔5 d以上的促进效果更好。不同播期条件下,木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响以适期(即10月9日)播种效应更显著。

木醋液对4种蔬菜种子萌发的影响

目的:探究松木屑木醋液对蔬菜作物的化感效应,以期为松木屑木醋液合理种植蔬菜作物提供理论依据。方法:研究不同浓度木醋液对萝卜、韭菜、小白菜和芥菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果:木醋液对4种蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度及化感促进作用不同,2 000倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比萝卜种子的发芽率、发芽指数和根长及小白菜种子的根长分别提高了20.00%、22.60%、5.90%、19.50%(P <0.05);500倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比韭菜种子的发芽率和茎长分别提高了8.89%、30.60%(P <0.05);1 000倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比芥菜种子的发芽率、活力指数和茎长分别提高了8.00%、31.33%、46.70%(P <0.05)。结论:低浓度松木屑木醋液具有促进4种蔬菜作物种子生长的化感作用。

木醋液改良盐碱土的研究进展

盐碱土是全球耕地的重要组成部分,由于土壤含盐量、碱化度的增加,土壤的理化结构变差、保水保肥能力降低。改良盐碱土是促进土壤利用、提高土壤农业生产能力及土壤综合效益的重要方法之一。木醋液作为富含有机酸类物质的改良剂在盐碱土改良方面具有独特优势,关于木醋液直接作用于作物来影响作物产量、品质的研究较多,但是对土壤尤其是盐碱土改良作用系统研究较少。本文通过综合分析近年来木醋液在盐碱土理化性质、养分利用、碳氮循环和微生物作用方面的研究进展,总结了木醋液在盐碱地改良中的潜在作用机制,并对木醋液在盐碱地的研究、应用前景进行展望,以期为木醋液资源回收利用和盐碱地的生态治理提供思路。

木醋液组分对抗氧化和种子萌发影响

以蒙古栎木醋液为原料,进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明二氯甲烷精制木醋液3-甲基四氢呋喃相对含量最高,为41.60%。其次为愈创木酚,相对含量8.73%;苯酚,相对含量6.79%。抗氧化实验表明,蒙古栎木醋液质量浓度在4 g/L时,总还原力吸光度达到0.067,DPPH·清除率为37.8%,·OH清除率为14.1%。种子萌发实验可知蒙古栎木醋液稀释2000倍液种子发芽率与对照差异显著,四九菜心、红菜薹和小白菜种子发芽率分别提高15%、17%和23%。蒙古栎木醋液具有一定的抗氧化活性和化感作用,蒙古栎木醋液中的酚等是抗氧化和种子萌发的主要作用物质。

喷施木醋液对菘蓝苗期生长和生理的影响

以小叶菘蓝为试材,采用温室盆栽法,研究了清水浸种和15%PEG 6000浸种胁迫下,叶面喷施不同浓度木醋液对菘蓝幼苗生长和生理指标的影响,以期为木醋液应用于菘蓝及其他药用植物的绿色、生态种植提供参考依据。结果表明:叶面喷施适宜浓度的木醋液显著促进菘蓝幼苗生长,缓解种子受PEG 6000胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,以400倍液效果最显著。

木醋液-黄腐酸尿素叶面肥对玉米幼苗生长情况的影响

以杨木和果木的混合木醋液为原料,采用树脂AD300、AD-8、AD-101、沸石和硅藻土为填料,利用树脂层析分离法精制木醋液,并以低温络合技术制备了木醋液-黄腐酸尿素叶面肥(WVFAU)。通过盆栽试验,探讨了WVFAU对玉米幼苗生长情况的影响。研究结果表明:树脂AD300、AD-8和AD-1013种填料层析柱处理均有较好地木醋液去酚效果,树脂AD300去酚率最高,可达83.0%,而沸石和硅藻土会减少木醋液中酸类物质的含量,去酚效果不明显;将不同体积分数树脂AD300处理后的去酚木醋液和未处理的有酚木醋液喷施于玉米幼苗,去酚木醋液可一定程度上减缓对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用和提高玉米幼苗的叶绿素含量,促进玉米幼苗的生长。与喷施自来水的对照组相比,喷施WVFAU的玉米幼苗株高、叶绿素相对量(SPAD)、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖,平均增加了23.3%、31.2%、42.3%、17.0%、103.19%和5.9%,丙二醛的量平均降低了9.1%,作物硝态氮的量平均增加44.2%,综合提高了玉米幼苗的抗逆性和光合作用。

杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的非特异性作用

探究杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的生长抑制、拒食活性以及驱避活性影响,明确杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的非特异性作用,为马铃薯瓢虫绿色防控和木醋液的害虫防治应用提供理论依据。用杏壳木醋液不同浓度处理的龙葵叶片喂食马铃薯瓢虫,测定不同浓度处理在各时间段4龄幼虫的体重增长量、成虫和幼虫的非选择性和选择性取食量以及行为选择情况,并分析不同浓度杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的增重抑制、拒食活性、驱避活性等影响。结果表明,4龄幼虫的体重增加、成虫和幼虫的非选择性和选择性取食量以及行为选择均显著受到杏壳木醋液的影响,其中杏壳木醋液在48 h时4龄幼虫体重增长抑制率最高达到83%;4龄幼虫和成虫的最高非选择性拒食率分别为92%和82%;最高选择性拒食率分别为87%和78%;马铃薯瓢虫幼虫和成虫在四臂嗅觉仪中均表现出了极显著的驱避作用,幼虫的最高驱避指数为0.67,成虫为0.95。杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫有显著的增重抑制、拒食活性和驱避活性,杏壳木醋液浓度对马铃薯瓢虫还有显著的非特异性作用。