Long Work Hours and Work-Life Balance in Korea and Japan

This study examines long work hours and work-life balance in relation to wage level, workaholism, and consumerism in both Korea and Japan. Findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the hypothesis that the wages and working hours have positive but differential effects depending on wage level categories are supported. Second, effects of cultural factors, such as workaholism and consumerism, on long work hours, however, are not significant in both countries. Third, for Korean manual workers, the probability of working long hours is high, but the level of time scarcity is low; but the effect of union membership on long work hours is not significant in both Korea and Japan. Fourth, the hypothesis that negative effects of long work hours and time scarcity on satisfaction with work-life balance are supported. These findings suggest that an increase in wage for non-regular workers and a minimum wage are required to reduce working hours. In addition, they also suggest that reducing working hours, overtime work in particular, and wage gap are crucial to raising the level of satisfaction with work-life balance in both Korea and Japan.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Rural Residents’Working Hours:Mechanisms and Empirical Evidence

The rapid development of the digital economy has provided a new impetus for rural residents to extend their working hours.Based on the data collected by the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey(CLDS)in 2014,2016,and 2018,this paper measured the development level of the digital economy in China from the perspectives of internet development and digital financial inclusion,and tested the mechanisms of how the digital economy affected rural residents’working hours.The results showed that the digital economy extended rural residents’working hours by expanding information channels and enhancing human capital,and this mechanism was affected by heterogeneity in rural residents’educational background,age,and social capital.Building on these findings,this paper holds that to increase rural residents’income by extending their working hours and achieving common prosperity for all,it is necessary to expand the opportunities for rural residents to participate in skills training and promote their accumulation of human capital.

Parental myopia, near work, hours of sleep and myopia in Chinese children

Background/Aims: Juvenile myopia is a serious problem in China, the prevalence of which stays at a high level and shows an upward trend. The target of this study was to explore the factors associated with myopia in Chinese children. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis in a random sample survey was conducted in Beijing in 2008. The data collected from 15,316 Chinese school students aged 6 to 18 years, randomly selected from 19 schools were evaluated, including noncycloplegic refraction and possible genetic, environmental and behavioral factors, to explore the key risk factors for myopia. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to compare the OR values, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the differences among the areas under the ROC curves using the method of multiple comparison with the best. Results: Myopia was associated with shorter sleep times versus longer sleep times (adjusted OR = 3.37;95%CI 3.07-3.70), and the multivariate OR for two compared with no parents with myopic was 2.83 (95%CI 2.47-3.24) and 1.95 (95%CI 1.69-2.24) for reading or writing distances less than33 cmcompared to distances greater than33 cm. Controlling for other factors, children that slept for shorter periods of time had significantly more myopic refractions (?1.69D vs ?1.29D for children with longer sleeping time per day). Analysis of the areas under the ROC curves showed five variables with predictable values better than chance: age, sleeping time, reading or writing distance, hours of studying, and parental myopia. Conclusion: It was not surprising, as proved by other studies, that parental myopia, reading or writing distances, time spent on studying or other activities by using eyes were dominant risk factors associated with juvenile myopia. Our findings indicated that hours of sleeping were also closely related to juvenile myopia, in which the underlying mechanism should be explored in the future study.

Analysis of Effective Working Hours of Automatic Assembly Equipment for Aircraft Assembly Stations

To improve the accuracy of capacity analysis and prediction for the aircraft assembly stations,an approach for calculating the effective working hour(EWH)of automatic assembly equipment is introduced by using the dynamic mixed Weibull distribution(DMWD)model.Firstly,according to the features of aircraft assembling,a DMWD model considering the dynamic reliability of multiple subsystems and their synthetic effects on the whole equipment is established.A typical automatic drilling&riveting machine is selected as the research object,and the dynamic weights of reliability of three subsystems are modeled and solved.Subsequently the unknown parameters of the DMWD model are estimated based on maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)and Newton-Raphson method.Finally,the EWH of an automatic station is defined and modeled by using the solved dynamic reliability function.Based on the experimental study on a real automatic drilling&riveting machine from a wing panel assembly station,it is shown that the proposed DMWD and EWH models could effectively calculate the equipment reliability with full consideration of its multiple subsystems.The DMWD model is more suitable for improving the solution precision of EWH than the traditional three-parameter Weibull distribution.

On Answering the Question Related to the Legal Regulation of Working Hours in the New Era:Western Experience and Chinese Approach

The popularity of flexible working hours around the world has slowed down the historical trend of reducing working hours.It even shows signs of regression.Whether and how to guide the cur-rent society with flexible working hours to return to the historical track of reducing working hours,improve the quality of working hours,and promote a smooth transition from the era of traditional standard work-ing hours to the era of flexible working hours has become a question related to the legal regulation of working hours in the new era.In this regard,although Western countries have proposed new regulatory concepts and carried out legislative practices with distinctive charac-teristics,the limitations of legal regulation capabilities have prevented them from proposing a package of institutional solutions.The advan-tage of China in the ability of legal regulation of working hours has been gradually formed in the legislation on working hours unnder the leadership of the CPC in the past century.It enables China to break through the limitations of the West and propose a Chinese approach to answer the question of the legal regulation of working hours in the new era from three aspects:limiting the extension of working hours,improving the quality of flexible working hours,and optimizing the funnctions of the multi-funnctional regulatory system for working hours.

Legislation to Regulate the Working Hours and Labor Intensity of Practitioners in the Platform Economy

Under the employment model of online car-hailing platforms,the extension of working hours and increase of labor intensity for practitioners are driven by the orders from these platform companies and labor-related third parties.Also,they are more attributable to the internal driving force of practitioners themselves who hope to have more orders and earn more.It is impossible to apply the regulation system of the existing labor law to protect the rights and interests of employees in terms of working hours and labor intensity.The author suggests that the state should make special labor legislation to make the following targeted provisions:Online car-hailing platform companies and labor-related third parties that implement labor management and control over practitioners shall,on the premise of abiding by labor standards and industry rules,set various reasonable indicators of working hours and labor intensity through rules and take effective technical measures to control these two dimensions,so that practitioners can avoid serious overwork.Besides,by encouraging the provision of certain convenience for practitioners to take intermittent breaks,jointly building a compatibility system for different online car-hailing platforms,and establishing relevant operating rules,we can restrain practitioners from being seriously overworked.This is actually a multi-cooperative boosting legislative regulation approach.

一种基于火工品技术的数据安全保护方法研究

数据存储器作为飞行器参数的重要记录设备,在推动远程精确打击武器的发展进程中有重要作用。由于远程武器的射程范围广,常常导致数据存储器无法快速有效地定位回收,若数据存储器被敌人获取,将会导致数据泄露,危害国家安全。基于以上研发背景,分析了各种数据销毁方式的优缺点,设计实现了一种基于火工品技术的芯片毁伤方法,用于保护数据存储器的记录数据。测试结果表明:毁伤模块能够在无解保指令下对被恶意拆除的目标芯片进行摧毁,且毁伤模块在待机情况下能够长时间工作超过120 h。满足系统的方案设计需求。

某省三甲医院住院病案首页填报质量的影响因素及对策

目的研究三甲医院住院病案首页填报质量的影响因素及对策。方法选取某省三甲医院2022年2月—2023年10月共3976份住院病案作为研究对象,同时根据3976份住院病案调查对应249名住院医师具体个人信息,并以此进行影响因素分析。结果参与本研究住院医师中男性群体占比较高,达到61.85%;医师主要来源于临床职工,达到54.62%;医师学历中硕士占比较高,达到53.41%;工作时间也多数在1年以上。在进行住院医师住院病历首页填写培训中,整体还有较大改善空间,同时住院医师自主学习主动性也有待提升。住院医师对病案首页信息填写质量认知水平整体较低,有待提升。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,住院医师工作时间、住院医师规范化操作培训、病案首页信息填写培训、首页抽查质控均为影响住院病案首页信息填写质量的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论住院医师工作时间、住院医师规范化操作培训、病案首页信息填写培训、首页抽查质控均为影响住院病案首页信息填写质量的主要因素,通过及时根据影响因素采取相应改善措施,可高效促使住院病案首页填写信息的质量显著改善,促进后续病案信息管理质量不断提升。

国际视野下我国中小学教师固定与灵活工时结合制探究

非教学工时过长是各国中小学教师负担表面成因,而相对固定的“八小时五天工作制”是其深层根源所在。精减相对固定的学校常规工作时间并构建灵活可选择的创新工作时间,形成固定与灵活工时结合制工作模式,是减轻教师负担的关键。文章基于常规工时与兼职工时国际数据,论述了我国实行中小学教师“4+(1+1)”四天固定与两天灵活工时结合制的合理性,分析了结合制的关键是“师资—课程—生源”在固定与灵活时间之间延续且异质组合,并探讨了结合制的第二方案,即“6(6.5)+(1.5+1.5)小时”固定与灵活工时结合制的国际适用性。这种创新的工时制对于促进教师减负性发展具有重要意义。

Traffic Flow Characteristics in Work Zone and Non-Work Zone Environment and Its Impact on Road Crashes at the Segment Level

This study investigates relationships between congestion and travel time performance metrics and crashes on road segments. The study focuses on work zone routes in Iowa, utilizing 2021 commercially-available probe vehicle data and crash data. Travel time performance metrics were derived from the probe vehicle data, and crash counts were obtained from the crash data. Additional variables included road characteristics (traffic volume, road type, segment length) and a categorical variable for the presence of a work zone. A mixed effect linear regression model was employed to identify relationships between road segment crash counts and the selected performance metrics. This was accomplished for two sets of models that include congestion performance measures at different defining threshold values, along with travel time performance measures. The study results indicate that the congestion indicators, certain travel time performance measures, and traffic counts were statistically significant and positively correlated with crash counts. Indicator variables for rural interstate locations and non-active work zones have a stronger influence on crash count than those for municipal interstate locations and active work zones. These findings can inform decision-makers on work zone safety strategies and crash mitigation planning, especially in high traffic volume areas prone to congestion and queues.

技术密集型企业工时管理标准化可行性分析——以R公司组织与研发项目特点为背景

随着科学管理理念和现代数字工具的广泛应用,无论技术体系和产品应用场景如何变化,进度管理始终是项目管理的研究重点。然而迄今为止,工时管理在技术密集型企业的应用仍不尽成熟。本文从理论分析的角度探究了基于度量元的工时标准化实现条件,并结合R公司的实际管理现状进行比对分析,发现当前工时管理标准化在工时定额的确定、工时应用与维护方面还存在诸多困难。尽管如此,工时标准化管理的实行存在诸多积极影响,比如提升产品研发速度、实现产能平衡与精益劳动管理、加强业绩考核工作等。因此,探索工时标准化管理对技术密集型企业未来发展具有重大意义和前景,需要企业努力创造工时标准化的条件并结合科学理论进行积极探索。

数字时代劳动者离线权的保障进路与制度构建

在数字时代,信息技术的发展使劳动脱离了职场时空的限制。劳动者无法断开与工作的联系,成为世界性的问题。为了制衡信息时代雇主权力的滥用,保障劳动者的休息权、健康权、隐私权以及个人生活安宁权,提高劳动者的工作效率,越来越多的国家赋予劳动者离线权。我国亦有必要在比较域外离线权实现方式之利弊的基础上,结合国情分析离线权入法的必要性,进而构建本土化的离线权法律制度。

基于详细规格的管舾件安装任务包计划工时自动计算

根据管舾件安装任务包计划工时计算方法,提出基于详细规格的计划工时自动计算要点。提取管舾件规格与属性数据,建立工时标准库,确定修正因数,实现计划工时自动计算,并采用工时效率分析进行工时标准库修订。在相关企业开展的实际应用证明基于详细规格的管舾件安装任务包计划工时自动计算具有实用性。

工作连通行为与工作−生活冲突的元分析:基于工作−家庭资源模型的视角

随着信息和通信技术的不断发展,非工作时间和场所通过信息和通信技术处理工作,即工作连通行为(Work Connectivity Behavior After-hours,简称WCBA),已经成为了一种普遍的现象。由于WCBA是一种发生在非工作时间和场所的工作行为,因而其与工作−生活冲突的关系得到了大量实证研究的关注,但现有的实证结果却不甚一致。本研究基于工作−家庭资源模型提出了一个WCBA影响工作−生活冲突的两阶段过程性理论模型,并在此基础上识别了导致两者之间关系不一致的因素。基于67个独立样本(30498名被试)的元分析结果表明:WCBA与工作−生活冲突具有中等程度的正相关(¯ρ=0.34),两者的相关性受到工作−生活冲突表现形式、WCBA使用工具、婚姻状况、子女抚养状况、样本取样方式和WCBA测量方式的影响。研究结果澄清了WCBA与工作−生活冲突的关系以及关系不一致的原因,并为组织和员工合理地管理WCBA以缓解工作−生活冲突提供了一定的启示。

将功补过!基于身份维护视角的家庭-工作冲突作用机制

家庭-工作冲突是组织管理领域的研究热点之一。本研究基于身份维护理论探讨了家庭-工作冲突对员工工作行为的积极效应。通过实验研究(研究1和2)和经验取样法研究(研究3)支持了理论假设:家庭-工作冲突导致员工感知工作表现失分,从而促使他们提升工作努力程度并减少家庭投入。相对女性员工,男性员工家庭-工作冲突通过感知工作表现失分对工作努力和家庭投入减少的正向间接效应较强。本研究的结论挑战了“家庭-工作冲突总是有害”的主流假设,并为组织在应对员工家庭-工作冲突问题时提供了重要启示,帮助其在实践中趋利避害。

家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年人健康的影响

伴随人口老龄化的加剧与三孩政策的放开,照料需求也不断增长。在有酬照料服务供给相对不足且质量欠佳,女性越来越多地进入劳动力市场的背景下,由中老年群体提供家庭照料成为了理性的选择。本文利用CHARLS数据库,构建面板数据固定效应模型,探究了家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年群体健康的影响。结果表明,提供家庭照料劳动对中老年群体的身体健康不存在显著性影响,但对其精神健康存在显著的负面冲击。提供家庭照料劳动对女性中老年人与农村中老年人精神健康的负面影响更强。中介效应分析表明,家庭照料劳动通过增加家庭总支出与减少花费在主要工作上的工作时间两种渠道对精神健康产生影响。文章最后从关注弱势群体精神健康、增加公共照料服务供给等角度提出了政策建议。

非工作时间电子沟通对工作幸福感的影响因素

在信息时代,基层公务员在工作上的电子沟通经常突破规定的工作时间,这在相当程度上会对其工作幸福感产生一定的影响。基于资源保存理论和社会认同理论,以402名基层公务员调查问卷结果为依据,探讨非工作时间电子沟通对员工工作幸福感的影响,以及职业倦怠和使命效价在其中的作用。研究发现:非工作时间电子沟通对组织成员的工作幸福感具有显著的负向影响,职业倦怠在两者间起中介作用;使命效价轻微缓解非工作时间电子沟通对职业倦怠的影响,并抑制了职业倦怠对工作幸福感的负面冲击。该研究丰富了非工作时间电子沟通对基层公务员工作幸福感的影响效应研究,同时也为基层单位合理规划非工作时间电子沟通行为提供了实践的指导。

OECD国家小学教师工资水平与工作强度的比较研究

基于OECD国家的数据,对比分析各国小学教师的工资水平与工作强度的特征。研究发现,OECD国家呈现出教师工资水平普遍不高但工作强度分化的特点。按照工资水平高低和工作强度大小,将这些国家进行分类,基于收入-闲暇理论和货币与非货币性报酬理论,探索个体特征和制度特征与工资水平和工作时长的关系,进一步发现“时间长工资低”和“时间短工资低”的两组国家在教师性别、教师资质两方面有显著差异,但是在对教育技能的需求和生师比方面无显著差异。经比较后发现,非货币性报酬是教师职业的重要特征,教师劳动力市场有明显的雇主导向特征,对教师过高的准入技能要求可能对教育体系产生负面影响。

护理人员工作时长与工作绩效的关系:有调节的中介模型

文章采用方便抽样法选取江苏省某三甲医院1 032名在岗护理人员进行问卷调查,基于工作要求—资源(job demands-resources,JD-R)模型,探讨护理人员工作时长、职业倦怠、正念感知水平与工作绩效之间的关系及其作用机制。结果发现,护理人员工作时长增加,工作绩效降低(β=-0.10,P<0.05),职业倦怠在护理人员的工作时长与工作绩效中起中介作用;正念感知水平对该中介模型有调节作用(β=0.01,P<0.01),高正念感知水平的护理人员,随着工作时长的增加,工作绩效增加(β=0.10,P<0.05)。提示护理人员正念感知水平的提升,有助于缓解其职业倦怠状态,提高工作绩效。

航空发动机装配标准工时及工位能力优化研究

制定了航空发动机装配现场标准工时数据库,能够有效改善装配科室生产效率,为生产标准化提供了基本依据;并建立了装配技能矩阵,能够准确评估发动机各装配工位的作业水平,预判产出能力,为生产计划的下达及技能人才的培养方向提供了支撑依据。经对比,按技能矩阵优化后的工位能力模型进行生产计划的下达更为科学准确,解决了航空发动机装配现场生产工时的标准化问题,并依托装配技能矩阵的建立对生产计划进行了优化迭代,提高了航空发动机装配现场的生产管理水平。