Edmund Husserl＇s Political Praxis and Theoretical Reflections during World War I

Husserl the philosopher personally experienced World War I breaking out 100 years ago. Like most German and Austrian commoners, at the initial stage of the war, Husserl was extremely passionate for it. After undergoing the cruelty of war and losing many relatives and friends, he was once enmeshed in extreme confusion and disappointment, albeit he still made every effort to offer spiritual and ethical support to the soldiers at the front. Along with the proceeding of the war, he soon changed his views with respect to this war and confessed that more and deeper reflections were needed to address issues about problems of nationality, super-national ethics and about problems of wars relevant to them. He made philosophical theoretical reflections with regard to this war after it ended, and presented, eventually, requirements for himself： to be satisfied with taking the possibility of the practical activities of philosophy as the topic of philosophical theoretical study and to give up, in drastic fashion, the intention in such philosophical practices as providing political proposals and exerting political influences, ＂living purely as a scientific philosopher.＂

Australia and“the Enemy at Home”in World War I

Although the origins of the First World War lay primarily in Europe,its impact was felt across the world,including in China and in Australia.In the historical literature on Australian involvement in the war,there are two main points of focus,namely the unsuccessful military campaign in Turkey in 1915 and the campaign during the fi nal years of the war on the Western Front in Europe.This paper,however,shifts attention back to the other side of the world,to the Asia-Pacifi c region and to Australia itself.In particular the paper focuses on the ways in which Australia dealt with its“enemy at home”,that is,with Germans living in Australia at the time of the outbreak of war.It is argued that participation in the First World War pulled Australia in two different directions.Firstly,through its role as a belligerent power,Australia became a more signifi cant player in regional and world affairs than it had been before the war.Secondly,Australia adopted a narrower understanding of its national identity,and one which was not well suited to its new international role.

Burns and frostbite in the Red Army during World War Ⅱ

The start of World War Ⅱ(WWⅡ) led to the deployment of combat troops in several continents. Destruction and many casualties among both the military and civilians became an inevitable consequence. A large amount of people injured were in need of life-saving treatment and a speedy return to duty. Intensive studies of the specific issues of diagnosis and treatment of thermal injury were conducted in the Soviet Union before the war. The first special units for patients with burn injuries were created, and the first specialists received their first clinical experience. The contributions of famous Soviet scientists in the development of the treatment of burns and frostbite in WWⅡ are studied in this article. The structure of thermal injuries among military personnel and the results of their treatment are shown. Treatment, classification and quantity frostbite in the structure of sanitary losses during the WWⅡ are studied in this article.

Regard History as a Mirror and Create a New World of Peace,Development and Cooperation—In Commemoration of the 60^(th) Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World's Anti-Fascist War

The year 2005 marks the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the world’s anti-fascist war. China and many other countries have held all kinds of activities to commemorate this event that has most deeply impacted human history. The Second World War, the crudest war

The Influence of U. S-Iraq War on World System and International Order

The ongoing U. S. -Iraq war is the focus of various governments, peoples and media of the world. Analyses can be made from different angles. I want to discuss the influence of the U. S. -Iraq war on current and future world system and international system. The U. S. -Iraq war is not a war in a traditional sense, but the first comprehensive war in the new century, involving military, political,

Iraq War and Principal contradictions in World Politics

Nobody denies that the Iraq war launched by America is a local war that is of global influence and beyond the anti-terror campaign. The various contentions among major world political powers before and after the war reveal that the world strategic structure that is changing since the end of the Cold War has gone through another grave impact after the 9/11 events. The paper does not want to make an

Africa and the World Wars

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the First World War and the 75th anniversary of the Second World War. Mauya Omauya a media editor and lecturer in international affairs at Kenya＇s Moi University, believes that from slavery to colonialism and neocolonialism, Africa has been a victim of wars started far from its shores. His views follow：

一战时期中美棉花贸易的发展

棉花是中国重要的农产品之一,自古以来,中国不断改进生产技术,扩大棉花种植面积,近代时棉花的质量和产量都出现一定程度的提高。第一次世界大战期间,中美棉花贸易蓬勃发展,究其原因是由于欧洲市场的缺失,美国市场地位的提高,其他国家竞争力的下降,以及中国一大批先进资产阶级实业家积极投身棉业等多方因素造成的。当然进步之外,仍存在一些问题,如中美贸易关系的不平等及中国产业结构较弱等。总的来说,中国在第一次世界大战期间抓住时机积极参与国际市场,促进了国家贸易发展,对中国的民族资本主义经济发展和对外贸易的改善都产生了长远影响。

Social Policies in the Thirties in Europe:Crisis and Solution-The Italian Case

Drawing from historiography and literature on the subject and considering the consequences produced on the European society by World War I and the 1929 Wall Street Crisis,this article aims at analysing some aspects of the fascist construction of welfare state.The model suggested by the fascist regime in the thirties was a typical totalitarian welfare state,which used social policies to strengthen the home front and to build consensus for the regime.Despite the fascist regime had the war as its goal,it did not mobilize the country on the eve of World War II,but preferred to invest in social assistance and welfare,for reasons of political convenience.Moreover,the analysis of fascist social policy measures,such as social security,points out that some flaws in the social security system,such as excessive spending,or the categorical approach to assistance and social security typical of fascism,were borrowed from republican Italy.

Indicate the Ways in which‘The Destructors’and‘The Blush’Deal with Cultural and Social Issues Pertinent to the Time in Which They Were Written

The Second World War exerted tremendous influence on British society.The way British people think also changed to different extents.The British society was enveloped in haze and fear,while works revealing the social reality were produced.Adopt⁃ing critical thinking,this essay compared‘The Destructors’and‘The Blush’to explore how the backgrounds,characters,themes and unexpected factors in respective works are related to cultural and social issues of the post-war time.It also revealed the effects of the Second World War on the society.

UXO Assessment on the Romanian Black Sea Coast

This paper aims to provide the reader with the results of the Unexploded Ordnance(UXO)survey of the defensive historical naval minefields launched by the Romanian and German Navies on the Romanian Black Sea coast,during the Second World War.This UXO survey was carried out between 2015-2018 by the Romanian Navy’s hydrographic ship“Commander Alexandru Cătuneanu”and Romanian Mine Warfare Data Center,using towed side-scan sonar technology and oceanographic observations.After explaining the materials and methodology,the results are presented and discussed:mosaics of the minefields,side-scan images of UXO contacts,side-scan images of the wrecks that were sunk in the minefields and some visible natural geological features of the seafloor.It was concluded that most of the objects discovered are sinkers,wreck debris or parts of chains,which does not represent a danger to navigation.

第一次世界大战期间俄国自愿协会的活动及其与沙皇政权的关系

一战期间,俄国自愿协会的数量持续增加,它们组织募捐活动,为前线士兵供应物资;建立军医院,救助受伤士兵;训练新兵,为前线补充兵源;为解决战时国家财政困难及失业问题出谋划策;致力于稳定国内物价,在支援前线、重建后方等方面作出了突出贡献,缓解了沙皇政府的燃眉之急。但随着俄国内危机的加深和自愿协会影响力的扩大,其活动受到沙皇政权的限制和打压。自愿协会的遭遇表明,沙皇政权统治末期的政治与社会危机已经到了无法克服的程度。

Lofty Expectations and Bitter Reality： Chinese Interpreters for the US Army during the Second World War, 1941-1945

Between 1941 and 1945, the Nationalist government supervised a program that trained more than 3,300 male college students and recent graduates to serve as interpreters for the US military in the China-Burma-India （CB1） Theater. These interpreters made the Sino-US alliance a reality by enabling American servicemen to communicate with other Chinese. But despite the program＇s operational success, interpreters suffered from intractable morale problems. Interpreters began their service with lofty expectations. Senior officials and intellectuals encouraged them to see themselves as central figures in China＇s struggle for nafonal rejuvenation. They would uplift the country by convincing American servicemen to see Chinese as equals and by introducing American technology, traits, and habits to the Chinese Army. It all sounded glorious to cadets undergoing training, but actual interpreter service proved bitterly disappointing to most young men. They found their monotonous duties unworthy of their position The Nationalist government, for its part, lacked the capacity to keep them clothed, paid, and fed. Their own compatriots--soldiers and civilians alike--regarded them with suspicion. Most frustrating of all, American soldiers refused to treat them as equals. By examining interpreter morale problems in China fronl 1941 to 1945, this article enriches our understanding of wartime interpreting, China in a global World War II, and sources of friction in the Sino-US alliance