Response of Endogenous Salicylic Acid and Jasmonates to Mechanical Wounding in Pea Leaves

The roles of on endogenous jasmonates （JAs） and salicylic acid （SA） in wounding response were investigated. Pea （Pisum sativum L.） seedlings were treated with three different methods including mechanical wounding, JAs application, and SA application. The contents of endogenous JAs and SA, as well as the activities of the related enzymes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）, and spectrophotometer, respectively. The results showed that endogenous JA rapidly accumulated within 30 min after wounding. The increase in the activities of both lipoxygenase （LOX） and allene oxide synthase （AOS） lagged behind JAs burst. A second slight increase in JAs level was observed at 24 h after wounding treatment, and at the same time point, higher activities of LOX and AOS were also detected. Endogenous free SA content decreased accompanied with JAs burst. Effects of exogenous JA application were similar to those of wounding treatment on endogenous SA level and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activity, whereas exogenous SA application led to the significant inhibition of LOX and AOS activities and the decrease of endogenous JAs level at the early stage of treatment. It is thus suggested that JAs burst and SA decrease in early response to wounding may constitute an important mechanism by which plant starts the related defense reaction and adapts to wounding stress.

Effects of Wounding and Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Peroxidation of Membrane Lipid in Pea Seedlings Leaves

The changes of malondialdehyde （MDA）, H2O2, and O2^7 content, or the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, ascrobate peroxidase （APX）, peroxidase （POD）, phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） in pea seedlings （Pisum sativum L.） under wounding and treatment of exogenous jasmonic acid （JA） were investigated. The results showed that the activities of both phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were significantly increased by wounding and application of JA. The metabolism of reaction oxidative species （ROS） was enhanced, especially O2^7 and H2O2 appeared to rapidly increase. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX and POD were also increased. Treatment of JA of 1 or 10 μmol L^-1 could effectively induce plant defense response, and thus decrease the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. However, high concentration of JA （100 μmol L^-1） resulted in unbalance of metabolism of ROS and promoted the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. We thus suggested that JA, under the suitable concentration, could induce defense response of pea seedlings to wounding.

Effects of mechanical damage and herbivore wounding on H_2O_2 metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in hybrid poplar leaves

The changes of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in a hybrid poplar(Populus simonii ×P.pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277') in response to mechanical damage(MD) and herbivore wounding(HW) were investigated to determine whether H2O2 could function as the secondary messenger in the signaling of systemic resistance.Results show that H2O2 was generated in wounded leaves through MD and HW treatments and systemically in unwounded leaves around the wounded leaves.The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were also enhanced.However, the H2O2 accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities were inhibited in MD leaves through the pretreatment with DPI(which is a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase).The results of this study suggest that H2O2 could be systemically induced by MD and HW treatments, and H2O2 metabolism was closely related to the change in SOD, APX and CAT activities.A high level of antioxidant enzymes could decrease membrane lipid peroxidation levels and effectively induce plant defense responses.

Wounding characteristics and treatment principles of ground anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew

The wound mechanism,injury characteristics and treatment principles of anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew in the past 20 years are summarized in this paper.Shock vibration,metal jet,depleted uranium aerosol and post armor breaking effect are the main factors for wounding armored crew.Their prominent characteristics are severe injury,high incidence of bone fracture,high rate of depleted uranium injury,and high incidence of multiple/combined injuries.During the treatment,attention must be paid on that the space of armored vehicle is limited,and the casualties should be moved outside of the cabin for comprehensive treatment.Especially,the management of depleted uranium injury and burn/inhalation injury are more important than other injuries for the armored wounds.

Systemic induction of H_(2)O_(2) in pea seedlings pretreated by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid

Pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) were used as materials to test the timings and compartments of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) triggered by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). The results showed that H2O2 could be systemically induced by wounding and exogenous JA. H2O2 increased within 1 h and reached the peak 3―5 h after wounding in either the wounded leaves or the unwounded leaves adjacent to the wounded ones and the inferior leaves far from the wounded ones. After this, H2O2 decreased and recovered to the control level 12 h after wounding. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, however, were rapidly increased by wounding. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, could significantly inhibit H2O2 burst that was mediated by wounding and exogenous JA. Assay of H2O2 subcellular location showed that H2O2 in response to wounding and exogenous JA was predominantly accumulated in plasma membrane, cell wall and apoplasmic space. Numerous JA (gold particles) was found via immu- nogold electron microscopy to be located in cell wall and phloem zones of mesophyll cell after wounding.

Overexpression of the Wounding-Responsive Gene AtMYB15 Activates the Shikimate Pathway in Arabidopsis

The MYB transcription factor genes play important roles in many developmental processes and various defense responses of plants. The shikimate pathway is a major biosynthetic pathway for the production of three aromatic amino acids and other aromatic compounds that are involved in multiple responses of plants, including protection against UV and defense. Herein, we describe the characterization of the R2R3-MYB gene AtMYB15as an activator of the shikimate pathway in Arabidopsis. The AtMYB15 protein is nuclear localized and a transcriptional activation domain is found in its C-terminal portion. Northern blots showed that AtMYB15 is an early wounding-inducible gene. Resutls of microarray analysis, confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, showed that overexpression of AtMYB15 in transgenic plants resulted in elevated expression of almost all the genes involved in the shikimate pathway. Bioinformatics analysis showed that one or more AtMYB15-binding AC elements were detected in the promoters of these upregulated genes. Furthermore, these genes in the shikimate pathway were also found to be induced by wounding. These data suggest an important role of AtMYB15as a possible direct regulator of the Arabidopsis shikimate pathway in response to wounding.

Cytokinin levels and signaling respond to wounding and the perception of herbivore elicitors in Nicotiana attenuata

Nearly half a century ago insect herbivores were found to induce the formation of green islands by manipulating cytokinin （CK） levels. However, the response of the CK pathway to attack by chewing insect herbivores remains unclear. Here, we characterize the CK pathway of Nicotiana attenuata （Torr. ex S. Wats.） and its response to wounding and perception of herbivoreassociated molecular patterns （HAMPs）. We identified 44 genes involved in CK biosynthesis, inactivation, degradation, and signaling. Leaf wounding rapidly induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes throughout the pathway, as well as in the levels of CKs, including isopentenyladenosine and cis-zeatin riboside; perception of HAMPs present in the oral secretions （OS） of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta amplified these responses. The jasmonate pathway, which triggers many herbivore-induced processes, was not required for these HAMP-triggered changes, but rather suppressed the CK responses. Interestingly CK pathway changes were observed also in systemic leaves in response to wounding and OS application indicating a role of CKs in mediating long distance systemic processes in response to herbivory. Since wounding and grasshopper OS elicited similar accumulations of CKs in Arabidopsis thaliana L., we propose that CKs are integral components of wounding and HAMP-triggered responses in many plant species.

Porous nanofibrous dressing enables mesenchymal stem cell spheroid formation and delivery to promote diabetic wound healing

Delayed and nonhealing of diabetic wounds imposes substantial economic burdens and physical pain on patients.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)promote diabetic wound healing.Particularly when MSCs aggregate into multicellular spheroids,their therapeutic effect is enhanced.However,traditional culture platforms are inadequate for the efficient preparation and delivery of MSC spheroids,resulting in inefficiencies and inconveniences in MSC spheroid therapy.In this study,a three-dimensional porous nanofibrous dressing(NFD)is prepared using a combination of electrospinning and homogeneous freeze-drying.Using thermal crosslinking,the NFD not only achieves satisfactory elasticity but also maintains notable cytocompatibility.Through the design of its structure and chemical composition,the NFD allows MSCs to spontaneously form MSC spheroids with controllable sizes,serving as MSC spheroid delivery systems for diabetic wound sites.Most importantly,MSC spheroids cultured on the NFD exhibit improved secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,and hepatocyte growth factor,thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing.The NFD provides a competitive strategy for MSC spheroid formation and delivery to promote diabetic wound healing.

A Skin-Inspired Self-Adaptive System for Temperature Control During Dynamic Wound Healing

The thermoregulating function of skin that is capable of maintaining body temperature within a thermostatic state is critical.However,patients suffering from skin damage are struggling with the surrounding scene and situational awareness.Here,we report an interactive self-regulation electronic system by mimicking the human thermos-reception system.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system is composed of two highly sensitive thermistors(thermal-response composite materials),and a low-power temperature control unit(Laserinduced graphene array).The biomimetic skin can realize self-adjusting in the range of 35–42℃,which is around physiological temperature.This thermoregulation system also contributed to skin barrier formation and wound healing.Across wound models,the treatment group healed~10%more rapidly compared with the control group,and showed reduced inflammation,thus enhancing skin tissue regeneration.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system holds substantial promise for nextgeneration robotic and medical devices.

Transcranial photobiomodulation for the brain: a wide range of clinical applications

Photobiomodulation therapy(PBMT)is a rapidly growing approach to the healing,stimulation,protection,and regeneration of many human organs and tissue types.PBMT started in the 1960s as low-level laser therapy for wound healing,but since then the introduction of light-emitting diodes(LEDs)has dramatically increased the number of applications and reports of positive results.PBMT generally uses red(620-700 nm)and/or near-infrared(780-1270 nm)wavelengths of light at an intensity that causes no tissue heating,and its activity is based on well-established biological and cellular mechanisms(de Freitas and Hamblin,2016).While laser therapists continue to use various types of laser in their office practice,LEDs are ideally suited for home use devices because they are completely safe and without any known significant adverse effects.Among the various body parts on which PBMT has been shown to exert beneficial effects,the brain stands out as perhaps the most promising overall.PBMT has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation,while increasing mitochondrial function,oxygen consumption,and blood flow within the brain(Hamblin,2016).Moreover,PBMT can stimulate the processes of synaptogenesis,neurogenesis,and neuroplasticity thus helping the brain to heal itself.

Transplantation of a pectoralis major flap for the repair of myiasis wounds

Myiasis is a disease caused by the invasion and colonization of human tissues and organs by the larvae of flies.This is manifested by the formation of necrotic tissue in the lesion,the colonization of fly eggs and the spread of fly larvae.This disease is mostly found in areas with poor sanitary conditions.Poor wound care,necrotic tissue formation,reduced immunity,and frequent contact with flies are risk factors for this disease.Myiasis can be divided into obligate and facultative parasitism,^([1])while some scholars have classified myiasis according to its location.^([2])In addition,some cases of myiasis are secondary to wound infection or poor surgical maintenance.^([3,4]).

Antimicrobial,antibiofilm,angiogenesis,anti-inflammatory,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract

Objective:To assess the antimicrobial,antibiofilm,anti-inflammatory,angiogenic,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles(ZNPs)green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract.Methods:The green synthesis was conducted using the precipitation method.Then,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC),and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration 50%(MBIC50)of ZNPs against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)were evaluated.The effects of ZNPs on the gene expressions of Staphylococcus spp.[intracellular adhesion A(icaA)and D(icaD)]and P.aeruginosa(rhlI and rhlR)were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR.In addition,the effects of ZNPs on wound healing,angiogenesis,and anti-inflammatory markers were assessed.Results:The green-synthesized ZNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa.The biofilm formation in S.aureus and P.aeruginosa was also inhibited by ZNPs with MBIC50 values of 3.30μg/mL and 2.08μg/mL,respectively.Additionally,ZNPs downregulated the expression of biofilm-related genes icaA,icaD,rhlI,and rhlR in the tested bacteria.They also demonstrated promising in vitro wound healing effects by promoting fibroblast cell proliferation and wound closure in a dose-dependent manner.A significant increase in the expression of HLA-G5 and VEGF-A genes as well as a marked decrease in the expression of NF-κB,IL-1β,and TNF-αgenes were observed in cells treated with ZNPs compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:ZNPs display promising antibacterial effects against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa and wound-healing effects by inhibiting biofilm formation,inducing angiogenesis,and reducing inflammation.However,further studies must be conducted to specify the accurate mechanisms of action and toxicity of ZNPs.

Numerical and experimental study on the falling film flow characteristics with the effect of co-current gas flow in hydrogen liquefaction process

Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation is an effective method for large-scale transportation and utilization of hydrogen energy. Revealing the flow mechanism of cryogenic working fluid is the key to optimize heat exchanger structure and hydrogen liquefaction process(LH2). The methods of cryogenic visualization experiment, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are conducted to study the falling film flow characteristics with the effect of co-current gas flow in LH2spiral wound heat exchanger.The results show that the flow rate of mixed refrigerant has a great influence on liquid film spreading process, falling film flow pattern and heat transfer performance. The liquid film of LH2mixed refrigerant with column flow pattern can not uniformly and completely cover the tube wall surface. As liquid flow rate increases, the falling film flow pattern evolves into sheet-column flow and sheet flow, and liquid film completely covers the surface of tube wall. With the increase of shear effect of gas-phase mixed refrigerant in the same direction, the liquid film gradually becomes unstable, and the flow pattern eventually evolves into a mist flow.

ROS Balance Autoregulating Core-Shell CeO_(2)@ZIF-8/Au Nanoplatform for Wound Repair

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays important roles in living organisms.While ROS is a double-edged sword,which can eliminate drug-resistant bacteria,but excessive levels can cause oxidative damage to cells.A core–shell nanozyme,Ce O_(2)@ZIF-8/Au,has been crafted,spontaneously activating both ROS generating and scavenging functions,achieving the multifaceted functions of eliminating bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.The Au Nanoparticles(NPs)on the shell exhibit high-efficiency peroxidase-like activity,producing ROS to kill bacteria.Meanwhile,the encapsulation of Ce O_(2) core within ZIF-8 provides a seal for temporarily limiting the superoxide dismutase and catalase-like activities of Ce O_(2) nanoparticles.Subsequently,as the ZIF-8 structure decomposes in the acidic microenvironment,the Ce O_(2) core is gradually released,exerting its ROS scavenging activity to eliminate excess ROS produced by the Au NPs.These two functions automatically and continuously regulate the balance of ROS levels,ultimately achieving the function of killing bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.Such innovative ROS spontaneous regulators hold immense potential for revolutionizing the field of antibacterial agents and therapies.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing:roles,opportunities and challenges

Skin wounds are characterized by injury to the skin due to trauma,tearing,cuts,or contusions.As such injuries are common to all human groups,they may at times represent a serious socioeconomic burden.Currently,increasing numbers of studies have focused on the role of mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles(EVs)in skin wound repair.As a cell-free therapy,MSC-derived EVs have shown significant application potential in the field of wound repair as a more stable and safer option than conventional cell therapy.Treatment based on MSC-derived EVs can significantly promote the repair of damaged substructures,including the regeneration of vessels,nerves,and hair follicles.In addition,MSC-derived EVs can inhibit scar formation by affecting angiogenesis-related and antifibrotic pathways in promoting macrophage polarization,wound angiogenesis,cell proliferation,and cell migration,and by inhibiting excessive extracellular matrix production.Additionally,these structures can serve as a scaffold for components used in wound repair,and they can be developed into bioengineered EVs to support trauma repair.Through the formulation of standardized culture,isolation,purification,and drug delivery strategies,exploration of the detailed mechanism of EVs will allow them to be used as clinical treatments for wound repair.In conclusion,MSCderived EV-based therapies have important application prospects in wound repair.Here we provide a comprehensive overview of their current status,application potential,and associated drawbacks.

Double-nylon purse-string suture in closing postoperative wounds following endoscopic resection of large(≥3 cm)gastric submucosal tumors

BACKGROUND Endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR)of gastric submucosal tumors(SMTs)is safe and effective;however,postoperative wound management is equally important.Literature on suturing following EFTR for large(≥3 cm)SMTs is scarce and limited.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and clinical value of double-nylon purse-string suture in closing postoperative wounds following EFTR of large(≥3 cm)SMTs.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of 85 patients with gastric SMTs in the fundus of the stomach or in the lesser curvature of the gastric body whose wounds were treated with double-nylon purse-string sutures after successful tumor resection at the Endoscopy Center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University.The operative,postoperative,and follow-up conditions of the patients were evaluated.RESULTS All tumors were completely resected using EFTR.36(42.35%)patients had tumors located in the fundus of the stomach,and 49(57.65%)had tumors located in the body of the stomach.All patients underwent suturing with double-nylon sutures after EFTR without laparoscopic assistance or further surgical treatment.Postoperative fever and stomach pain were reported in 13(15.29%)and 14(16.47%)patients,respectively.No serious adverse events occurred during the intraoperative or postoperative periods.A postoperative review of all patients revealed no residual or recurrent lesions.CONCLUSION Double-nylon purse-string sutures can be used to successfully close wounds that cannot be completely closed with a single nylon suture,especially for large(≥3 cm)EFTR wounds in SMTs.

Consilience and unity in ocular anterior segment research

In his beautiful book,Consilience:The Unity of Knowledge,the eminent biologist Edward O Wilson,advocates the need for integration and reconciliation across the sciences.He defines consilience as“literally a‘jumping together’of knowledge with a linking of facts…to create a common groundwork of explanation”.It is the premise of this paper that as much as basic biomedical research is in need of data generation using the latest available techniques–unifying available knowledge is just as critical.This involves the necessity to resolve contradictory findings,reduce silos,and acknowledge complexity.We take the cornea and the lens as case studies of our premise.Specifically,in this perspective,we discuss the conflicting and fragmented information on protein aggregation,oxidative damage,and fibrosis.These are fields of study that are integrally tied to anterior segment research.Our goal is to highlight the vital need for Wilson’s consilience and unity of knowledge which in turn should lead to enhanced rigor and reproducibility,and most importantly,to greater understanding and not simply knowing.

Single-cell sequencing technology in diabetic wound healing:New insights into the progenitors-based repair strategies

Diabetes mellitus(DM),an increasingly prevalent chronic metabolic disease,is characterised by prolonged hyperglycaemia,which leads to long-term health consequences.Although much effort has been put into understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNAseq)has revolutionised biological research by enabling the identification of novel cell types,the discovery of cellular markers,the analysis of gene expression patterns and the prediction of develop-mental trajectories.This powerful tool allows for an in-depth exploration of pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels.In this editorial,we focus on progenitor-based repair strategies for diabetic wound healing as revealed by scRNAseq and highlight the biological behaviour of various healing-related cells and the alteration of signalling pathways in the process of diabetic wound healing.ScRNAseq could not only deepen our understanding of the complex biology of diabetic wounds but also identify and validate new targets for inter-vention,offering hope for improved patient outcomes in the management of this challenging complication of DM.

Global trends in publications regarding macrophages-related diabetic foot ulcers in the last two decades

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)are one of the most severe and popular complications of diabetes.The persistent non-healing of DFUs is the leading cause of amputation,which causes significant mental and financial stress to patients and their families.Macrophages are critical cells in wound healing and perform essential roles in all phases of wound healing.However,no studies have been carried out to systematically illustrate this area from a scientometric point of view.Although there have been some bibliometric studies on diabetes,reports focusing on the investigation of macrophages in DFUs are lacking.AIM To perform a bibliometric analysis to systematically assess the current state of research on macrophage-related DFUs.METHODS The publications of macrophage-related DFUs from January 1,2004,to December 31,2023,were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on January 9,2024.Four different analytical tools:VOSviewer(v1.6.19),CiteSpace(v6.2.R4),HistCite(v12.03.07),and Excel 2021 were used for the scientometric research.RESULTS A total of 330 articles on macrophage-related DFUs were retrieved.The most published countries,institutions,journals,and authors in this field were China,Shanghai Jiao Tong University of China,Wound Repair and Regeneration,and Aristidis Veves.Through the analysis of keyword co-occurrence networks,historical direct citation networks,thematic maps,and trend topics maps,we synthesized the prevailing research hotspots and emerging trends in this field.CONCLUSION Our bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of macrophage-related DFUs research and insights into promising upcoming research.

Advances in clinical applications of bioceramics in the new regenerative medicine era

In this editorial,we comment on the hard and soft tissue applications of different ceramic-based scaffolds prepared by different mechanisms such as 3D printing,sol-gel,and electrospinning.The new concept of regenerative medicine relies on biomaterials that can trigger in situ tissue regeneration and stem cell recruitment at the defect site.A large percentage of these biomaterials is ceramic-based as they provide the essential requirements of biomaterial principles such as tailored multisize porosity,antibacterial properties,and angiogenic properties.All these previously mentioned properties put bioceramics on top of the hierarchy of biomaterials utilized to stimulate tissue regeneration in soft and hard tissue wounds.Multiple clinical applications registered the use of these materials in triggering soft tissue regeneration in healthy and diabetic patients such as bioactive glass nanofibers.The results were promising and opened new frontiers for utilizing these materials on a larger scale.The same results were mentioned when using different forms and formulas of bioceramics in hard defect regeneration.Some bioceramics were used in combination with other polymers and biological scaffolds to improve their regenerative and mechanical properties.All this progress will enable a larger scale of patients to receive such services with ease and decrease the financial burden on the government.