Localized Effects of Mechanical Wounding and Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Induction of Secondary Laticifer Differentiation in Relation to the Distribution of Jasmonic Acid in Hevea brasiliensis

The relationship between the effect of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on the induction of secondary laticifer differentiation and the distribution of JA in the seedling of Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. was investigated with the aid of experimental morphological and radioisotope technique. Most radioactivity of H-3-JA sustained in treated site within one hour while no radioactivity was detected in new shoot and the radioactivity in upper leaf was much less than that in the parts below the treated site, suggesting that JA was mainly transported downwards in the shoot of H brasiliensis. Mechanical wounding hindered the entrance of exogenous JA remarkably while held back the entered JA to the regions around wounded site. The effect of exogenous JA and mechanical wounding on the induction of the secondary laticifer differentiation was limited to treated site where high level of JA was expected. Mechanical wounding reduced the effect of exogenous JA on the differentiation of secondary laticifer, which could be ascribed to the hindrance of mechanical wounding to the entrance of exogenous JA. It was concluded from the combined data that a high accumulation of JA was required for inducing the secondary laticifer differentiation in H. brasiliensis.

Effects of mechanical damage and herbivore wounding on H2O2 metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in hybrid poplar leaves

The changes of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in a hybrid poplar （Populus simonii xp. pyramidalis ＇Opera 8277＇） in response to rnechanical damage （MD） and herbivore wounding （HW） were investigated to determine whether H2O2 could function as the secondary messenger in the signaling of systemic resistance. Results show that H2O2 was generated in wounded leaves through MD and HW treatments and systemically in unwounded leaves around the wounded leaves. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） were also enhanced. However, the H2O2 accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities were inhibited in MD leaves through the pretreatment with DPI （which is a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase）. The results of this study suggest that H2O2 could be systemically induced by MD and HW treatments, and H2O2 metabolism was closely related to the change in SOD, APX and CAT activities. A high level of antioxidant enzymes could decrease membrane lipid peroxidation levels and effectively induce plant defense responses.

Response of Endogenous Salicylic Acid and Jasmonates to Mechanical Wounding in Pea Leaves

The roles of on endogenous jasmonates （JAs） and salicylic acid （SA） in wounding response were investigated. Pea （Pisum sativum L.） seedlings were treated with three different methods including mechanical wounding, JAs application, and SA application. The contents of endogenous JAs and SA, as well as the activities of the related enzymes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）, and spectrophotometer, respectively. The results showed that endogenous JA rapidly accumulated within 30 min after wounding. The increase in the activities of both lipoxygenase （LOX） and allene oxide synthase （AOS） lagged behind JAs burst. A second slight increase in JAs level was observed at 24 h after wounding treatment, and at the same time point, higher activities of LOX and AOS were also detected. Endogenous free SA content decreased accompanied with JAs burst. Effects of exogenous JA application were similar to those of wounding treatment on endogenous SA level and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activity, whereas exogenous SA application led to the significant inhibition of LOX and AOS activities and the decrease of endogenous JAs level at the early stage of treatment. It is thus suggested that JAs burst and SA decrease in early response to wounding may constitute an important mechanism by which plant starts the related defense reaction and adapts to wounding stress.

Effects of Wounding and Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Peroxidation of Membrane Lipid in Pea Seedlings Leaves

The changes of malondialdehyde （MDA）, H2O2, and O2^7 content, or the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, ascrobate peroxidase （APX）, peroxidase （POD）, phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） in pea seedlings （Pisum sativum L.） under wounding and treatment of exogenous jasmonic acid （JA） were investigated. The results showed that the activities of both phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were significantly increased by wounding and application of JA. The metabolism of reaction oxidative species （ROS） was enhanced, especially O2^7 and H2O2 appeared to rapidly increase. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX and POD were also increased. Treatment of JA of 1 or 10 μmol L^-1 could effectively induce plant defense response, and thus decrease the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. However, high concentration of JA （100 μmol L^-1） resulted in unbalance of metabolism of ROS and promoted the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. We thus suggested that JA, under the suitable concentration, could induce defense response of pea seedlings to wounding.

Theoretical Study on the Temporary Cavity Caused by a High Speed Projectile When Wounding Living Organisms

Analyzes and calculates the process of development of a temporary cavity in the muscle directly after a projectile wounds organisms at a high speed. The muscle is taken as a non compressible Voigt Kelvin viscoelastic fluid model, on the assumption of moving in a radial direction and on spherical symmetry, a theoretical model proposed using the basic equations of the non Newtonian fluid mechanics. The model can well describe the pulsation process of the temporary cavity and changes of pressure in the cavity. The calculated results are in correspondence with the experimental results. The model can be applied in the quantitative analysis of a temporary cavity.

Effects of mechanical damage and herbivore wounding on H_2O_2 metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in hybrid poplar leaves

The changes of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in a hybrid poplar(Populus simonii ×P.pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277') in response to mechanical damage(MD) and herbivore wounding(HW) were investigated to determine whether H2O2 could function as the secondary messenger in the signaling of systemic resistance.Results show that H2O2 was generated in wounded leaves through MD and HW treatments and systemically in unwounded leaves around the wounded leaves.The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were also enhanced.However, the H2O2 accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities were inhibited in MD leaves through the pretreatment with DPI(which is a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase).The results of this study suggest that H2O2 could be systemically induced by MD and HW treatments, and H2O2 metabolism was closely related to the change in SOD, APX and CAT activities.A high level of antioxidant enzymes could decrease membrane lipid peroxidation levels and effectively induce plant defense responses.

Wounding characteristics and treatment principles of ground anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew

The wound mechanism,injury characteristics and treatment principles of anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew in the past 20 years are summarized in this paper.Shock vibration,metal jet,depleted uranium aerosol and post armor breaking effect are the main factors for wounding armored crew.Their prominent characteristics are severe injury,high incidence of bone fracture,high rate of depleted uranium injury,and high incidence of multiple/combined injuries.During the treatment,attention must be paid on that the space of armored vehicle is limited,and the casualties should be moved outside of the cabin for comprehensive treatment.Especially,the management of depleted uranium injury and burn/inhalation injury are more important than other injuries for the armored wounds.

Research advances in smart responsive-hydrogel dressings with potential clinical diabetic wound healing properties

The treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds in diabetic patients remains a major medical problem.Recent reports have shown that hydrogel wound dressings might be an effective strategy for treating diabetic wounds due to their excellent hydrophilicity,good drug-loading ability and sustained drug release properties.As a typical example,hyaluronic acid dressing(Healoderm)has been demonstrated in clinical trials to improve wound-healing efficiency and healing rates for diabetic foot ulcers.However,the drug release and degradation behavior of clinically-used hydrogel wound dressings cannot be adjusted according to the wound microenvironment.Due to the intricacy of diabetic wounds,antibiotics and other medications are frequently combined with hydrogel dressings in clinical practice,although these medications are easily hindered by the hostile environment.In this case,scientists have created responsive-hydrogel dressings based on the microenvironment features of diabetic wounds(such as high glucose and low pH)or combined with external stimuli(such as light or magnetic field)to achieve controllable drug release,gel degradation,and microenvironment improvements in order to overcome these clinical issues.These responsive-hydrogel dressings are anticipated to play a significant role in diabetic therapeutic wound dressings.Here,we review recent advances on responsive-hydrogel dressings towards diabetic wound healing,with focus on hydrogel structure design,the principle of responsiveness,and the behavior of degradation.Last but not least,the advantages and limitations of these responsive-hydrogels in clinical applications will also be discussed.We hope that this review will contribute to furthering progress on hydrogels as an improved dressing for diabetic wound healing and practical clinical application.

Numerical and experimental study on the falling film flow characteristics with the effect of co-current gas flow in hydrogen liquefaction process

Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation is an effective method for large-scale transportation and utilization of hydrogen energy. Revealing the flow mechanism of cryogenic working fluid is the key to optimize heat exchanger structure and hydrogen liquefaction process(LH2). The methods of cryogenic visualization experiment, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are conducted to study the falling film flow characteristics with the effect of co-current gas flow in LH2spiral wound heat exchanger.The results show that the flow rate of mixed refrigerant has a great influence on liquid film spreading process, falling film flow pattern and heat transfer performance. The liquid film of LH2mixed refrigerant with column flow pattern can not uniformly and completely cover the tube wall surface. As liquid flow rate increases, the falling film flow pattern evolves into sheet-column flow and sheet flow, and liquid film completely covers the surface of tube wall. With the increase of shear effect of gas-phase mixed refrigerant in the same direction, the liquid film gradually becomes unstable, and the flow pattern eventually evolves into a mist flow.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing:roles,opportunities and challenges

Skin wounds are characterized by injury to the skin due to trauma,tearing,cuts,or contusions.As such injuries are common to all human groups,they may at times represent a serious socioeconomic burden.Currently,increasing numbers of studies have focused on the role of mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles(EVs)in skin wound repair.As a cell-free therapy,MSC-derived EVs have shown significant application potential in the field of wound repair as a more stable and safer option than conventional cell therapy.Treatment based on MSC-derived EVs can significantly promote the repair of damaged substructures,including the regeneration of vessels,nerves,and hair follicles.In addition,MSC-derived EVs can inhibit scar formation by affecting angiogenesis-related and antifibrotic pathways in promoting macrophage polarization,wound angiogenesis,cell proliferation,and cell migration,and by inhibiting excessive extracellular matrix production.Additionally,these structures can serve as a scaffold for components used in wound repair,and they can be developed into bioengineered EVs to support trauma repair.Through the formulation of standardized culture,isolation,purification,and drug delivery strategies,exploration of the detailed mechanism of EVs will allow them to be used as clinical treatments for wound repair.In conclusion,MSCderived EV-based therapies have important application prospects in wound repair.Here we provide a comprehensive overview of their current status,application potential,and associated drawbacks.

ROS Balance Autoregulating Core-Shell CeO_(2)@ZIF-8/Au Nanoplatform for Wound Repair

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays important roles in living organisms.While ROS is a double-edged sword,which can eliminate drug-resistant bacteria,but excessive levels can cause oxidative damage to cells.A core–shell nanozyme,Ce O_(2)@ZIF-8/Au,has been crafted,spontaneously activating both ROS generating and scavenging functions,achieving the multifaceted functions of eliminating bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.The Au Nanoparticles(NPs)on the shell exhibit high-efficiency peroxidase-like activity,producing ROS to kill bacteria.Meanwhile,the encapsulation of Ce O_(2) core within ZIF-8 provides a seal for temporarily limiting the superoxide dismutase and catalase-like activities of Ce O_(2) nanoparticles.Subsequently,as the ZIF-8 structure decomposes in the acidic microenvironment,the Ce O_(2) core is gradually released,exerting its ROS scavenging activity to eliminate excess ROS produced by the Au NPs.These two functions automatically and continuously regulate the balance of ROS levels,ultimately achieving the function of killing bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.Such innovative ROS spontaneous regulators hold immense potential for revolutionizing the field of antibacterial agents and therapies.

Double-nylon purse-string suture in closing postoperative wounds following endoscopic resection of large(≥3 cm)gastric submucosal tumors

BACKGROUND Endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR)of gastric submucosal tumors(SMTs)is safe and effective;however,postoperative wound management is equally important.Literature on suturing following EFTR for large(≥3 cm)SMTs is scarce and limited.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and clinical value of double-nylon purse-string suture in closing postoperative wounds following EFTR of large(≥3 cm)SMTs.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of 85 patients with gastric SMTs in the fundus of the stomach or in the lesser curvature of the gastric body whose wounds were treated with double-nylon purse-string sutures after successful tumor resection at the Endoscopy Center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University.The operative,postoperative,and follow-up conditions of the patients were evaluated.RESULTS All tumors were completely resected using EFTR.36(42.35%)patients had tumors located in the fundus of the stomach,and 49(57.65%)had tumors located in the body of the stomach.All patients underwent suturing with double-nylon sutures after EFTR without laparoscopic assistance or further surgical treatment.Postoperative fever and stomach pain were reported in 13(15.29%)and 14(16.47%)patients,respectively.No serious adverse events occurred during the intraoperative or postoperative periods.A postoperative review of all patients revealed no residual or recurrent lesions.CONCLUSION Double-nylon purse-string sutures can be used to successfully close wounds that cannot be completely closed with a single nylon suture,especially for large(≥3 cm)EFTR wounds in SMTs.

Responses of phospholipase D and lipoxygenase to mechanical wounding in postharvest cucumber fruits

This study was to investigate the responses of phospholipase D（PLD） and lipoxygenase（LOX） to mechanical wounding in postharvest cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.cv.Biyu-2） fruits.Membrane-associated Ca2＋ content,activities and gene expression of PLD and LOX,and contents of phosphatidylcholine（PC）,phosphatidylinositol（PI）,and phosphatidic acid（PA） were determined in cucumber fruits following mechanical wounding.Results show that PLD and LOX activities increased with the PLD and LOX mRNAs which are upregulated upon wounding,while membrane-associated Ca^2＋ content decreased.Accompanying with the increase of PLD and LOX activities,accumulation of PA and losses of PC and PI were observed in all fruits,but there were differences of degrees between wounded and control fruits.Results suggest that PLD and LOX might be the main hydrolytic enzymes of phospholipids in postharvest cucumber fruits participating in the mechanical wounding injury.The activation of PLD and LOX might be the result of gene expression,which could be This study was to investigate the responses of phospholipase D（PLD） and lipoxygenase（LOX） to mechanical wounding in postharvest cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.cv.Biyu-2） fruits.Membrane-associated Ca^2＋ content,activities and gene expression of PLD and LOX,and contents of phosphatidylcholine（PC）,phosphatidylinositol（PI）,and phosphatidic acid（PA） were determined in cucumber fruits following mechanical wounding.Results show that PLD and LOX activities increased with the PLD and LOX mRNAs which are upregulated upon wounding,while membrane-associated Ca2＋ content decreased.Accompanying with the increase of PLD and LOX activities,accumulation of PA and losses of PC and PI were observed in all fruits,but there were differences of degrees between wounded and control fruits.Results suggest that PLD and LOX might be the main hydrolytic enzymes of phospholipids in postharvest cucumber fruits participating in the mechanical wounding injury.The activation of PLD and LOX might be the result of gene expression,which could be stimulated by the Ca^2＋ flowing from the membrane to the cytoplasm upon receiving the wounding signals.

Global trends in publications regarding macrophages-related diabetic foot ulcers in the last two decades

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)are one of the most severe and popular complications of diabetes.The persistent non-healing of DFUs is the leading cause of amputation,which causes significant mental and financial stress to patients and their families.Macrophages are critical cells in wound healing and perform essential roles in all phases of wound healing.However,no studies have been carried out to systematically illustrate this area from a scientometric point of view.Although there have been some bibliometric studies on diabetes,reports focusing on the investigation of macrophages in DFUs are lacking.AIM To perform a bibliometric analysis to systematically assess the current state of research on macrophage-related DFUs.METHODS The publications of macrophage-related DFUs from January 1,2004,to December 31,2023,were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on January 9,2024.Four different analytical tools:VOSviewer(v1.6.19),CiteSpace(v6.2.R4),HistCite(v12.03.07),and Excel 2021 were used for the scientometric research.RESULTS A total of 330 articles on macrophage-related DFUs were retrieved.The most published countries,institutions,journals,and authors in this field were China,Shanghai Jiao Tong University of China,Wound Repair and Regeneration,and Aristidis Veves.Through the analysis of keyword co-occurrence networks,historical direct citation networks,thematic maps,and trend topics maps,we synthesized the prevailing research hotspots and emerging trends in this field.CONCLUSION Our bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of macrophage-related DFUs research and insights into promising upcoming research.

Systemic induction of H_(2)O_(2) in pea seedlings pretreated by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid

Pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) were used as materials to test the timings and compartments of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) triggered by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). The results showed that H2O2 could be systemically induced by wounding and exogenous JA. H2O2 increased within 1 h and reached the peak 3―5 h after wounding in either the wounded leaves or the unwounded leaves adjacent to the wounded ones and the inferior leaves far from the wounded ones. After this, H2O2 decreased and recovered to the control level 12 h after wounding. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, however, were rapidly increased by wounding. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, could significantly inhibit H2O2 burst that was mediated by wounding and exogenous JA. Assay of H2O2 subcellular location showed that H2O2 in response to wounding and exogenous JA was predominantly accumulated in plasma membrane, cell wall and apoplasmic space. Numerous JA (gold particles) was found via immu- nogold electron microscopy to be located in cell wall and phloem zones of mesophyll cell after wounding.

Non-surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers on the dorsum of the foot with polydeoxyribonucleotide injection:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers are caused by a variety of factors,including peripheral neuropathy,peripheral arterial disease,impaired wound healing mechanisms,and repetitive trauma.Patients with diabetic foot ulcer on the dorsum of the foot are often treated surgically.However,the right non-surgical therapy must be chosen if surgical choices are contraindicated or if the patient prefers conservative treatment over surgery.CASE SUMMARY The purpose of this case report is to highlight the efficacy of polydeoxyribonucleotide(PDRN)injection as a non-surgical treatment option for diabetic foot ulcers on the dorsum of the foot,particularly in patients who choose against surgical intervention.This case report presents two cases of diabetic foot ulcers located on the dorsum of the foot that were successfully treated with PDRN injection as a non-surgical intervention.CONCLUSION If the patient declines surgery for diabetic ulcers with Wagner grade II or below,PDRN injection can be effective if necrotic tissue is removed and the wound bed kept clean.

Overexpression of the Wounding-Responsive Gene AtMYB15 Activates the Shikimate Pathway in Arabidopsis

The MYB transcription factor genes play important roles in many developmental processes and various defense responses of plants. The shikimate pathway is a major biosynthetic pathway for the production of three aromatic amino acids and other aromatic compounds that are involved in multiple responses of plants, including protection against UV and defense. Herein, we describe the characterization of the R2R3-MYB gene AtMYB15as an activator of the shikimate pathway in Arabidopsis. The AtMYB15 protein is nuclear localized and a transcriptional activation domain is found in its C-terminal portion. Northern blots showed that AtMYB15 is an early wounding-inducible gene. Resutls of microarray analysis, confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, showed that overexpression of AtMYB15 in transgenic plants resulted in elevated expression of almost all the genes involved in the shikimate pathway. Bioinformatics analysis showed that one or more AtMYB15-binding AC elements were detected in the promoters of these upregulated genes. Furthermore, these genes in the shikimate pathway were also found to be induced by wounding. These data suggest an important role of AtMYB15as a possible direct regulator of the Arabidopsis shikimate pathway in response to wounding.

The Application of Bilayer Artificial Dermis Combined with VSD Technology in Chronic Wounds

Background: Bilayer artificial dermis promotes wound healing and offers a treatment option for chronic wounds. Aim: Examine the clinical efficacy of bilayer artificial dermis combined with Vacuum Sealing Drainage (VSD) technology in the treatment of chronic wounds. Method: From June 2021 to December 2023, our hospital treated 24 patients with chronic skin tissue wounds on their limbs using a novel tissue engineering product, the bilayer artificial dermis, in combination with VSD technology to repair the wounds. The bilayer artificial dermis protects subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and tendons, and also promotes the growth of granulation tissue and blood vessels to aid in wound healing when used in conjunction with VSD technology for wound dressing changes in chronic wounds. Results: In this study, 24 cases of chronic wounds with exposed bone or tendon larger than 1.0 cm2 were treated with a bilayer artificial skin combined with VSD dressing after wound debridement. The wounds were not suitable for immediate skin grafting. At 2 - 3 weeks post-treatment, good granulation tissue growth was observed. Subsequent procedures included thick skin grafting or wound dressing changes until complete wound healing. Patients were followed up on average for 3 months (range: 1 - 12 months) post-surgery. Comparative analysis of the appearance, function, skin color, elasticity, and sensation of the healed chronic wounds revealed superior outcomes compared to traditional skin fl repairs, resulting in significantly higher satisfaction levels among patients and their families. Conclusion: The application of bilayer artificial dermis combined with VSD technology for the repair of chronic wounds proves to be a viable method, yielding satisfactory therapeutic effects compared to traditional skin flap procedures.

Cytokinin levels and signaling respond to wounding and the perception of herbivore elicitors in Nicotiana attenuata

Nearly half a century ago insect herbivores were found to induce the formation of green islands by manipulating cytokinin （CK） levels. However, the response of the CK pathway to attack by chewing insect herbivores remains unclear. Here, we characterize the CK pathway of Nicotiana attenuata （Torr. ex S. Wats.） and its response to wounding and perception of herbivoreassociated molecular patterns （HAMPs）. We identified 44 genes involved in CK biosynthesis, inactivation, degradation, and signaling. Leaf wounding rapidly induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes throughout the pathway, as well as in the levels of CKs, including isopentenyladenosine and cis-zeatin riboside; perception of HAMPs present in the oral secretions （OS） of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta amplified these responses. The jasmonate pathway, which triggers many herbivore-induced processes, was not required for these HAMP-triggered changes, but rather suppressed the CK responses. Interestingly CK pathway changes were observed also in systemic leaves in response to wounding and OS application indicating a role of CKs in mediating long distance systemic processes in response to herbivory. Since wounding and grasshopper OS elicited similar accumulations of CKs in Arabidopsis thaliana L., we propose that CKs are integral components of wounding and HAMP-triggered responses in many plant species.

Observation of wounding characteristics in dogs wounded by super velocity projectile

Objective:: To understand wounding characteristics in dogs wounded by super velocity projectile with a purpose of providing a basis for prevention and treatment of such wounds. Methods: A specially-made explosive gun was used to shoot aluminium bullet weighing 3.0 g and 1.4 g to injure both legs of dogs at velocities of 2*!330 m/s, 3*!200 m/s and 4*!250 m/s, respectively, and the soap specially made was also shot. At the same time, steel ball of 1.03 g was shot with a Type 53 smooth chamber gun at a speed of 1*!280 m/s. Within 30 min after wounding, debridement and pathological anatomy were performed and specimens were taken for light microscope observation. Results: When the dogs were wounded by the 3 g bullet at speed of 2*!330 m/s, the entrance of the left leg was penetrated explosively with a defect area of 225 cm 2, and the femur trunk was also injured and the residual femur had comminution fracture. The exit of the right leg was blindly wounded with a defect area of 63 cm 2, but only the skin was not penetrated. Both testes and part pelvis were injured too. Under light microscope, degenerative myofibers and bleeding of the spatium between the myofibers could be found at the place 4 cm away from the wounding track. Furthermore, serious bleeding of the bladder and blood vessels of the brain could be observed. The lungs showed changes of blast injury. Vacuolar change was presented in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Injuries of the animals in other two experimental groups were similar to those described above, but the defect area of the wounded track was 124 cm 2 in the group of 4*!250 m/s. Injuries caused by the steel ball were milder than caused by the explosive gun. The volume of the residual cavity in the soap was 5*!000 ml. Conclusions: The super-velocity projectile causes destructive damage to the local tissues and multi-organ injuries. Therefore, the practical medical care needs not only amputation but also management of multi-organ injuries.