Supervised Feature Learning for Offline Writer Identification Using VLAD and Double Power Normalization

As an indispensable part of identity authentication,offline writer identification plays a notable role in biology,forensics,and historical document analysis.However,identifying handwriting efficiently,stably,and quickly is still challenging due to the method of extracting and processing handwriting features.In this paper,we propose an efficient system to identify writers through handwritten images,which integrates local and global features from similar handwritten images.The local features are modeled by effective aggregate processing,and global features are extracted through transfer learning.Specifically,the proposed system employs a pre-trained Residual Network to mine the relationship between large image sets and specific handwritten images,while the vector of locally aggregated descriptors with double power normalization is employed in aggregating local and global features.Moreover,handwritten image segmentation,preprocessing,enhancement,optimization of neural network architecture,and normalization for local and global features are exploited,significantly improving system performance.The proposed system is evaluated on Computer Vision Lab(CVL)datasets and the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR)2013 datasets.The results show that it represents good generalizability and achieves state-of-the-art performance.Furthermore,the system performs better when training complete handwriting patches with the normalization method.The experimental result indicates that it’s significant to segment handwriting reasonably while dealing with handwriting overlap,which reduces visual burstiness.

An Unsupervised Writer Identification Based on Generating Clusterable Embeddings

The writer identification system identifies individuals based on their handwriting is a frequent topic in biometric authentication and verification systems.Due to its importance,numerous studies have been conducted in various languages.Researchers have established several learning methods for writer identification including supervised and unsupervised learning.However,supervised methods require a large amount of annotation data,which is impossible in most scenarios.On the other hand,unsupervised writer identification methods may be limited and dependent on feature extraction that cannot provide the proper objectives to the architecture and be misinterpreted.This paper introduces an unsupervised writer identification system that analyzes the data and recognizes the writer based on the inter-feature relations of the data to resolve the uncertainty of the features.A pairwise architecturebased Autoembedder was applied to generate clusterable embeddings for handwritten text images.Furthermore,the trained baseline architecture generates the embedding of the data image,and the K-means algorithm is used to distinguish the embedding of individual writers.The proposed model utilized the IAM dataset for the experiment as it is inconsistent with contributions from the authors but is easily accessible for writer identification tasks.In addition,traditional evaluation metrics are used in the proposed model.Finally,the proposed model is compared with a few unsupervised models,and it outperformed the state-of-the-art deep convolutional architectures in recognizing writers based on unlabeled data.

Writer’s Workshop写作模式对英语写作的影响

文中对某高校93名非英语专业本科生,进行了一项运用Writer’s Workshop写作模式来提高学生英语写作中内容知识和写作成绩的研究。研究结果表明,在大学英语写作中,使用该写作模式,既能提高学生的英语写作能力,也能激发他们的自主学习能力和合作能力。

Writer Stance in Citations: An Ethnolinguistic and Paradigmatic Perspective

This study examines how writer stance is projected in citation from a comparative perspective.The dataset consisted of 120 qualitative and quantitative research articles(RAs)that were authored by Anglophone and Chinese applied linguists.ANO?VA tests revealed marked cross-language and cross-paradigmatic differences in stance-based dialogic engagement.

Science Writer:一款基于网络技术的互动式研究报告撰写工具——以卡通代理人黄狗“Max”的研究报告撰写为例

研究报告的撰写能力是中小学生各学科和综合实践活动学习的必备能力,但目前我国在中小学生研究报告撰写能力的培养方面还存在许多问题。为此,文章引入了一款在美国较为成熟的基于网络技术的互动式研究报告撰写工具——Science Writer。文章首先介绍了Science Writer工具的结构组成及其在研究报告初稿、修改和校对三个环节撰写时的应用;随后以卡通代理人黄狗“Max”的研究报告撰写为例,分析了此工具的具体应用过程;最后梳理了此工具的应用特点和存在的问题,以期为我国中小学生研究报告撰写工具的开发提供参考。

The Importance of Professional Training for Test Writers

The purpose of this essay was to explore the importance of professional training for test writers and teachers as well.Since both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it's impossible to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other. Test writers need professional training to keep pace with emergence of new views of language teaching practice and the rapid change of social life, in order to make testing more authentic and more valid.

Hybrid Trainable System for Writer Identification of Arabic Handwriting

Writer identification(WI)based on handwritten text structures is typically focused on digital characteristics,with letters/strokes representing the information acquired from the current research in the integration of individual writing habits/styles.Previous studies have indicated that a word’s attributes contribute to greater recognition than the attributes of a character or stroke.As a result of the complexity of Arabic handwriting,segmenting and separating letters and strokes from a script poses a challenge in addition to WI schemes.In this work,we propose new texture features for WI based on text.The histogram of oriented gradient(HOG)features are modified to extract good features on the basis of the histogram of the orientation for different angles of texts.The fusion of these features with the features of convolutional neural networks(CNNs)results in a good vector of powerful features.Then,we reduce the features by selecting the best ones using a genetic algorithm.The normalization method is used to normalize the features and feed them to an artificial neural network classifier.Experimental results show that the proposed augmenter enhances the results for HOG features and ResNet50,as well as the proposed model,because the amount of data is increased.Such a large data volume helps the system to retrieve extensive information about the nature of writing patterns.The affective result of the proposed model for whole paragraphs,lines,and sub words is obtained using different models and then compared with those of the CNN and ResNet50.The whole paragraphs produce the best results in all models because they contain rich information and the model can utilize numerous features for different words.The HOG and CNN features achieve 94.2%accuracy for whole paragraphs with augmentation,83.2%of accuracy for lines,and 78%accuracy for sub words.Thus,this work provides a system that can identify writers on the basis of their handwriting and builds a powerful model that can help identify writers on the basis of their sentences,words,and sub words.

A Writer and a Girl

One day a famous writer rgceived a letter from a little girl.Shewrote,“You’re the writer that I love best.I want to name my pug-dog (哈巴狗) after you.Is it all right?”The writer quickly wrote her a reply.“My dear,I don’t mind,

Reflections on Language Testing——From the Perspective of Professional Training for Test Writers

This paper aims to talk about the superficial reflections on language testing from the perspective of professional training for test writers,to qualify test writers with basic testing theories,to make the test valid and reliable,to help improve educational reform and language teaching,to fully conform to the standards set by syllabus.

On the Challenges Imposed on the Language Test Writers

Assessment in the classroom,whether informal,formative,or summative,has been the major source of identifying students’ strengths and weaknesses in learning a foreign language. The article tries to rationalize the current test writers training programs by elaborating on the importance of testing and assessing from the perspectives of the criteria of qualified testing system and the qualifications of test writers which reversely turns to be the challenges imposed on the language test writers.

UNFORGETTABLE MEMORIESA Filipino writer’s teaching experiences in China across 20 years

Marco Antonio V. Lopezhas remarked thatif he were to writea memoir, three teachingexperiences in China would bean integral part. He considershis work teaching Filipinolanguage and culture inChinese universities duringthree different stints some ofthe most special achievementsin his life.China left an indelible markon the life of the renownedFilipino-language novelist,who has twice won theprestigious Carlos PalancaMemorial Award for Literature,the longest-running literarycontest in the Philippines,and has since served as ajury member for it. To Lopez,the word “China” meanscivilization, friendship andunforgettable memories acrosstwo decades.

Constructing Writer Identity in Developing Second Language Writer's Academic Writing

Writer identity in academic writing has long been ignored by developing L2 writers.Moreover,research has much focused on the reader in shaping writing,and treated the role of the writer as unproblematic.In this essay,the construction of writer identity in developing writers’academic writing practice will be explored through a review of some relevant literature research and gain insights for the development of writer apprentices and writing instruction.

Comment on Two American Writers and Their Works

Wil1iam Bradford’s of Playmouth PlantationIt has been nearly five hundred years sinca America was discovered. But American litera-ture did not began to develop until the colonial period when the English began to settle on thenorth Amerincan continent in the early part of the seventeenth century. Colonial

A Corpus-based Study on Writer/reader Visibility in English Writing by Chinese EFL Learners

Writer/reader(W/R) visibility is regarded as an important indicator of personal involvement. Previous studies concluded that EFL learners tend to contains more personal involvement than native speakers in their writing, making it resemble spoken language as a result. Therefore, this paper examines the degree of W/R visibility in English writing by university-level Chinese learners to verify the applicability of the previous findings on Chinese learners. Based on the data collected in the corpora CLEC,WECCL and LOCNESS, the results show that Chinese EFL learners have the tendency to employ more features of W/R visibility than native speakers, for example the high use of first or second person reference and words that represent mental process. Besides, the paper also reveals little distinction on W/R visibility between English and non-English majors, suggesting the inefficiency of the writing ability of today's English majors.

A Revision Model in Writing for Novice Writers with a Focus on Audience and Feedback

Revision is a complex,yet important phase in writing to improve the quality of a text.Some revision models are created to explain its components and the ways these components work.However,analysis of available models shows that they are proposed mainly for expert writers,who can complete the complex revision process individually,without the need of support or feedback.Most of the available revision models also do not include audience as a component.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative revision model for novice writers at or higher than highschool level with a focus on audience and feedback.First,the definition of revision is made,which is followed by summaries of the importance of audience and feedback in writing.Second,available revision models in literature that serves as the basis of the alternative model are reviewed.Finally,the alternative revision model is introduced with its components and the way these components work is explained.The revision model presented in this paper will contribute to literature on writing by filling the gap in revision models by proposing a model for novice writers and highlighting the importance of audience and feedback.