Compaction Rate of an Early Permian Volcanic Tuff from Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia

Compaction rates of sediments or volcaniclastic material are needed to reconstruct original thickness of a bed, which in turn is required to reconstruct subsidence rates, sea-level rise, or in the case of volcanielastic, the location or direction of the eruption site. The knowledge of compaction rates can also aid in the reconstruction of deformed fossils. The known shape of deformed fossils can allow the determination of the compaction they experienced. Here we report the compaction rate in an early Permian volcanic tuff from Wuda, Inner Mongolia, determined from the deformation of standing tree fern stems of known anatomy. The compaction rate has been found to be 0.56 in this case, indicating that 44% of original thickness remains.

Retrieval and Analysis of Coal Fire Temperature in Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Coal fire burning around the world is an environmental catastrophe characterized by the emission of noxious gases, particulate matter, and condensation by-products. In this study, coal fire temperature is retrieved based on Landsat 5 TM images and Generalized Single-Channel Algorithm (GSCA), in Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China. Then coal fire zones are extracted by Jenks′ natural breaks and threshold methods based on temperature images. Changes of coal fire zones are analyzed from 1989 to 2008. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The coal fire temperature retrieval method based on Landsat 5 TM and the GSCA model is effective and feasible, because the temperature error is relatively small (from –2.9℃ to +2.6℃) between the measured temperature and the retrieved temperature. 2) The accuracy is relatively high to extract coal fire zones through the Jenks′ natural breaks and threshold methods, because 83.56% of surveyed area is located in the coal fire zones extracted in 2005. 3) The coal fire area increased 9.81 × 10 5 m 2 from 1989 to 2005, and the annual growth is about 6.1 × 10 4 m 2 , with an annual increasing rate of 2.48%. The area of coal fire decreased by 8.1 × 10 5 m 2 from 2005 to 2008.

Roof Shale Flora of Coal Seam 6 from the Asselian(Lower Permian) Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield,Inner Mongolia and Its Ecostratigraphic Significance

Roof shale floras help understand the transition of vegetational landscapes from a peat–forming environment to a clastic one, but are seldom investigated in the Cathaysian province（typical present day China and East Asia）. Here the roof shale flora of Coal Seam 6 from the lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, is systematically described and its ecostratigraphic and phytogeographic implications are discussed. The flora is composed of seven plant groups, including Lepidodendrales, Medullosales, Gigantopteridales, Peltaspermales, Noeggerathiales, Cordaitales and Cycadales. Many of these taxa are also documented in Euramerica, and the floral composition indicates a more intimate relationship between Cathaysia and Euramerica during the Cisuralian than previously thought. However, there are few genera and species in common with those of the underlying peat–forming flora. Moreover, the flora is hardly comparable with the commonly known flora of the Taiyuan Formation. Such assemblage differences are very likely due to changes of taphonomic and environmental phases, rather than evolutionary floral succession. For a full and more precise understanding of the floral composition, succession and the floristic discrepancy in different depositional environments, an ecostratigraphic investigation on the Late Palaeozoic of Cathaysia is advocated.

Effect of Wuda granule on gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic intestinal resection:a randomized–controlled trial

Background Previous studies have suggested that the Wuda granule(WDG)could promote the recovery of gastrointestinal(GI)function after gynecologic abdominal surgery.This trial aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of WDG in the rapid recovery of GI function in patients after laparoscopic intestinal resection in the setting of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS)-based perioperative care.Methods We performed a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled pilot trial.Thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the WDG group or the placebo group in a 1:1 ratio.The patients received WDG or placebo twice a day in addition to ERAS-based perioperative care,starting on post-operative Day 1 until Day 3.The primary outcomes were time to first bowel movement and time to first tolerance of solid food.The secondary outcomes were time to first flatus,length of hospital stay(LOS),and post-operative ileus-related morbidity.Adverse events were also recorded.Results There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups.The median time to first bowel movement was significantly decreased in the WDG group compared with the control group(27.6 vs 50.1 h;P<0.001),but the median times to first flatus(22.9 vs 25.1 h;P>0.05)and LOS(5.0 vs 5.0 days;P>0.05)were not statistically different.The occurrence rates of post-operative nausea,vomiting,abdominal distension,and abdominal pain were similar in the two groups.No adverse events occurred in any patients.Conclusions The addition of WDG to ERAS post-operative care after laparoscopic intestinal resection can safely promote the rapid recovery of GI function.

Efficacy of Wuda Granule on Recovery of Gastrointestinal Function after Laparoscopic Bowel Resection:A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Wuda Granule(WDG)on recovery of gastrointestinal function after laparoscopic bowel resection in the setting of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS)-based perioperative care.Methods:A total of 108 patients aged 18 years or older undergoing laparoscopic bowel resection with a surgical duration of 2 to 4.5 h were randomly assigned(1:1)to receive either WDG or placebo(10 g/bag)twice a day from postoperative days 1-3,combining with ERAS-based perioperative care.The primary outcome was time to first defecation.Secondary outcomes were time to first flatus,time to first tolerance of liquid or semi-liquid food,gastrointestinal-related symptoms and length of stay.Subgroup analysis of the primary outcome according to sex,age,tumor site,surgical time,histories of underlying disease or history of abdominal surgery was undertaken.Adverse eventse were observed and recorded.Results:A total of 107patients[53 in the WDG group and 54 in the placebo group;61.7±12.1 years;50 males(46.7%)]were included in the intention-to-treat analysis.The patients in the WDG group had a significantly shorter time to first defecation and flatus[between-group difference-11.01 h(95%CI-20.75 to-1.28 h),P=0.012 for defecation;-5.41 h(-11.10 to 0.27 h),P=0.040 for flatus]than the placebo group.Moreover,the extent of improvement in postoperative gastrointestinal-related symptoms in the WDG group was significantly better than that in the placebo group(P<0.05).Subgroup analyses revealed that the benefits of WDG were significantly superior in patients who were male,or under 60 years old,or surgical time less than 3 h,or having no history of basic disease or no history of abdominal surgery.There were no serious adverse events.Conclusion:The addition of WDG to an ERAS postoperative care may be a viable strategy to enhance gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic bowel resection surgery.(Registry No.ChiCTR2100046242)

乌达矿区高硫煤层的聚积环境与煤中硫的分布

对乌达矿区高硫煤层的沉积相、煤相和煤中硫在平面上的分布进行了研究。结果表明 ,1 0煤层泥炭聚积时的古水系对煤中硫的分布有明显的影响 ,9煤层泥炭聚积时的古环境决定了煤中硫的分布 ,浅水陆棚或分流间湾环境中形成的煤层具有较高 GI、V/ I值和硫含量 ,在障壁砂坝中形成的煤层具有高的硫含量、低的 GI、V/ I值 ,在泻湖中具有高 GI、V/ I值和相对较少的硫含量。

高硫煤中硫的地质演化模式——以内蒙古乌达矿区为例

以内蒙古乌达矿区为例,通过对高硫煤9煤层中黄铁矿和有机硫同位素的测定(有机硫同位素δ^(34)S=-12.3‰～5.8‰,黄铁矿硫同位素δ^(34)S=-18.7‰～1.1‰),结合煤岩学特征的综合分析以及黄铁矿化菌落和蓝藻胶壳的发现,提出了高硫煤中疏的演化模式,认为高硫煤中主要来源的硫的同位素由于硫酸盐的异化细菌还原作用导致大规模分馏,使之趋于负值。在高硫煤形成过程中,黄铁矿和有机硫表现出形成初期Fe^(2+)和有机质对硫离子的争夺性、形成过程中在剖面上的层次性、阶段性和时间上的相向性。层次性和阶段性表现为沼泽体系对SO_4^(2-)和H_2S的开放程度及黄铁矿的形成对^(32)SO_4^(2-)的过滤性,相向性表现为泥炭聚积初期和晚期,Fe^(2+)和SO_4^(2-)对高硫煤形成做出了贡献,具有剖面上的对称特点。

基于遥感技术的乌达煤田火区变化监测

采用遥感反演、自然间隔点分割与空间叠加分析等技术手段,提取1989、2001、2005年的乌达煤田火区范围,分析煤田火区的空间分布格局、空间演变态势、变化速度与变化趋势。研究结果表明:1989—2005年乌达煤田火区面积增加了98.10万m2,每年新增约6.13万m2,年增加率为2.48%,乌达煤田南部的A(12、13与14号)火区面积在逐渐减少,其他火区的面积在逐渐增加,并向四周扩散蔓延形成新的燃烧带。

乌达煤田煤层自燃内因分析与自燃类型划分

采用野外地质调查、测试分析和数据处理等综合手段,研究内蒙古乌达煤田煤层自然发火的内因条件,揭示了煤层自燃趋向性与煤层厚度、煤变质程度、灰分含量、发热量、硫含量、硫化物矿物以及有机显微组分含量等煤物质组成要素之间的关系.以煤测试统计分析数据的聚类分析结果为依据,从内因条件控制角度,将乌达煤田主要发火煤层划分为三大类:以高硫含量和富硫化物矿物为特征的高硫助燃类型;以煤层厚度大和低变质程度为特征的厚层氧化类型;过渡类型.

中国乌达煤炭基地尘土汞分布特征

针对乌达区约200km^2的区域按照1km网格法在185个点位采集了约1.5mm厚度的地表尘土样.热解-Lumex RA-915汞分析仪对其测试结果表明:煤矿区尘土汞含量范围117~765ng/g,平均值为285ng/g;工业园尘土汞含量范围160~6453ng/g,平均值为804ng/g;城区尘土汞含量范围41~382ng/g,平均值为160ng/g;农场尘土汞含量范围16~198ng/g,平均值为66ng/g;荒地尘土范围3~284ng/g,平均值为50ng/g.乌达区尘土汞分布具有显著的非均一性.与乌达区背景值(18ng/g)和中国潮土背景值(50ng/g)相比较,乌达工业园和煤矿区尘土汞明显富集.与国内金属矿区、城区尘土Hg含量相比,乌达煤矿区、城区尘土Hg含量较低;煤矿区尘土汞与煤火区、矸石山相对位置和本身地势有关;城区位于煤矿区下风向,受煤矿区煤火影响,植被稀少、空气干燥和夏季日照较长成为制约汞沉降的主控因素;工业园区的极大值点可能与区域地理位置和PVC生产相关.通过计算Igeo值,发现乌达区工业园污染严重,偏重污染区域占全区36.59%,7.32%达到极重污染程度;煤矿区多为偏中污染和中污染,在全区所占比例为84.09%,偏重污染区域仅为2.27%;城区、农场和荒地污染较少.

不同成因类型煤的可选性评价

煤的可选性受控于煤的聚积环境。通过对内蒙古乌达矿区主采煤层 9、10、12、13和 15煤中黄铁矿和粘土矿物的赋存特征与煤层成因关系的研究 ,发现河控下三角洲平原形成的煤层中黄铁矿含量低 ,粘土矿物含量高 ,其可选性较好 ;潮控下三角洲平原形成的煤层 ,其硫分含量高 ,粘土矿物含量较低 ,其可选性中等 。

乌达矿区高硫煤中菌藻类体的发现及意义

聚煤环境是高硫煤形成的主要控制因素，在成煤作用过程中，细菌和藻类的参与是高硫煤形成的关键所在．应用带能谱仪的扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ－ＥＤＸ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ），在乌达矿区高硫煤９煤层和１０煤层的基质镜质体中发现了黄铁矿化的杆状菌落，在无结构镜质体中发现了蓝藻胶鞘及其降解有机质，这些菌藻类体的发现表明低等生源在高硫煤形成过程中起了重要作用．

内蒙古乌达矿区煤中硫的同位素组成及演化特征

通过对内蒙古乌达矿区高硫煤 9煤层和低硫煤 13煤层剖面上有机硫和黄铁矿硫同位素的测定 ,结合煤岩学综合分析 ,着重论述了煤中硫同位素的分布特点及成因 ,分析了有机硫同位素和黄铁矿硫同位素之间及其和全硫的关系 ,提出高硫煤硫同位素形成过程中在剖面上具有层次性和时间上具有的相向性 ,层次性表现为随泥炭沼泽深度的增加 ,体系对 SO42 -和 H2 S的开放程度及黄铁矿的形成对 32 SO42 - 的过滤性 ;相向性不仅表现为泥炭聚积初期 ,Fe2 + 和 SO42 - 对高硫煤形成的贡献 ,更重要的是泥炭沼泽形成后期 ,海水的影响及 Fe2 + 供给是乌达矿区高硫煤形成的主要因素。

乌达矿区主采煤层煤相特征与煤的可选性

对内蒙古乌达矿区主采煤层９煤层的煤岩学特征和煤相进行了分析，用煤样密度组成的煤岩学方法讨论不同煤相煤的可选性。研究表明，相同煤相不同煤的可选性相似，聚煤环境决定了煤中矿物的含量和赋存状态，同时也决定了煤的可选性。高位泥炭沼泽形成的煤可选性好，而低位泥炭沼泽形成的煤可选性差。

高硫煤中菌落成因黄铁矿的TOF-SIMS研究

运用高分辨率飞行时间型二次离子质谱仪 (TOF -SIMS) ,研究了内蒙古乌达矿区高硫煤 9煤层中黄铁矿化的杆状菌落的谱图特征、无机和有机碎片离子的组成、Fe+以及共伴生无机元素二次离子像特征 ,讨论了菌落在黄铁矿形成过程中的作用 .除检测到Fe+(5 4Fe+,5 6 Fe+,5 7Fe+)外 ,与黄铁矿化杆状菌落伴生的无机元素还有2 7Al+,Si+(2 8Si+,2 9Si+,30 Si+) ,40 Ca+,Cu+(6 3Cu+,6 5 Cu+) ,Zn+(6 4Zn+,6 6 Zn+,6 7Zn+,6 8Zn+)和Ni+(5 8Ni+,6 0 Ni+,6 2 Ni+)等 ,表明菌落在生物成因黄铁矿的形成过程中 ,在改变介质条件 ,及迁移、活化和富集Cu ,Zn等金属元素方面做出了贡献 .

乌达烟煤微观结构参数解算及其与自燃的关联性分析

借助傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对乌达矿区典型火区的6种煤样的微观结构与煤自燃的关联性进行探讨,通过红外光谱的定性与半定量分析及煤结构参数的解算可知:乌达烟煤分子结构的芳香度和环缩合度较小,烷基侧链的平均长度较短,桥键较多,致使煤结构具有较强的化学活性,易于被氧化,继而导致乌达烟煤易于自燃.

乌吉线沙害治理机械沙障设置的研究

通过对乌吉线沙害治理几种机械沙障设置的研究 ,总结出沙障最长防护年限和最适孔隙度 .结果是 :高立式沙障最长防护年限为 5年 ,最适孔隙度为 30 % ;半隐蔽式沙障最长防护年限为 2年 ,最适规格为 1 m× 1 m ;高立式和半隐蔽式综合沙障模式最长防护年限为 7年 ,最适配置为孔隙度 30 %的高立式沙障与规格 1 m× 1 m的半隐蔽式沙障相组合 .

内蒙古西部乌达矿区煤层自燃的控制因素

煤层自燃是一个复杂的物理、化学和环境作用过程,是多种内在原因和外在条件综合作用的结果。本文分析了内蒙古乌达矿区煤层自然发火的内在原因和外在条件,揭示了煤层自燃的各种控制因素。影响煤层自燃的内在原因包括煤层厚度、变质程度、灰分含量、发热量、硫含量和有机显微组分含量等;外在条件包括地质构造、气候、水文地质、地形地貌、煤层的赋存状况、大矿和小煤窑的开采情况等。最后探讨了对不同成因的煤层自燃采取不同的预防和治理方法,为今后煤火的研究和治理奠定了理论基础。

内蒙古乌达煤田火区相关裂隙研究

针对当前煤层自燃研究中的薄弱环节,以强化地质因素研究为切入点,选择内蒙古乌达石炭二叠系煤田为工作区,深入研究裂隙系统在煤田火区形成的点→线→面扩展演化动力学过程中所起的重要作用.从成因角度将与煤田火区相关的裂隙划分为构造裂隙、采动塌陷裂隙、燃烧裂隙等3种基本类型和5种复合类型.其中,构造裂隙对采动塌陷裂隙和燃烧裂隙具有控制作用,燃烧裂隙通常在构造裂隙和塌陷裂隙基础上发育,单独的燃烧裂隙少见.野外调查和高分辨遥感解译证实,乌达煤田火区分布在裂隙密度较大的区域,裂隙类型与火区类型具有良好的相关性.

遥感技术在乌达煤田火灾监测中的应用

文章利用2001、2003、2007、2010年Landsat热红外数据对内蒙古乌达煤田的地表温度进行反演,分析了煤田火区的空间分布格局、空间演变态势与变化趋势,并监测了矿区十年的植被覆盖变化。结果表明:高温异常区范围明显,反演出的煤火区符合实际煤火区分布;12、13、14号火区面积减少,其他火区继续蔓延,并形成了新的煤火区;十年来矿区的归一化植被指数(NDVI)从0.0926减少到-0.0378,植被覆盖度逐年减少。