Study on Futon Patterns in Mural of Buddhist Temple in Wutai Mountain under Digital Vision

Dao Xuan’s Gantonglu records:“About fifteen kilometers down from the southeast of the Wutai Mountain,there is the ancient Dafu Lingjiu Temple,and there are two Taoist temples in the east and west,where Buddhist matters are fulfilled.According to ancient legend,it was made by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty”(Daoxuan,Tang Dynasty,p.257).It can be seen that Buddhism has been introduced into Wutai Mountain since the Eastern Han Dynasty,and Buddhist temple murals have been painted on the walls of temples with the introduction of Buddhism,playing the role of spreading scriptures and decorating the walls.The pattern of Buddha’s futon base in the murals reflects the worship and rank differences of Buddhist monks in different periods.As a medium of meditation and worship,futuan is also a ritual instrument in Buddhist legend,which is of great significance.The research on the style of futon from the perspective of the frescoes in the temple of Wutai Mountain mainly focuses on the historical evolution of the frescoes and futon,the research and analysis of the base shape,pattern,composition and color of the futon in the frescoes of the temple.Explore the religious significance and historical and cultural value behind the futon style.

Eco-tourism Development Conception of Wutai Mountainous Scenic Area in Shanxi Province

From the perspectives of sustainable development and creating high-quality tourism brand,this study proposed the scheme of establishing two particular eco-tourism routes based on the characteristics of tourist resources and present tourism development in Wutai Mountainous Scenic Area.The conception of eco-tourism would be able to integrate typical and unique temple landscapes and geological heritages in the study area,in this way to create high-quality tourism brands,make the travel more scientific and interesting,and give it higher ornamental and cultural value.

U-Pb Zircon Dating of the Granitic Conglomerates of the Hutuo Group:Affinities to the Wutai Granitoids and Significance to the Tectonic Evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen

The Wutai Complex associated with the adjacent Fuping and Hengshan Complexes represents the best and dassical cross-section in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, generally divided into Eastern and Western Blocks. Unconformably overlying the Wutai and Fuping Complexes is the Hutuo Group considered as the youngest lithostratigraphic unit in the region and important both for interpreting Precambrian history as well as the overall evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Lack of knowledge about provenance of the sedimentary rocks in this group has hindered understanding of the depositional environments and tectonic significance. LA-ICP-MS was applied to obtain U-Pb zircon ages for the granitic pebbles, the lowest lithostratigraphic rock of the Hutuo Group, which, combined with previous lithostratigraphic, geochronological, structural and metamorphic data, provides new constraints on the sedimentary provenance and tectonic evolution of the region. The sequence of the Hutuo Group ranges upward from lower basal conglomerates and volcaniclastic rocks （Doucun Subgroup）, through clastic sediments, slates, dolomites and marbles （Dongye Subgroup）, to sandstones and conglomerates at the top （Guojiazhai Subgroup）. Zircons from granitic pebbles preserved in the Doucun Subgroup basal conglomerates give weighted mean ^207pb/^206pb ages between 2517 Ma and 2566 Ma, which are the same as those for the late Archean Wutai Granitoids, indicating that the pebbles were derived from the Wutai granitic intrusions （2566-2515 Ma）. Based on the new data and previous studies, combined with an igneous zircon crystallization age of 2087±9 Ma obtained for volcanics in the Hutuo Group, the Hutuo Group was deposited in a subduction-related retro-arc foreland basin environment that developed behind the Wutai arc during the eastward-directed subduction of the Western Block beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block. This basin underwent long-lived sedimentation and finally closed during the -1850 Ma collisional event that resulted in the final amalgamation of the North China Craton.

Metallogenesis of Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt:Constrains on the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton

The Wutai greenstone belt in central North China Craton(NCC) hosts a number of Precambrian gold deposits and ore occurrences. Based on the host rock association, these can be divided into Banded Iron Formation(BIF), meta-volcano-sedimentary and meta-conglomerate types. The two former types formed during ~2.5-2.3 Ga and the third one at ~1.85 Ga. The characteristics of these Precambrian gold deposits are broadly similar with those of the orogenic gold deposits. Based on available geochronological data, here we reconstruct the major tectonic events and their relationship with gold mineralization in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region during Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic as follows.(1)~2.6-2.5 Ga: widespread intrusion of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) magmas in the Hengshan terrane and Fuping continental arc, formation of the Wutai volcanic arc in the southern margin of Hengshan terrane with granitoids emplacement, and the Hengshan-Wutai intra-oceanic arc accretion to the Fuping arc at the end of Neoarchean.(2) ~ 2.5-2.3 Ga: the subduction of Hengshan arc from north leading to persistent magmatism and orogenic gold mineralization.(3)~2.2-2.1 Ga:extension leading to the formation of graben structure in the Wutai and Fuping region, deposition of the Hutuo and Wanzi Group sediments, formation of placer gold through erosion of the orogenic gold deposits.(4)~2.2-2.0 Ga: widespread magmatism in the Wutai-Hengshan-Fuping region.(5)~1.95-1.8 Ga: regional metamorphism associated with collision of the Western and Eastern Blocks of the NCC and associated orogenic gold deposits. The multiple subduction-accretion-collision history and subsequent deep erosion has significantly affected most of the Precambrian gold deposits in the Wutai greenstone belt.

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Neoarchean Metamorphic Mafic Rocks in the Wutai Complex

Neoarchean metamorphic mafic rocks in the lower and the middle Wutai Complex mainly comprise metamorphic gabbros, amphibolites and chlorite schists. They can be subdivided into three groups according to chondrite normalized REE patterns. Rocks in Group #1 are characterized by nearly flat REE patterns （Lan/Ybn=0.86-1.3）, the lowest total REEs （29-52 ppm）, and weak negative to positive Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.84-1.02）, nearly flat primitive mantle normalized patterns and strong negative Zr（Hf） anomalies. Their geochemical characteristics in REEs and trace elements are similar to those of ocean plateau tholeiite, which imply that this group of rocks can represent remnants of Archean oceanic crust derived from a mantle plume. Rocks in Group #2 are characterized by moderate total REEs （34-116 ppm）, LREE-enriched （Lan/Ybn=1.76-4.34） chondrite normalized REE patterns with weak Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.76-1.16）, and negative Nb, Ta, Zr（Hf）, Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized spider diagram. The REE and trace element characteristics indicate that they represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Rocks in Group #3 are characterized by the highest total REEs （61-192 ppm）, the strongest LREEs enrichment （Lan/Ybn=7.12-16） with slightly negative Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.81-0.95） in the chondrite normalized diagram. In the primitive mantle normalized diagram, these rocks are characterized by large negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, Ti, negative to no Zr anomalies. They represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge enriched in slab-derived melts. The three groups of rocks imply that the formation of the Neoarchean Wutai Complex is related to mantle plumes and island-arc interaction.

Nd-Sr Isotopic Geochemistry of the Late Archean-Paleoproterozoic Granitoids in the Lüliang-Wutai Terrain,North China Craton,and Implications for Petrogenesis

In this paper we report geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic data for a late Archean gneissic granitic pluton （Hengling pluton）, an early Paleoproterozoic complex （Xipan complex） and a late Paleoproterozoic granitic pluton （Yunzhongshan granites） from the Liiliang-Wutai terrain, North China, to trace the source of these late Archean-Paleoproterozoic granitoids and, particularly, to understand the nature and mechanism of continental growth at that time. The Hengling granitic gneisses （ca. 2.51 Ga） are characterized by high Na2O and LILEs, TTG-like REE patterns （highly depleted HREE and minor Eu anomalies） and moderately depleted Nd-Sr isotopic compositions （εNd（t） =1.2-2.7, ISr=0.7015-0.7019）, and were considered as being products of arc magmatism that was developed upon the North China craton. The Xipan complex （ca. 2.2 Ga） contain gabbroic diorite and monzonite, mostly being Na2O-rich, highly fractionated REE patterns and isotopically enriched （εNd（t） =-1.5 to -4.1, Isr=0.7038-0.706）. The gabbroic diorites probably originated from melting of an enriched mantle source, but significantly contaminated by lower crustal material, and the monzonites probably represent a product of a mixture between the gabbroic dioritic magma and granitic melts of crustal origin. The Yunzhongshan post-collisional granitoids （ca. 1.8 Ga） are characterized by high-K affinity and highly-enriched and homogeneous Nd isotopic compositions （εNd（t）=-4.9 to -5.7）, although they split into two groups in terms of REE patterns： one group showing elevated HREE （and Sc, Y and Zr） with significant negative Eu anomalies and the other showing highly depleted HREE and, to a lesser extent, mid-REE with negligible Eu anomalies. These granites are genetically related to a process of extensional collapse of a thickened orogen. They formed through magma mixing between mantle-derived basaltic magmas and crust-derived granitic melts, followed by significant fractionation of ferromagnesian phases （like hornblende and Cpx） and feldspar and accessory zircons. Some Yunzhongshan granites show very old Nd model ages （2.9-3.0 Ga）, suggesting the existence of continental crust older than 2.7 Ga, which is supported by our zircon Hf isotopic data for these granites.

Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Hengshan-Wutai—Fuping region,North China Craton

An arguable point regarding the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the North China Craton（NCC）is whether the tectonic setting in the central belt during the mid-Paleoproterozoic（2.35-2.0 Ga）was dominated by an extensional regime or an oceanic subduction-arc regime.A review of the midPaleoproterozoic magmatism and sedimentation for the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping region suggests that a back-arc extension regime was dominant in this region.This conclusion is consistent with the observation that the 2.35-2.0 Ga magmatism shows a typical bimodal distribution where the mafic rocks mostly have arc affinities and the acidic rocks mainly comprise highly-fractioned calc-alkaline to alkaline（or A-type）granites,and that this magmatism was coeval with development of extensional basins characteristic of transgressive sequences with volcanic interlayers such as in the Hutuo Group.Although the final amalgamation of the NCC was believed to occur at ～1.85 Ga,recent zircon U-Pb age dating for mica schist in the Wutai Group suggests a collisional event may have occurred at ～1.95 Ga.The metamorphic ages of ～1.85 Ga,obtained mostly from the high-grade rocks using the zircon U-Pb approach,most probably indicate uplifting and cooling of these high-grade terranes.This is because（i）phase modeling suggests that newly-grown zircon grains in highgrade rocks with a melt phase cannot date the age of peak pressure and temperature stages,but the age of melt crystallization in cooling stages;（ii）the metamorphic P-T paths with isobaric cooling under 6-7 kb for the Hengshan and Fuping granulites suggest their prolonged stay in the middle-lower crust;and（iii）the obtained metamorphic age data show a continuous distribution from 1.95 to 1.80 Ga.Thus,an alternative tectonic scenario for the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping region involves：（i）formation of a proto-NCC at ～2.5 Ga;（ii）back-arc extension during 2.35-2.0 Ga resulting in bimodal magmatism and sedimentation in rifting basins on an Archean basement;（iii）a crustal thickening event in the extended region resulting in a kyanitetype metamorphism at ～1.95 Ga,and（iv） uplifting and cooling of the thickened crust from 1.93 to 1.80 Ga.

Late Quaternary Activity and Paleoearthquakes along the Nanyukou Segment of the Northern Piedmont Fault of Wutai Mountain

The northern piedmont fault of Wutai Mountain is located at the north of the Shanxi Graben system, which is the dominating fault of the south boundary of the Fanshi-Daixian depression. This paper discusses the fault activity and paleoearthquakes around the Nanyukou segment of the northern piedmont fault of Wutai Mountain during the late Quaternary through field investigation along the fault, measuring geomorphic deformation and excavating trenches at some important sites. From Nanyukou to the southwest of Shanhui, we find obviously dislocated alluvial fans, with strong neotectonic movement at these sites. Since nearly 20ka, the vertical average slip rate is 1.55mm/a to 2.0mm/a. However,since nearly 6ka,it has reached as high as 2.3mm/a, which is twice that on other segments. 2 trenches were excavated around Nanyukou with 6 events discovered. The referenced ages of the events are before 7600a, 6700a - 7600a, 5321a - 5575a, 4400a - 5400a,420Oa-4400a and after 1600a B.P. with approximate recurrence interval 1400a. The latest event is likely to be the earthquake occurring at 512 A. D. ,so it is necessary to do further work to verify this in the future.

Wutai Mountain

LOCATED in central China＇s Shanxi Province, Wutai Mountain is seen as the global center for Buddhist Manjusri worship, and one of the four sacred Buddhist mountains in China. Its five main peaks, positioned east, south, west, north, and in the middle, embrace one another with broad and plain terraces rather than forests on their peaks. That is why it bears the name Wutai Mountain, which literally means Mountain of Five Terraces.

五台山壁画人物线描图生成算法

五台山壁画图像因褪化而导致颜色不均匀、部分边缘轮廓像素灰度缺失,用传统的梯度法生成的线描图存在噪点多且线条不连续的问题。提出一种基于色调补偿及双卷积技术的壁画人物线描图生成算法。在计算梯度幅值时引入色调梯度进行有效的色调补偿,同时通过两种针对离散噪点的卷积模板实现去麻点功能。对五台山壁画人物图像的线描图生成实验的结果表明,该方法在去噪的基础上有效改善了轮廓线不连续的问题。

Elevational patterns of warming effects on plant community and topsoil properties: focus on subalpine meadows ecosystem

Climate warming profoundly affects plant biodiversity, community productivity, and soil properties in alpine and subalpine grassland ecosystems. However, these effects are poorly understood across elevational gradients in subalpine meadow ecosystems. To reveal the elevational patterns of warming effects on plant biodiversity, community structure, productivity, and soil properties, we conducted a warming experiment using open-top chambers from August 2019 to August 2022 at high(2764 m a. s. l.), medium(2631 m a. s. l.), and low(2544 m a. s. l.) elevational gradients on a subalpine meadow slope of Mount Wutai, Northern China. Our results showed that three years of warming significantly increased topsoil temperature but significantly decreased topsoil moisture at all elevations(P<0.05), and the percentage of increasing temperature and decreasing moisture both gradually raised with elevation lifting. Warming-induced decreasing proportions of soil organic carbon(SOC, by 19.24%), and total nitrogen(TN, by 24.56%) were the greatest at high elevational gradients. Experimental warming did not affect topsoil C: N, p H, NO_(3)^(-)-N, or NH_(4)^(+)-N at the three elevational gradients. Warming significantly increased species richness(P<0.01) and Shannon-Weiner index(P<0.05) at low elevational gradients but significantly decreased belowground biomass(P<0.05) at a depth of 0–10 cm at three elevational gradients. Warming caused significant increases in the aboveground biomass in the three elevational plots. Warming significantly increased the aboveground biomass of graminoids in medium(by 92.47%) and low(by 98.25%) elevational gradients, that of sedges in high(by 72.44%) and medium(by 57.16%) elevational plots, and that of forbs in high(by 75.88%), medium(by 34.38%), and low(by 74.95%) elevational plots. Species richness had significant linear correlations with SOC, TN, and C: N(P<0.05), but significant nonlinear responses to soil temperature and soil moisture in the warmed treatment(P<0.05). The warmed aboveground biomass had a significant nonlinear response to soil temperature and significant linear responses to soil moisture(P<0.05). This study provided evidence that altitude is a factor in sensitivity to climate warming, and these different parameters(e.g., plant species richness, Shannon-Weiner index, soil temperature, soil moisture, SOC, and TN) can be used to measure this sensitivity.

山西省五台县发现天然矿泉水开发潜力区

利用调查、取样、化验、物探和钻探等方法手段,对山西五台地区的水文地质条件和地下水质现状进行了研究,发现该地区水质状态良好,部分区域锌(Zn)、锶(Sr)含量达到矿泉水标准,Zn最大值2.3 mg/L、Sr最大值1.17 mg/L,富Zn面积73.71 km^(2),富含Sr面积134.25 km^(2),实施探采结合井最终钻获高品质的水资源,在五台县实现了天然矿泉水潜力区的新突破,有力支撑了地方的健康饮水工程.

五台山气候变化特征及影响分析

基于1998年—2019年五台山逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、降水、日照时数资料,针对五台山多尺度光、温、水的变化特征及其对旅游发展的影响进行了分析.结果表明:(1)研究期间,五台山年平均气温为升温趋势,平均每10 a升高0.10℃;年平均最低气温升温明显,且春季最低气温升温速度最快;(2)五台山年降水量、降水日数极显著增加,年降水量平均每10 a增加124.66 mm,年降水日数平均每10 a增加17.44 d;夏季降水量最多,占全年的60.87%;四季降水量和降水日数均为增加趋势,夏季增速最快;五台山全年67%的降水量为小雨和中雨贡献;(3)各等级降水量、降水日数均为增加趋势,其中全年大雨的降水量增加幅度最大、小雨的降水日数增加幅度最大;(4)五台山年日照时数极显著减少,四季中,春季日照时数最多;各季日照时数均为减少趋势,其中夏季、秋季、冬季日照时数极显著减少.

基于IPA分析的五台山景区语言景观游客感知研究

从游客的视角,对旅游景区语言景观进行感知分析,有助于厘清景区语言景观建设现状及存在的不足。以五台山景区语言景观为研究对象,结合前人研究及五台山景区语言景观建设实际情况,构建了五台山景区语言景观游客感知评价指标,通过应用问卷调查与IPA象限分析法对五台山景区语言景观游客感知情况进行了实证研究,结果表明:游客对五台山景区语言景观总体感知满意度和对其重要性认知均较高;除语言景观材质、颜色使用情况满意度均值大于重要性均值外,其余感知评价指标满意度均值都小于重要性均值;游客对五台山景区语言景位置摆放、语言景观解说内容为旅游活动提供方便满意度最高,需要继续保持,而对语言景观语码使用、清晰醒目程度、其外观设计与环境协调情况满意度比较低,这是景区未来需要重点解决的问题。

从须弥圣境到五台模式——佛教理想景观的演化、特征及传播

须弥山是佛教宇宙观中的圣山,其所包含的须弥山圣境图式是佛教景观中常见的写仿对象。山西五台山是我国四大佛教名山之首,构建了中国本土最早的“须弥圣境”,是后世五峰、五寺、五台空间格局的原型和范式。本文尝试探索以五台山为主的五方山岳空间范式,与佛教须弥山宇宙观中所呈现的“须弥圣境”结构体系之间的渊源与演变,分析总结其所体现的地域性特征及文化意象,丰富佛教中国化景观图谱的经典原型,为完善中国传统景观模式体系中佛教“五台模式”的构建提供基础研究借鉴。

五台滹沱群建安村组地质时代界定及其意义

【目的】滹沱群属古元古代地层,作为华北最典型的古元古代地层之一,滹沱群年龄的再限定对早前寒武地层年代格架的建立以及对华北早前寒武纪地质演化过程的探讨和板块拼合的研究具有重要意义。【方法】对滹沱群东冶亚群地层进行了详细研究,采集了滹沱群建安村组变质砂岩24颗碎屑锆石样品,从年龄相近的23颗碎屑锆石得出滹沱群底界加权平均年龄为2469Ma,并且大约在1855 Ma时五台地区发生过区域构造运动。整理前人所做关于滹沱群1109颗锆石年龄数据得出滹沱群中大于2.5 Ga的锆石来自下伏的高凡亚群,滹沱群底界年龄为古元古代早期。【结果】结果表明,五台地区在2376、2170、2066、1988和1825 Ma时地壳不稳定,发生多次岩浆的侵入或者喷发,其中1825 Ma的锆石年龄可以进一步指示吕梁运动的发生,从而为古元古华北克拉通的拼合提供依据。

五台地区高凡群沉积年代、物源性质与构造环境

针对山西五台地区高凡群的沉积年代、物源类型和沉积构造环境等研究中有争议的问题,选择山西忻州市代县滩上镇出露的高凡群经典剖面进行系统采样以及详细的沉积学和岩石学分析,并挑选典型样品进行全岩矿物组成、锆石U-Pb定年以及主量和微量元素的测定。通过碎屑锆石U-Pb定年,并综合前人发表的年龄数据,确认高凡群的沉积时代为约2.2 Ga,与下伏五台群及上覆地层滹沱群之间为上下叠置关系。高凡群沉积岩的主量和微量元素组成指示其源岩类型主要为中酸性岩浆岩,表明在高凡群沉积时期大陆上地壳以花岗岩类为主。碎屑中锆石年龄分布和细粒沉积岩中全岩主量和微量元素的构造判别图解表明,高凡群具有活动大陆边缘的特征。然而,沉积学分析显示高凡群形成于被动大陆边缘的滨浅海相。这种矛盾的结论,或许暗示不能用根据板块构造理论衍生出的构造判别方法来研究古元古代时期的沉积构造背景。

基于定性比较分析的旅游地环境冲突影响因素——以五台山景区为例

环境冲突是旅游地主客冲突的主要内容之一,探寻环境冲突的影响因素对于旅游地空间规划和冲突化解有重要理论与现实意义。该文以五台山景区为例,通过扎根理论与定性比较分析相结合的混合研究方法探究了环境冲突在居民与游客2个群体中的主观呈现,并进一步分析了引发感知环境冲突的多重路径。主要得到以下结论:(1)居民与游客感知旅游地环境冲突类型具有同一性与异质性,景区管理混乱是2个群体冲突感知同一性的具体表达,异质性则体现在居民更多关注游客不当行为,而游客则更重视旅游地环境功能单一;(2)以节假、秩序与设施为代表的核心冲突条件表明,主观空间占有与体验权的错位是引致2个群体感知环境冲突产生的关键要素;(3)规范失效是导致文化旅游地环境冲突的特殊因素,在居民和游客群体中均有表现。

五台山风景名胜区土地利用变化及其对生境质量的影响

【目的】在中国自然保护地体系建设的背景下,协调统筹风景名胜区的生态保护与旅游服务具有重要意义。五台山风景名胜区是国家级风景名胜区和世界遗产地,过去30多年经历了土地利用和生境质量发生的重大变化,但缺少相关评估其生态环境保护效果的研究。【方法】以五台山风景名胜区为研究对象,基于InVEST生境质量模型分析近30年(1991—2021年)土地利用类型及生境质量的时空变化并评估土地利用变化的生境贡献率,结合《五台山风景名胜区总体规划(2020—2035年)》评估当前保护发展政策对生境质量水平的提升效果。【结果】①近30年探究区域人工表面、林地面积占比分别增加了3.36%和2.43%,草地减少了6.32%,主要表现为草地、林地的转出以及林地及人工表面的转入,其中1991—2011年土地利用类型波动较大。②近30年研究区生境质量平均值由0.938变为0.907,各级保护区生境质量水平呈下降趋势。研究区域生境质量呈现“四周高、中心低”的空间分布格局,30年间高质量和较高质量生境面积占比从98.2%降低至94.5%。③研究区域50.90%的生境质量提高贡献率来自草地转林地,51.27%生境质量降低的贡献率来自于草地转人工表面。在风景名胜区总体规划的保护情景下,2035年研究区域生境质量平均值从2020年的0.907提高到0.927。【结论】过去30年风景名胜区生态环境保护效果欠佳,未来应严格按照《五台山风景名胜区总体规划(2020—2035年)》开展资源分级保护、居民点协调发展规划,通过土地利用类型的规划治理提升五台山风景名胜区生境质量水平。

技术支撑与象征意义:唐宋时期五台山佛教金属运用研究

唐宋是五台山文殊道场形成和发展的重要时期,其时随着佛教的兴盛,五台山出现了各种佛教金属器物,既有实际生活中确实运用的,也有僧众幻化想象使用的。它们形状各异,工艺精湛,与彼时金属冶炼技术的发展密不可分。与此同时,五台山佛教金属的运用也表达出浓郁的高贵、恒久的佛法精神和较为强烈的护佑政权的政治象征意蕴。