The Impacts of Supplemental Irrigation Based on Soil Moisture Measurement and Nitrogen Use on Winter Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Absorption and Distribution

Based on split plot design method of field test,the impacts of supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement and nitrogen use on winter wheat yield and nitrogen absorption and distribution were studied.Supplemental irrigation had three levels: 60%(W_1),70%(W_2) and 80%(W3) of the targeted relative water content at 0-40 cm of soil layer during jointing period of winter wheat.Nitrogen fertilization had three levels: not using nitrogen(N_0),using pure nitrogen of 195 kg/hm^2(N_(195)) and 255 kg/hm^2(N_(255)).Results showed that:(i)different supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization significantly affected plant height and leaf area of winter wheat during key growth period.Under the same supplemental irrigation treatment,both plant height and leaf area of winter wheat showed as N_(255)> N_(195)> N_0(P <0.05).Plant height in N_(195) and N_(255)treatments was significantly higher than that in N_0 treatment,but there was not significant difference between N_(195) and N_(255)(P >0.05).Under the same nitrogen fertilization,plant height in W_2(569.4 m^3/hm^2) and W3(873.45 m^3/hm^2) treatments was significant higher than that in W_1(265.2 m^3/hm^2),but there was not significant difference between W_2 and W3(P >0.05).It illustrated that excessive nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation did not significantly affect plant height and leaf area of winter wheat.(ii) Under the same nitrogen fertilization level,yield increase effect of winter wheat by supplemental irrigation showed a declining trend with nitrogen application amount increased.It illustrated that nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation had certain critical values on the yield of winter wheat.When surpassing the critical value,the yield declined.When nitrogen fertilization amount was 195 kg/hm^2,and supplemental irrigation amount was 70% of field moisture capacity(569.4 m^3/hm^2),the highest yield 8500 kg/hm^2 could be obtained.(iii) During mature period of winter wheat,nitrogen accumulation amount of plant treated by nitrogen was significantly higher than that not treated by nitrogen(P <0.05).But under the treatments of W_2 and W3,nitrogen accumulation amount in N_(255) significantly declined when compared with N_(195)(P <0.05).Especially under W3(873.45 m^3/hm^2) level,nitrogen accumulation amount in N_(255) was even lower than N_0.Under the treatments of N_0 and N_(195),nitrogen accumulation amount of plant significantly increased with supplemental irrigation increased(P < 0.05).But under N_(255) treatment,there was not significant difference(P > 0.05).It illustrated that moderate supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization could improve nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat,but excessive supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization were not favorable for plant's nitrogen absorption.(iv) Although the increase of supplemental irrigation during jointing period improved nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat and promoted winter wheat absorbing more nitrogen,it inhibited nitrogen transferring and distributing to seed.Comprehensively considering growth condition of winter wheat and nitrogen risk condition,it is suggested that nitrogen application amount was 195 kg/hm^2,and supplemental irrigation reached 70% of field moisture capacity(569.4 m^3/hm^2),which could be as the suitable water and fertilizer use amounts in the region.

Breeding of National Authorized New Wheat Variety Shannong 116 and Supporting Cultivation Technical Measures for High Yield, High Quality and High Efficiency

Shannong 116 is a strong gluten,high yield and multi-resistance wheat variety bred by Shandong Agricultural University,which was approved by the State in 2021 and by Shandong Province in 2022.Shannong 116 combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent(strong gluten,disease resistance and early maturity)and the male parent(high yield,water saving and lodging resistance),with a plant height of 76.9 cm,compact plant type,orderly spike layer and good maturity performance,which is suitable for large-scale promotion and market order planting in Huanghuai wheat area.In this paper,the characteristics of Shannong 116 are analyzed,and cultivation technical measures for high yield,high quality and high efficiency are put forward,in order to provide a technical support for the popularization and application of the variety.

Comparison between Double Crystals X-ray Diffraction and Micro-Raman Measurement on Composition Determination of High Ge Content Si_(1-x)Ge_(x) Layer Epitaxied on Si Substrate

It is important to acquire the composition of Si1-xGex layer, especially that with high Ge content, epitaxied on Si substrate. Two nondestructive examination methods, double crystals X-ray diffraction （DCXRD） and micro-Raman measurement, were introduced comparatively to determine x value in Si1-xGex layer, which show that while the two methods are consistent with each other when x is low, the results obtained from double crystals X-ray diffraction are not credible due to the large strain relaxation occurring in Si1-xGex layers when Ge content is higher than about 20%. Micro-Raman measurement is more appropriate for determining high Ge content than DCXRD.

Design and assembly of a nested imaging X-ray telescope for the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor mission

The Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) mission will carry a nested X-ray telescope capable of observing an energy range from 0.5 keV to 2 keV to study hot baryon evolution. In this paper, we report the latest progress in the design and construction of nested X-ray telescopes which were designed to use a three-stage conic-approximation type assembly to simplify the manufacturing process. The mirror substrate is made using the thermal glass slumping method, with mirrors characterized by a root-mean-square roughness of 0.3 nm, with expected high reflectivity and good thermal stability. We also discuss methods of telescope construction and conduct a deformation analysis of the manufactured mirror. The in situ measurement system program is developed to guide the telescope assembly process.

A METHOD FOR CORRECTING INTENSITY IN CONTINU-OUS SCANNING X-RAY STRESS MEASUREMENT

A set of absorption curves was priorly prepared on transparent films to fit the background and peak intensities in continuous scanning X-ray stress measurement.It may be better to correct both background and absorption of pure diffraction intensity.Experimental results revealed this to be a reliable correction method.

Effects of Key Agricultural Measures of Mechanized Direct Seeding Technology on Rapeseed Yield in Chengdu Plain

Mechanized direct sowing of rapeseed is a labor-saving and highly-efficient culture technique. In order to explore high-yield cultivation techniques suitable for Chengdu Plain, effects of several key agronomic measures＇, such as sowing date, density and N fertilizers, on development and yield formation were studied by strip and split plot experiment of three factors. The research showed that optimal condi- tions for direct seeding technology can be achieved provided with scientific sowing date, density and appropriate N fertilizers, and the research showed that rapeseed yield reached the peak at 320 g/m2, when sowing date was on September 3th, sow- ing density was 30 plant/m2, and nitrogen fertilizer was 27 g/m2.

Angle measurement of pulsars based on spatially modulated X-ray intensity correlation

High-precision angle measurement of pulsars is critical for realizing pulsar navigation.Compared to visible light and radio waves,the wavelength of X-rays is incredibly short,which provides the possibility of achieving better spatial resolution.However,due to the lack of applicable X-ray apparatus,extracting the angle information of pulsars through conventional X-ray methods is challenging.Here,we propose an approach of pulsar angle measurement based on spatially modulated X-ray intensity correlation(SMXIC),in which the angle information is obtained by measuring the spatial intensity correlation between two radiation fields.The theoretical model for this method has been established,and a proof-of-concept experiment was carried out.The SMXIC measurement of observing angles has been demonstrated,and the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical values.The potential of this method in future applications is discussed,and theoretically,the angular measurement at the level of micro-arcsecond can be expected.The sphere of pulsar navigation may benefit from our fresh insights.

Measurement of integral diffraction coefficients of crystals on beamline 4B7 of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility

Integral diffraction coefficients of the crystal are the essential data of a crystal spectrometer which is extensively used to measure quantitative x-ray spectra of high temperature plasmas in kilo-electron-volt region. An experimental method has been developed to measure the integral diffraction coefficients of crystals on beamline 4B7 of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The integral diffraction coefficients of several crystals including polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, thallium acid phthalate （T1AP） and rubidium acid phthalate （RAP） crystals have been measured in the x-ray energy range 2100-5600 eV and compared with the calculations of the ＇Darwin Prins＇ and the ＇Mosaic＇ models. It is shown that the integral diffraction coefficients of these crystals are between the calculations of the ＇Darwin Prins＇ and the ＇Mosaic＇ models, but more close to the ＇Darwin Prins＇ model calculations.

Analysis on High-yield Experience and Protective Measures of Wheat and Corn: A Case Study of Jieshou City in Anhui Province

This paper summarized the experience in high yield of wheat and corn in Jieshou City and made a further study on the supporting measures for the high yield of wheat and corn on this basis.

Chemical Dosimetry during Alpha Irradiation: A Specific System for UV-Vis <i>in Situ</i>Measurement

This paper is devoted to the study of the potentiality of the Fricke dosimeter for the characterization of the highly energetic (62.1 MeV) α particles beams generated by a new cyclotron facility, namely ARRONAX started in 2009. Such for this high energetic α beam, in situ dosimetry is performed in order to avoid radiation safety inconvenience and to earn run time of irradiation. Therefore, an in situ Fricke dosimetry protocol is developed and its reliability is checked by comparison with other experiments carried out by using the traditional method (ex situ Fricke dosimetry) within another cyclotron facility (CEMHTI) and by comparison with literature data. To author’s knowledge, it is the first time that Fricke dosimetry is performed during the α irradiation experiment. The results of these in situ dosimetry experiments show that the value of ferric ions radiolytic yield (G(Fe3+) = (11.7 ± 1.2) 10–7 mol?J–1) extrapolated from literature data can be used for this higher energy of α particles (Eα = 62.1 MeV).

A Newly Developed Non-Destructive Tritium Measurement Technique and Its Application to V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy

A non-destructive and in-situ technique for the measurement of tritium in materials, namely β-ray-induced X-ray spectrometry （BIXS）, has been developed recently. In the present study a V-4Cr-4Ti alloy was pre-heated at 1000℃ for 2 h to form a recrystallization structure before the tritium absorption experiments were conducted. Firstly the hydrogen isotope gas was charazterized by means of a quadrupole mass spectrometer （QMS） and a small-sized ionization chamber. Then hydrogen isotope absorption tests of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy were performed at 400 ℃ and the atomic concentration of hydrogen isotope in V-4Cr-4Ti alloy was estimated as 0.17% with a tritium content of approximately 2.5 ppm. Experimental results indicate that BIXS is a quite useful tool for quantitatively measuring the tritium content and tritium distribution in the surface layers of vanadium alloys and no strong trapping effects of tritium exist in the pre-heated V-4Cr-4Ti alloy.

Technical Measures for High Quality and High Yield of Free-range Sows in Rural Areas

Today,with the rapid development of modern and large-scale pig industry,free-range pig farming is still an important part of the breeding industry.Different from large-scale pig farms,there are many shortcomings in feeding management,pig disease prevention and control and so on for small-scale farmers.In the long-term clinical diagnosis and production practice,it is found that sows raised by small-scale farmers often have some problems,such as non-estrus,repeated infertility and"false pregnancy",weak farrowing,stillbirth,and postpartum piglet death.This paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the performance and etiology of the above-mentioned free-range sows,and puts forward the corresponding prevention and control measures,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the feeding and management of rural free-range sows.

Actuality and Improvement Measures of Mediumand Low-yielding Farmland in Liaoning Province

In order to improve the quality of cultivated land in Liaoning Province in the light of local conditions, medium- and low-yielding farmland in Liaoning Province are divided into various zones according to characteristics of the terrain, and the practical and feasible improvement measures are put forward based on the current situation and main existing problems in the medium- and low-yielding farmland in different areas,

The Type of Low-yielding Fields,Using Direction and Land Fertility Building Measures in Suiping County

Using the evaluation indicator system for arable land fertility in Suiping County,this paper analyzes some factors influencing agricultural production,such as physical and chemical properties of soil,site conditions,soil management,and soil nutrients concerning various types of low-yielding fields in the county. In accordance with the dominant soil constraint factors and main direction of improvement,the lowyielding fields in the county are divided into four types: irrigation improvement type,waterlogging drainage type,barren soil fertilization and barrier layer type. Finally this paper offers specific guidance on the construction of arable land.

鲜食玉米收获机高净度清选智能测产装置研究

为改善国内小区鲜食玉米育种测产机械装备缺乏、小区鲜食玉米种子清选和测产过程完全依靠人工的现状,设计一种小区鲜食玉米种子高净度清选智能测产装置。该装置采用双层网筛、风力清选、智能测产流程完成高净度清选及测产作业,实现种子高净度清选和智能测产的作业要求。以上筛夹角、下筛夹角和螺旋分离装置入口风速为试验因素,以作业时千克籽粒含杂率为试验指标进行正交试验,建立因素与指标的响应面数学模型,并进行试验验证。结果表明:上筛夹角为14.0°,下筛夹角为4.0°,螺旋清选装置入口风速为27.0 m/s时为最佳作业组合,此参数组合下,鲜食玉米籽粒千克籽粒含杂率为1.2%,籽粒残留清理合格率为99.69%,测产平均误差为0.412%,籽粒含水率测量平均误差为3.57%,玉米种子千粒质量测量平均误差为0.276%。为小区鲜食玉米种子的高净度清选以及智能测产提供研究基础。

碳膜原子氧传感器研制及地面性能测试

研制低地球轨道(LEO)原子氧(AO)探测器并且开展AO环境在轨监测对于LEO航天器设计及防护具有重要意义。基于电阻分析法的碳膜AO传感器因工作时间较长、响应线性度较好且无污染,在国内外得到较多应用。为优化AO在轨监测手段,设计了一种矩形碳膜AO传感器:采用阴极电弧放电工艺制备了厚约2.5μm的AO敏感碳膜;利用AO地面模拟设备,测试了传感器的性能,并表征了碳膜在AO作用前后的形貌。结果显示,传感器碳膜的初始电阻与AO试验过程中的实时测量电阻的比值R0/R与AO积分通量F具有较好的线性关系。根据测试结果推导,该传感器能探测的最大AO积分通量约为2.29×10^(21)atom·cm^(-2)。

不同生态区覆盖方式对玉米氮转运、产量与水氮利用效率的影响

[目的]明确覆盖方式对西北不同生态区玉米氮转运、产量与水氮利用效率的影响效果,为缓解旱作区作物生产同水资源短缺之间尖锐矛盾提供科学依据。[方法]于2022年在甘肃省兰州市榆中县、甘肃省定西市安定区和陕西省咸阳市长武县进行田间试验,设置干旱偏旱区(YZ)、半干旱区(DX)和半干旱偏湿润区(CW)3个不同降水条件生态区,分析地膜覆盖(FM)和秸秆覆盖(SM)对于玉米不同器官干物质和氮素积累、分配、转运、水氮利用效率及产量形成的影响。[结果](1)覆盖措施显著影响土壤环境,提高各生态区0—100 cm土壤含水率和表层土壤无机氮含量,FM提高了全生育期土壤表层温度,SM在生育后期具有保温作用。(2)各生态区吐丝期和成熟期农艺性状和干物质累积量总体表现为CW>YZ>DX,与CK相比覆盖处理提高了玉米吐丝期株高、茎粗和成熟期株高、茎粗、节数、穗位高及干物质累积量,尤其是FM处理。(3)CW的覆盖处理玉米籽粒和植株氮素积累总量在3个生态区中最高,覆盖促进茎叶氮素向籽粒运转,进而提高氮收获指数和水分利用效率,但DX的FM氮收获指数和YZ的FM水分利用效率较CK增加幅度最高,分别达6.91%和70.58%。(4)玉米籽粒产量在各生态区表现为CW>YZ>DX,覆盖处理对各生态区均有明显增产作用,增产效果FM>SM。其中DX和YZ的FM增产幅度高于CW,达52.33%和52.55%,但CW的SM增加幅度最高,达16.76%。[结论]地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖通过改善土壤温度、水分和表层无机氮含量进而提高玉米水氮利用效率和产量,其中地膜覆盖效果最佳。而半干旱偏旱区地膜覆盖对产量的响应最显著,半干旱偏湿润区秸秆覆盖的响应最佳。

基于漫灌模式下不同栽培措施对‘骏枣’生长发育及产量和品质的影响

以阿克苏地区株行距为2 m×4 m的15 a生‘骏枣’为试验材料,进行不同栽培措施对‘骏枣’生长发育、枣果产量和品质的影响研究,以期为枣园节本增效的生产栽培管理提供参考依据。试验以常规水肥管理和修剪措施为对照(CK),灌水次数设置为:常规灌水量(6次)、减量1/3(4次)、减量1/2(3次);追肥次数设置为:常规次数(4次)、减量1/2(2次)和减量3/4(1次);修剪强度设置为:常规修剪(保留枣头枝25~30个)、轻度修剪(保留枣头枝35~40个)和重度修剪(保留枣头枝15~20个)。结果表明:(1)通过计算年生长量W_(3)F_(1)轻度修剪处理的地径生长量最大(10.05 mm),W_(3)F_(1)重度修剪处理的当年生枣头枝最多(13.80个/株),而CK处理的枣头枝长度生长量最大(16.74 mm),W_(6)F_(4)重度修剪处理的粗度生长量变化最大(7.07 mm)。(2)从枣果发育方面来看,W_(3)F_(1)轻度修剪处理的单株产量最高(8.48 kg),较CK提高1.29倍。W_(3)F_(1)常规修剪处理的优质果率最高(64.67%),其次是CK(62%),总体优质果率最低的为W_(4)F_(2)重度修剪处理。(3)在主成分分析中,W_(3)F_(1)常规修剪处理果实内在品质指标主成分综合得分最高,W_(3)F_(1)轻度修剪处理次之,但枣果品质等级主成分综合得分最高的为W_(3)F_(1)轻度修剪处理。综上所述,在漫灌模式下,适当的水肥减量和轻度修剪会促进‘骏枣’生长发育,增加枣果产量和提升果实品质,所以成龄‘骏枣’栽培中推荐W_(3)F_(1)轻度修剪处理的栽培管理措施。即年灌水3次(单次2400 m^(3)/hm^(2)),追肥1次(200 g/株),春季修剪进行轻度修剪(保留35~40个枣头枝)。

不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率,探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施,基于连续7年长期定位试验,于2021—2022年开展田间试验,共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)3个处理,研究不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,系统分析了2年试验期土壤水分与温度动态变化及春玉米各阶段水分生产力,为该地区春玉米水肥高效提供利于农业可持续发展的科学管理措施。结果表明:与无覆盖处理相比,地膜覆盖具有增温效应,2年内土壤温度提高0.72~2.63℃;秸秆覆盖具有降温效应,2年内土壤温度降低0.20~1.51℃。与无覆盖处理相比,地膜与秸秆覆盖处理均可改善春玉米生长前期土壤含水量,并驱动土壤“湿干交替”现象促进水分吸收,提高水分利用效率,实现增产。虽然地膜覆盖处理改善了前期土壤含水量,促进春玉米前期生长发育,但会导致根系生长过浅,不利于生长后期水分利用,甚至植株存在倒伏风险(2021年倒伏率高达72.14%),影响产量形成。与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理驱动土壤“湿干交替”时表现出更强水分缓冲力,协调春玉米各阶段生长发育,生长后期水分利用效率显著提高25.17%~34.71%,并降低倒伏风险。2年平均数据显示,与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理产量与水分利用效率显著提高8.55%和10.23%,经济效益显著提高12.57%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖可作为该地区春玉米水肥高效可持续利用的科学管理措施。

北京延庆山区紫苏林下生态种植模式研究

【目的】探明北京山区老龄化村庄中药材林下生态种植模式,助力乡村振兴。【方法】以典型的老龄化村庄—延庆区大庄科乡黄土梁村作为试验地点,中药材紫苏作为试验材料,在板栗林下进行生态种植,设置不同的播种量和有机菌肥用量,收获后统计分析紫苏产量、品质及收益,与大田和四旁地种植的紫苏进行比较。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取紫苏叶挥发油并测定含量,使用高效液相色谱法测定紫苏梗和紫苏子中迷迭香酸含量。【结果】采用生态种植技术,紫苏药材品质达到且优于《中国药典》2020版标准;不同种植环境的收益达9 585.00~10 350.00元/hm^(2);郁闭度为0.20板栗林下,播种量22.50 kg/hm^(2),有机菌施肥量1 800.00 kg/hm^(2)的条件下紫苏药材产量高、品质优、收益好。【结论】紫苏林下生态种植模式充分利用山区农村的自然禀赋,在获得可观收益的同时,大幅度降低了劳动力投入,非常适合在山区老龄化农村进行推广。