Theoretical and experimental investigations on an X-shaped vibration isolator with active controlled variable stiffness

A novel X-shaped variable stiffness vibration isolator(X-VSVI)is proposed.The Runge-Kutta method,harmonic balance method,and wavelet transform spectra are introduced to evaluate the performance of the X-VSVI under various excitations.The layer number,the installation angle of the X-shaped structure,the stiffness,and the active control parameters are systematically analyzed.In addition,a prototype of the X-VSVI is manufactured,and vibration tests are carried out.The results show that the proposed X-VSVI has a superior adaptability to that of a traditional X-shaped mechanism,and shows excellent vibration isolation performance in response to different amplitudes and forms of excitations.Moreover,the vibration isolation efficiency of the device can be improved by appropriate adjustment of parameters.

Modeling,analysis,and simulation of X-shape quasi-zero-stiffness-roller vibration isolators

Existing quasi-zero stiffness(QZS)isolators are reviewed.In terms of their advantages,a novel X-shape QZS isolator combined with the cam-roller-spring mechanism(CRSM)is proposed.Different from the existing X-shape isolators,oblique springs are used to enhance the negative stiffness of the system.Meanwhile,the CRSM is used to eliminate the gravity of the loading mass,while the X-shape structure leaves its static position.The existing QZS isolators are demonstrated and classified according to their nonlinearity mechanisms and classical shapes.It is shown that the oblique spring can realize negative stiffness based on the simplest mechanism.The X-shape has a strong capacity of loading mass,while the CRSM can achieve a designed restoring force at any position.The proposed isolator combines all these advantages together.Based on the harmonic balance method(HBM)and the simulation,the displacement transmissibilities of the proposed isolator,the X-shape isolators just with oblique springs,and the X-shape isolators in the traditional form are studied.The results show that the proposed isolator has the lowest beginning isolation frequency and the smallest maximum displacement transmissibility.However,it still has some disadvantages similar to the existing QZS isolators.This means that its parameters should be designed carefully so as to avoid becoming a bistable system,in which there are two potential wells in the potential energy curve and thus the isolation performance will be worsened.

Seismic Behavior of Specially Shaped Column Joints with X-Shaped Reinforcement

To investigate the seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints with X-shaped reinforcement,two groups of specimens with or without X-shaped reinforcement in joint core region were tested under constant axial compression load and low reversed cyclic loading,which imitated low to moderate earthquake force.The seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints with X-shaped reinforcement in terms of bearing capacity,displacement,ductility,hysteretic curve,stiffness degradation and energy dissipation was studied and compared to that without Xshaped reinforcement in joint core region.With the damage estimation model,the accumulated damage was analyzed.The shearing capacity formula of specially shaped column joints reinforced by X-shaped reinforcement was proposed with a simple form.The test results show that X-shaped reinforcement is an effective measure for improving the seismic behavior of specially shaped column joints including deformation behavior,ductility and hysteretic characteristic.All specimens were damaged with gradual stiffness degeneration.In addition,X-shaped reinforcement in the joint core region is an effective way to lighten the degree of cumulated damage.The good seismic performance obtained from the specially shaped column joint with X-shaped reinforcement can be used in engineering applications.The test value is higher than the calculated value,which indicates that the formula is safe for the design of specially shaped column joints.

TRANSITIONS AND MODRPHOLOGY OF MAIN-CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS WITH X-SHAPED MESOGENS

The transitions and morphology of a series of main-chain liquid crystalline polymer with X-shaped mesogens were studied by means of DSC,SALS and polarizing microscopy techniques. Aneven-odd effect was observed for samples with different size of the substituents on the mesogenends. The isotropization process was similar to that of main-chain polymers with rod-likemesogens. No crystallization was detected for specimens cooling down from their isotropic meltstate. However two of the samples may crystallize in cooling process directly from the liquidcrystalline state.

SYNTHESIS OF MAIN CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYESTERS WITH X-SHAPED TWO-DIMENSIONAL MESOGENIC UNIT AND CROWN ETHER CYCLE

A novel series of main chain liquid crystalline copolyesters with X-shaped two-dimensional mesogenic unit and crown ether cycle of cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 was prepared via solution condensation polymerization from 4,4＇-（a;arhexanedioyloxy） dibenzoyl dichloride （MI）, 2,5-bis（p-octyloxybenzoyloxy） hydro-quinone （M2） and cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 （M3）. Monomer MI was synthesized by esterification and substitution of adipoyl chloride with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, monomer M2 was synthesized by esterfication and reduction reaction of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone and p-octanoxybenzoyl chloride and monomer M3 was synthesized by diazotization and coupling reaction of cis-diaminodibenzo-18-crown-6 with phenol. The molecular weights of copolyesters are not high, and the intrinsic viscosity [η] of copolyesters ranges from 0.25-0.35. The monomers＇ structures were identified by using elemental analysis, IR, UV, ^1H-NMR, MS, etc. All the copolyesters are yellowish powders and insoluble in THF and CHC13 at room temperature except cPg. The properties of copolyesters were investigated by using GPC, [η] , DSC, TG, WAXD and POM. It was found that all the copolyesters entered into liquid crystal phase when they were heated to above their melting temperature （Tin）. The typical smectic and nematic phase texture can be observed on POM. Their mesophase transition temperature and thermal stability change regularly with varying the content of cis-4,4＇-bis（4-hydroxyphenylazo） dibenzo-18-crown-6 unit in the copolyesters.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIN CHAIN AROMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL COPOLYESTERS WITH X-SHAPED AND ROD-SHAPED MESOGENIC UNITS

A series of main chain liquid crystal aromatic copolyesters with X-shaped and rod-shaped mesogenic units were synthesized via solution condensation polymerizations of 4,4'-(alpha,omega-octanedioyloxy)-dibenzoyl dichlorides with 2,5-bis(p-octanoxy benzoyloxy)-hydroquinone and diphenol. All of the copolyesters showed thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviors through observations using DSC, polarized microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The melting point (T-m) and the isotropization temperature (T-i) change regularly with varying the content of diphenol unit in the copolymers.

The review of clinical application of X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy for joint pain and activity disorder

Musculoskeletal diseases such as neck, shoulder, back and leg pain are ext remely common in clinic. Diseases of the joints of the ext remi ti es, especially sputum, wr ist spr ains, and periarthritis of the shoulders, and even lumbar disc herniation, use X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy to relieve pain and improve motor function. The method of obtaining acupoints is simple and easy to operate. Many of clinical comparison shows that this therapy is simple to conventional acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of local pain and joint diseases. This review concluded the advantaged about the X-shaped balance acupuncture therapy and it worth to clinical promotion.

X形软钢阻尼器延性断裂的试验研究与数值模拟

为了研究X形软钢阻尼器在大变形状态下的耗能性能和损伤演化规律,设计了6组试件进行单向和循环荷载作用下延性断裂的试验研究,分析了软钢阻尼器的破坏过程和滞回曲线。采用Lemaitre-Chaboche混合强化模型,分别对各工况下包含与不包含基于应力三轴度的钢材微观损伤模型的软钢阻尼器进行了精细的有限元模拟。对比有限元模拟结果和试验结果,分析结果表明,颈部为X形耗能软钢阻尼器的薄弱位置,最容易发生集中损伤甚至破坏。考虑钢材损伤准则的有限元模拟的荷载-位移曲线与试验结果更加吻合,能够表征软钢阻尼器的承载力与刚度退化现象,并能较为准确地预测软钢阻尼器的损伤演化过程和断裂破坏位置。

鲜花湖特大桥主桥设计研究

鲜花湖特大桥是G4222和县至襄阳高速公路舒城(千人桥)至金寨(皖豫界)段的主要控制性工程之一。主桥采用(118+220+118)m预应力混凝土部分斜拉桥,塔梁墩固结体系;上部结构采用单箱三室大悬臂斜腹板宽幅箱形主梁,人字形主塔,单索面扇形、横向双排布置斜拉索;下部结构结合现场环境,采用X形双肢薄壁墩、群桩基础。鲜花湖特大桥主桥构造新颖美观,融合了结构设计与景观需求。通过系统介绍该桥设计方案、结构和主要计算结果,以供同类项目参考。

基于循环孔洞扩张模型的X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测

海洋工程钢结构在服役过程中,受风、浪、流或地震等极端循环载荷的影响,易发生超低周疲劳断裂破坏,造成人员伤亡及财产损失,因此超低周疲劳断裂分析及寿命预测对于海工结构安全性评估至关重要。然而,现阶段基于累积损伤理论提出的多种超低周疲劳寿命预测模型无法对多尺度节点实现统一预测,造成了实际工程应用的不便。因此文中基于循环孔洞扩张模型开展X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测。首先,开发了基于循环孔洞扩张模型的VUSDFLD程序,实现ABAQUS与FORTRAN子程序联合应用,利用有限元分析验证循环孔洞扩张模型在X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂分析中的有效性;其次,根据多组X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂有限元分析结果,在宏观层面提出了一种基于Manson-Coffin公式的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式;最后,依据Miner理论,将适用于等幅加载的超低周疲劳寿命公式扩展至变幅加载情况,验证了多种节点尺寸下超低周疲劳公式的适用性,为工程应用提供了理论依据。

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for X-shaped vascular networks

Combining with entransy theory, constructal designs of the X-shaped vascular networks(XSVNs) are implemented with fixed total tube volumes of the XSVNs. The entransy dissipation rates(EDRs) of the XSVNs are minimized, and the optimal constructs of the XSVNs are derived. Comparison of the optimal constructs of the XSVNs with two optimization objectives(EDR minimization and entropy generation rate(EGR) minimization) is conducted. It is found that when the dimensionless mass flow rate(DMFR) is small, the optimal diameter ratio of the elemental XSVN derived by EDR minimization is different from that derived by EGR minimization. For the multilevel XSVN, when the DMFR is 100, compared the XSVN with the corresponding H-shaped vascular network(HSVN), the dimensionless EDRs of the elemental, second and fourth order XSVNs are reduced by 26.39%, 15.34% and 9.81%, respectively. Compared with the entransy dissipation number(EDN) of the second order XSVN before angle optimization, the EDN after optimization is reduced by 26.15%, which illustrates that it is significant to conduct angle optimization of the XSVN. Entransy theory is applied into the constructal design of the vasculature with heat transfer and fluid flow in this paper, which provides new directions for the vasculature designs.

RELATIONSHIP OF FIRST STEP HEIGHT,STEP SLOPE AND CAVITY IN X-SHAPED FLARING GATE PIERS

The energy dissipation of X-shaped flaring gate piers ahead of a stepped spillway was adopted in the Suofengying Hydroplant. Under the circumstance that the first step is higher than others, at the step surface an aerated cavity occured behind piers. The interaction of the weir head, the elevation difference between crest and chamber outlet, the first step height, the slopes of weir end and step, and the size of cavity, was investigated, the expression was derived to characterize their relationship, and the corresponding curves were plotted. The comparison of the calculated and simulated results with the measured data was performed. When the slopes of step and weir end are equivalent, the relative height difference between the first and second steps becomes the main factor influencing the aerated cavity. These findings may be useful in practical applications.

青州北齐菩萨立像新样天衣来源新探

山东青州及其周边地区发现的北齐菩萨立像多佩戴新样天衣。学界认为这一地区新样天衣的出现受到陕甘等地造像艺术的影响。而根据北朝X形天衣及新样U形天衣的演变过程以及二者与新样天衣的关系,可以得出结论:新样天衣由新样U形天衣演变而来。新样天衣最早出现在以青州及其周边地区为主的山东境内,并在向外传播的过程中产生较大影响,成为隋唐时期天衣的主要样式之一。

基于X形正反螺纹搅拌针的搅拌摩擦搭接焊材料流动及其影响下的接头成形规律

搅拌针大扎入下板是搅拌摩擦搭接焊(FSLW)常见的工艺方法,但向上弯曲的钩状缺陷会减小接头的有效搭接厚度,不利于获得高承载的接头。为实现钩状缺陷向下弯曲,设计了X形正反螺纹搅拌针并进行搅拌摩擦搭接焊过程材料流动行为的数值模拟,进而研究材料流动与接头成形间的关系。结果表明,在X形正反螺纹搅拌针作用下,焊接过程中焊核区下部与上部的材料分别向上与向下流动,在焊核区中间交汇后向沿水平方向流动;当材料交汇形成的材料集聚区位于原始搭接界面上方时,既可实现钩状缺陷的向下弯曲又可获得大宽度的焊核。在转速为800 rpm且焊速为300 mm/min时,2024-T4铝合金搭接焊接头的拉伸强度达到299.6 MPa,其大于已报道的2000系列铝合金接头强度值。

与X型宽尾墩联合的台阶溢洪道消能特性研究

通过数值模拟对与X型宽尾墩联合的台阶溢洪道水流水力特性进行了研究,并结合不同工况下的水流流态、流速分布等水力要素,对溢洪道水流消能特性进行了探究。结果表明:单宽流量较小时,消能率与传统台阶溢洪道一致,可达60%至70%。当单宽流量较大时,挑射水流占下泄水流主体,消能效果不明显,台阶中心线末端消能率不足25%,可能对台阶面造成破坏,宽度范围约为宽尾墩出口宽度的2/3。

济南大北环黄河特大桥总体设计

济南大北环黄河特大桥位于济南绕城高速二环线北环段,由主桥和引桥组成,全长5 830 m。主桥采用(50+350+350+50) m独塔自锚式悬索桥,桥塔为独柱混凝土结构,空间缆索布置,主梁采用双边钢箱梁,通过横梁连接;为提高主桥结构整体刚度,桥塔处采用X形横梁以满足顺桥向双排支座布置要求,并在主跨跨中设置1对辅助斜拉索;桥面板采用钢-UHPC组合桥面板;主缆通过散索鞍后保持竖向无转向,水平横桥向转向14.08°后锚固。主桥采用“先梁后缆”施工方案,钢梁采用支架拼装及顶推施工,塔柱采用爬模施工,塔梁施工完成后进行主缆及吊索架设。滩地引桥上部结构采用装配式预应力混凝土T梁;跨大堤桥及国道220跨线桥上部结构采用变截面现浇预应力混凝土连续梁;堤外引桥上部结构采用先张法预制预应力混凝土工字梁。

引排结合多工况泵站总体布置型式探讨

泵站工程从功能上来说可分为引水和排涝两大类。某些平原圩区泵站枢纽工程要求同时具备机排、机引、自排、自引多种工况调度功能,相对于传统泵站,其具有节省投资、减少占地、管理集中等优点。引排结合泵站的设计要点和难点在于总体布置型式的选择及运行调度方案的确定。文章结合阜阳市某水系连通项目,对引排结合多工况泵站的几种总体布置方案进行了介绍及分析,设计方案均合理可行,可为其他相关的引排结合泵站设计提供思路和借鉴。

Characterization of x-shaped nanoaperture antenna arrays operating in mid-infrared regime

The characterization of x-shaped antenna arrays operating in the mid-infrared is proposed. An equivalent circuit model for the resonant characteristic of the x-shaped nanoaperture antenna arrays is also included. In order to understand the resonance behavior of the structure, a detailed study of the field-enhancement capabilities and light transmission characteristics of the structure is proposed. In the experimental stud- ies, the transmission characteristics of the periodic x-apertures are analyzed by varying the geometrical dimensions. Consequently, it is observed that the periodic subwavelength x-apertures show extremely high near-field optical resolution and enhanced transmission compared with the other nm-sized apertures.

基于X-CT扫描技术的泡沫轻质土孔结构分析

为研究泡沫轻质土内部孔隙三维空间分布状态和形态特征,采用X射线计算断层扫描技术(X-ray computed tomography,X-CT)获取了3种湿密度等级泡沫轻质土孔结构,并进行定量分析。基于混合高斯模型,通过解卷积确定孔相和固相灰度阈值,根据阈值将灰度图像划分为孔和固体两相材料,定量表征孔隙率、孔径、球度和孔隙形态等孔结构特征参数。将孔结构特征参数与强度进行关联分析,结果表明:随着泡沫轻质土的湿密度增大,孔径分布更加均匀,平均孔径降低,球状孔隙增多,导致泡沫轻质土应力分布更加均匀,抵抗外部荷载能力更强,整体强度更高。

X形汽车吊具的运动性能及力学性能分析

为满足X形汽车吊具多体运动系统的工作性能和安全性能,对其进行数字化设计,建立了三维装配模型,并导入ADAMS软件中构建动力学模型;模拟了常规运行工况和单侧电机故障工况下的运动过程,得到位移、速度和加速度曲线,以及铰孔接触力曲线,确定了铰孔受力最大时X形机构的运动位置;采用有限元分析法对该位置在常规运行工况、单侧电机故障工况和一侧外力干扰工况下的力学性能进行分析。结果表明:X形汽车吊具在各工况下均满足强度和变形要求,进而验证了结构的力学性能,为设计方案的进一步迭代与优化提供参考。