Molecular Screening of Rice Cultivated in Benin for the Identification of Xanthomonas oryzae Pv. oryzae and Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance Genes

One of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide is bacterial blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). In Benin, Xoo was first described in 2013 on wild rice Oryzae longistaminata. So far, no study has been done on Beninese Xoo strains. We do not know whether the pathogen has already passed into the rice varieties grown, or if they are exposed to other bacteria. Whereas the use of resistant varieties, carrying resistance genes, is the only highly effective and environmentally friendly way to control this disease, no information is available on these Xoo resistance genes in rice varieties grown in Benin apart from the one we recently. This study aims to identify Beninese Xoo strains, causing BLB and screen rice varieties grown in Benin for the main resistance genes. Diseased rice leaves showing typical symptoms of fire blight collected from different rice fields in the three phytogeographic areas of Benin were analyzed by PCR for Xoo-specific sequence identification. Furthermore, seventy-five collected rice accessions were screened to identify xa5, Xa7, xa13, and Xa21 resistance genes to Xoo. The results reveal that Xanthomonas oryzae was identified in two fields in Banikouara and one in Malanville. On the other hand, Sphingomonas sp. has been identified in several other rice fields in Benin. Forty-seven of seventy-five rice accessions examined (62.66%) carried Xoo resistance genes with 3 (4%) and 40 (53.33%) of xa5 and Xa21 respectively. None of the accessions had either Xa7 or xa13 resistance genes. Three accessions possess both xa5 and Xa21 genes. Isogenic lines IRBB60 and IRBB21, supposed to be a positive control, presented a Xoo sensitivity allele. These results indicate that Xoo has moved from the wild rice variety to the cultivated variety in northern Benin and varietal improvement programs must be implemented with varieties having several resistance genes for the efficient response against a possible BLB pandemic in Benin.

Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on Rice Near-Isogenic Lines with Single Resistance Gene and Pyramiding Lines in China

Ninety one isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were collected from different rice- growing regions in China and determined for their virulence on 24 rice near-isogenic lines containing single resistance gene and 2-4 genes: IRBB1 (Xa1), IRBB2 (Xa2), IRBB3 (Xa3), IRBB4 (Xa4), IRBB5 (xa5), IRBB7 (Xa7), IRBB8 (xa8), IRBB10 (Xa10), IRBB11 (Xa11), IRBB13 (xa13), IRBB14 (Xa14), IRBB21 (Xa21), IR24 (Xa18), IRBB50 (Xa4 + xa5), IRBB51 (Xa4 + xa13), IRBB52 (Xa4 + Xa21), IRBB53 (xa5 + xa13), IRBB54 (xa5 + Xa21), IRBB55 (xa13 + Xa21), IRBB56 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21), IRBB58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB59 (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) and IRBB60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21). The results showed that most isolates were less virulent on lines with more than one genes pyramided than those with single resistance gene. The isolates tested were more virulent on IR24 and IRBB10, less virulent on IRBB5, IRBB7 and IRBB21. Based on interactions between isolates and rice near-isogenic lines, 7 cultivars with single gene (IRBB5, IRBB4, IRBB3, IRBB14, IRBB2, IRBB1 and IR24) were chosen as the differentials, and the tested isolates were classified into 7 virulence groups. The reaction patterns of the 7 groups in order were: RRRRRRR, RRRRRRS, RRRRRSS, RR/SRRSSS, RRRSSSS, RRSSSSS, RSSSSSS. The virulence frequencies were 7.69, 6.59, 14.29, 12.09, 14.29, 28.57 and 16.48% respectively. The elementary system for races identification has been established in China based on the results. It will be possible to compare with races in other countries, and the results will facilitate the development of rice resistance breeding to bacterial blight in China.

Resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to saikuzuo

Saikuzuo (N, N’-methylene-di (2-amino-5-sulfurhydrogen-1, 3, 4-thiodiazole)) a good bactericideagainst rice bacterial blight disease, has been usedin China for more than 20 years. In this study,the sensitivity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) tosaikuzuo was tested in vitro and in vivo. Seventy-seven and 11 isolates were collected from Hexian,Anhui Province, and Liuhe, Jiangsu Province, re-

水稻对白叶枯病Xanthomonas oryzae pv.Oryzae水平抗性的数量性状位点(QTL)定位

利用“Lemont/特青”重组自交系（RI）群体研究了水稻对白叶枯病致病菌株CR6的水平抗性。双亲和F1均为感病，重组自交系（RILs）的病斑长度（LL）为带有明显双向超亲的连续变异，显示出典型的多基因遗传特征。部分重组自交系（约占总数90％）对CR6表现高水平抗性（LL≤3cm）。利用由178个良好分离的RFLP标记构建的饱和连锁图，鉴定出11个数量形状位点（QTLs）和3对互作位点解释了RI群体的大部分病斑变异。抗性QTLs定位于水稻第2、3、4、8、9、10、11、12等8条染色体。在来自特青的Xa－4位点上检测到一个有很大加性效应的QTL。其余10个QTLs的抗性等位基因有7个来自特青，3个来自Lemont。研究结果表明多个数量性状位点和失效主基因（Xa－4）残效的累加效应构成了对白叶枯病水平抗性的遗传基础，是重要的抗性组成部分。可以预期在DNA标记的辅助下，这些数量性状位点与主效抗性基因的组合将使水稻品种具有持久抗病性。

Evaluation of the Pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Preliminary Analysis of the Resistant Reactions of Main Japonica Rice in the Yunnan Plateau, China

The pathogenicity of 36 isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, which were collected from japonica rice varieties in the Yunnan Plateau, China, was evaluated. It was evaluated on 29 rice varieties including a set of seven varieties to identify pathogenicity, i.e., Haonuoyang, TN1, Kogyoku, Zhenzhu＇ai, IR26, Nanjing 33, and Kinmaze, which may be considered as a set of differential varieties for Xoo races from Yunnan japonica rice. The efficiency of the seven varieties was further confirmed. The results showed reversible and specific interactions between isolates and varieties. The isolates were classified into nine pathotypes from pathotyp Ⅰ to Ⅸ according to their pathogenic reactions on the seven rice varieties. The pathotype V was the epidemic, whereas pathogen Ⅶ was the most pathogenic. Most japonica varieties grown in the Yunnan Plateau were susceptible to Xoo. The rice lines IRBB21 （Xa-21）, Zhachanglong （Xa-22,, Xa- 24,）, and IR1545-339 （xa-5）, which were resistant to all the isolates tested, can be used as donors of resistant genes for bacterial blight in japonica rice breeding in the Yunnan Plateau.

Multiple Alleles Encoding Atypical NLRs with Unique Central Tandem Repeats in Rice Confer Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Plants have developed various mechanisms for avoiding pathogen invasion,including resistance(R)genes.Most R genes encode nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins(NLRs).Here,we report the isolation of three new bacterial blight R genes in rice,Xa1-2,Xa14,and Xa31(t),which were allelic to Xa1 and encoded atypical NLRs with unique central tandem repeats(CTRs).We also found that Xa31(t)was the same gene as Xa1-2.Although Xa1-2 and Xa14 conferred different resistance spectra,their performance could be attenuated by iTALEs,as has previously been reported for Xa1.XA1,XA1-2,XA14,and non-resistant RGAF differed mainly in the substructure of the leucine-rich repeat domain.They all contained unique CTRs and belonged to the CTR-NLRs,which existed only in Gramineae.We also found that interactions among these genes led to differing resistance performance.In conclusion,our results uncover a unique locus in rice consisting of at least three multiple alleles(Xa1,Xa1-2,and Xa14)that encode CTRNLRs and confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).

Genetics and Improvement of Bacterial Blight Resistance of Hybrid Rice in China

Since 1980s, rice breeding for resistance to bacterial blight has been rapidly progressing in China. The gene Xa4 was mainly used in three-line indica hybrid and two-line hybrid rice. The disease has been ＇quiet＇ for 20 years in China, yet in recent years it has gradually emerged and been prevalent in fields planted with newly released rice varieties in the Changjiang River valley. Under the circumstances, scientists inevitably raised several questions： what causes the resurgence and what should we do next？ And/or is resistance breeding still one of the main objectives in rice improvement？ Which approach do we take on resistance breeding so that the resistance will be more durable, and the resistance gene will be used more efficiently？ A combined strategy involving traditional method, molecular marker-assisted selection, and transgenic technology should bring a new era to the bacterial blight resistance hybrid rice breeding program. This review also briefly discusses and deliberates on issues related to the broadening of bacterial blight resistance, and suitable utilization of resistance genes, alternate planting of available resistance genes; and understands the virulent populations of the bacterial pathogen in China even in Asia.

Identification of an avirulence gene,avrxa5,from the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae

Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,the causal agent of bacterial blight in rice,interacts with rice plants in a gene-for-gene manner.The specificity of the interaction is dictated by avirulence(avr) genes in the pathogen and resistance(R) genes in the host.To date,no avr genes that correspond to recessive R genes have been isolated.We isolated an avrBs3/pthA family gene,avrxa5,from our previously isolated clone p58,which was originally from strain JXOIII.The avrxa5 gene converted the PXO99A strain from compatible to incompatible in rice cultivars containing the recessive xa5 gene,but not in those containing the dominant Xa5 gene.Sequencing indicated that avrxa5,which is highly similar to members of the avrBs3/pthA family,encodes a protein of 1238 amino acid residues with a conserved carboxy-terminal region containing three nuclear localization signals and a transcription activation domain.It has 19.5 34-amino-acid direct repeats,but the 13th amino acid is missing in the fifth and ninth repetitive units.Domain swapping of the repetitive regions between avrxa5 and avrXa7 changed the avirulence specificity of the genes in xa5 and Xa7 rice lines,respectively.This indicates that avrxa5 is distinct from previously characterized avrBs3/pthA members.The specificity of avrxa5 toward recessive xa5 in rice could help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen specific interactions.

云南高原粳稻区白叶枯病菌致病型鉴定及主栽品种抗性反应初析

从云南高原粳稻区采集分离36份白叶枯病菌株,在包括初步选定的7个高原粳稻白叶枯病菌鉴别品种(毫糯扬、TN1、黄玉、珍珠矮、IR26、南粳33、金南风)在内的29个水稻品种上测定致病型,进一步明确了这7个鉴别品种的有效性。发现菌株与品种之间具有交叉互作反应,菌株与品种之间存在质的特异性互作关系;利用这套鉴别品种可将36个菌株划分为9个致病型,其中Ⅴ型菌为优势菌群,Ⅶ型菌为毒性菌群。云南高原粳稻区的主栽品种多数感病。稻种资源IRBB21(Xa-21)、扎昌龙(Xa-22t,Xa-24t)、IR1545-339(xa-5)对所有参试菌株均表现抗病,在云南高原粳稻育种中具有较好的利用价值。

苯并噻二唑诱发水稻对白叶枯病的系统获得抗性

用苯并噻二唑 (benzothiadiazole,BTH) (0 .5 mmol/ L )、水杨酸 (1mmol/ L )、硝酸镍 (0 .5 mmol/ L )、多效唑 (30 0mg/ L)和烯效唑 (40 mg/ L)处理 4叶 1心期稻苗后接种白叶枯病菌 ,病斑长度明显降低。BTH对白叶枯病病菌生长无明显抑制作用。BTH诱发稻苗对白叶枯病抗性的最佳浓度为 0 .5～ 1mmol/ L;在诱发处理和接种之间至少需要 2 d才能诱导抗性 ,间隔 7d的诱导抗性效果最好 ,诱导抗性的持久期至少 15 d。BTH处理稻苗第 2叶 ,可使未处理的第 3和第 4叶上也表现出诱导抗性 ,但处理后至少需要 2 4～ 36 h上部叶片才表现出诱导抗性。结果表明 ,BTH诱导对白叶枯病的抗性是一种系统获得抗性反应。

野生稻细菌性条斑病抗性资源筛选及遗传分析

对1655份普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)和31份药用野生稻(O.officinalis Wall.ex Watt)进行了细菌性条斑病(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,简称细条病)抗性鉴定,结果发现在普通野生稻中有57份抗病材料,其中3级抗性有31份,占总数的1.87%;5级中抗有26份,占总数1.57%。在药用野生稻资源中,有15份抗病材料,占总数的48.4%。选取了8份普通野生稻抗性资源(分别命名为DP1、DP3、DP5、DP9、DP15、DP16、DP17和DP20)与9311杂交,再自交或与9311回交后,分别获得BC1、F1和F2后代。在接种鉴定中发现这些抗性资源的BC1或F1所有植株均对细条病表现感病,说明这8份材料的抗性属于隐性遗传。在DP3与9311杂交的F2群体中,抗感植株的分离比符合1∶15的比例,说明DP3的抗性由2对隐性重叠作用基因控制。研究结果表明,在野生稻中可以获得一批具有较大利用价值的细条病抗性资源,其中药用野生稻资源中抗性材料所占的比例较大。

水稻不同抗白叶枯病基因抗谱鉴定及在杂种F_1代的表达

测定了１２个水稻抗白叶枯病基因对中国白叶枯病菌７个致病型的１０个菌株的抗性反应。结果表明：Ｘａ－４、ｘａ－５、Ｘａ－７、ｘａ－１３和Ｘａ－２１等５个抗病基因在苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期对病菌侵染均表现为广谱抗病反应。进一步将３个带显性广谱抗病基因的材料ＩＲＢＢ４（Ｘａ－４）、ＩＲＢＢ７（Ｘａ－７）和ＩＲＢＢ２１（Ｘａ－２１）与６个常规感病品种和５个常用不育系及相应保持系配组，对其Ｆ１代杂种用病菌致病型Ⅱ和Ⅳ的ＫＳ－６６和ＺＪ－１７３菌株进行接种，发现抗病基因Ｘａ－７和Ｘａ－２１在杂种Ｆ１中对病菌表现抗病反应，而抗病基因Ｘａ－４在杂种Ｆ１中仅表现中抗反应。

四个籼稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗性遗传研究

对水稻细菌性条斑病表现高抗的Ｄｕｌａｒ、ＩＲ２６、ＩＲ３６和ＩＲ１５４５－３３９等４个籼稻品种与感病品种金刚３０杂交并分别与双亲回交，获得Ｆ１、Ｆ２、ＢＣ１和ＢＣ２。在隔离网室用细菌性条斑病菌株ＲＳ－６８接种不同世代群体，根据其抗感反应推断：ＩＲ３６的抗病性是由一对隐性主效基因控制的，Ｄｕｌａｒ、ＩＲ２６和ＩＲ１５４５－３３９三个品种的抗病性分别由一对显性基因控制，Ｄｕｌａｒ和ＩＲ１５４５－３３９的抗病基因呈非等位关系。

两个籼稻品种对水稻细菌性条斑病抗性遗传的研究

对水稻细菌性条斑病表现高抗的两个籼稻品种IR36 和BJ1 与感病品种南农籼2 号、金刚30 和明恢63 等杂交并分别与双亲回交, 获得F1、F2、BC1、BC2 等世代。用条斑病菌株Rs105 接种不同世代群体, 根据其抗感反应推断: BJ1 对细菌性条斑病的抗性由一对显性基因控制, IR36 的抗性则由两对隐性基因控制。

OsDUF500基因沉默提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

以编码HarpinXoo的hrf1转基因水稻NJH12的cDNA为模板,克隆到了DUF500的保守功能区。序列分析表明,OsDUF500是DUF500家族成员,功能未知。构建OsDUF500的沉默载体,用土壤根癌农杆菌介导的方法转化粳稻R109,用Hpt抗生素做抗性筛选,获得9个再生株系。经分子鉴定,8个为沉默株系(ABD-2～9)。与野生型相比,ABD株系株高变矮,叶片变短,出现白色空秕谷。白叶枯病抗性鉴定结果表明,OsDUF500沉默株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性存在差异,病斑长度比野生型明显缩短,病斑面积均在30%以下,株系ABD-3和ABD-5病斑面积分别为12.3%和15.7%,显示出较好的抗性。推测在稻瘟病抗性中上调表达基因OsDUF500对水稻白叶枯病抗性起负调控作用。

安徽省水稻品种对水稻白叶枯病的抗性及白叶枯病小种鉴定

为明确安徽省白叶枯病菌小种组成及常用、备用品种对该病的抗性,用白叶枯病强毒性小种FuJ和YN24、中等致病力的安徽省优势小种AH以及弱致病小种YN7对安徽省常用及备用水稻品种进行人工接种鉴定;用鉴别品种IRBB5、IRBB13、IRBB3、IRBB14、IRBB2、IR24对安徽的白叶枯病菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,有3.5%的品种抗FuJ,15.4%的品种抗YN24,29.8%的品种抗AH;安徽省白叶枯病菌小种有R2、R5和R8,其中R5为优势小种。抗AH的品种可以用于安徽的水稻生产;生产中应防止FuJ和YN24等毒性强的菌株传入。

噻唑锌对水稻黄单胞杆菌生物学活性初步研究

初步研究了噻唑锌在离体条件下对水稻黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)生长的抑制作用,以及其在水稻上防治白叶枯病的生物活性及抗性风险。结果表明,噻唑锌在离体条件下抑制Xoo生长的平均EC50值为(90.17±4.66)μg/mL,且通过紫外光诱导难以获得生长不受影响的抗药性菌株。温室盆栽试验表明,活体条件下噻唑锌对水稻白叶枯病的治疗和保护作用EC50值分别为22.90和52.38μg/mL,其治疗作用显著优于保护作用。从药剂处理稻苗后接种Xoo所形成的病斑上,能够筛选到致病力不受影响的Xoo抗药性突变体,其突变频率为13.3%。交互抗性研究表明,噻唑锌与噻枯唑之间存在交互抗性,但抗药性性状不能稳定遗传。内吸传导性研究表明,噻唑锌能被水稻根部和叶片吸收,且表现为向上传导性。噻唑锌对Xoo的活体抑制活性高于其离体活性,且抗性风险低,适用于防治水稻白叶枯病。

水稻白叶枯病菌核苷酸信号受体蛋白Clpxoo的分子鉴定及其功能

【目的】本文的目的为阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,简称Xoo)核苷酸信号途径及其作用机理。【方法】本研究对推导的信号受体蛋白Clpxoo进行了基因克隆、序列分析、缺失突变和互补及其相关表型的鉴定。【结果】克隆的clpxoo基因序列与大肠杆菌crp和铜绿假单胞菌vfr的同源性较高,与其它几种病原黄单胞菌clp高度保守。Clpxoo序列N端具有环化核苷酸cNMP结合结构域(CAP-ED),C端具有保守的DNA结合结构域(HTH-CRP)。用双交换法构建了基因缺失突变体(△clpxoo)。与野生型菌株PXO99A相比,△clpxoo的运动性、胞外多糖产生能力和对H2O2的抗性均显著降低,基因互补可使之部分恢复;△clpxoo胞外酶产生和对烟草致敏性无显著改变。【结论】Clpxoo可能作为全局性的保守调控因子之一,调控了Xoo的鞭毛运动性、胞外多糖产生和对H2O2的抗性。

水稻白叶枯病菌harpin基因的克隆与表达

利用 PCR方法从水稻黄单胞菌白叶枯致病变种 (Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo) Jxo III菌株中克隆到编码诱导植物过敏性反应激发子的基因 hrf A。同源性比较发现其推测产物与水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾小种 Pxo86的 Hpa1有 97.2 %的序列一致性 ,比 Hpa1少了一个 - GGG- GG-氨基酸残基序列重复。基因经 Nde I和 Bam HI双酶切后连到含 T7启动子的高表达载体 p ET30 a(+ )上构建重组质粒 p HRF4 ,并转化宿主菌 BL2 1(DE3)产生表达菌株 BL HR4。经过 IPTG诱导之后 ,BL HR4产生一分子量为 15 .6k D的蛋白质。研究表明 ,该蛋白在性质与功能上类似于其它已发现的 harpins,即能够在烟草上引起典型的过敏性反应 ,富含甘氨酸、热稳定以及对蛋白酶敏感。因此 ,我们把该蛋白定名为 harpin Xoo。harpin Xoo还具有诱导植物抗病性的功能。

水稻条斑病细菌类Harpin蛋白的纯化与特性研究

用硫酸铵沉淀、制备等电聚焦电泳、阴离子交换层析等方法从水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)RS105菌株突变体M51菌体破碎液中纯化出可激发烟草产生过敏性反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的蛋白类物质,分子量约为25.5 kDa。该物质与梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora))的HarpinEa和水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae,Xoo)的HarpinXoo具有相似的生物活性和理化特性:可激发烟草产生典型的HR反应;对热稳定,对蛋白酶K敏感;RNA转录抑制剂放线菌素D、蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚铵和钙离子通道阻断剂氯化镧能够抑制该物质激发烟草产生HR;该物质具有诱导烟草抗TMV的功能。据此,将该物质命名为类Harpin蛋白(Harpin-like protein,HLPxooc)。