Monitoring seismicity in the southern Sichuan Basin using a machine learning workflow

Monitoring seismicity in real time provides significant benefits for timely earthquake warning and analyses.In this study,we propose an automatic workflow based on machine learning(ML)to monitor seismicity in the southern Sichuan Basin of China.This workflow includes coherent event detection,phase picking,and earthquake location using three-component data from a seismic network.By combining Phase Net,we develop an ML-based earthquake location model called Phase Loc,to conduct real-time monitoring of the local seismicity.The approach allows us to use synthetic samples covering the entire study area to train Phase Loc,addressing the problems of insufficient data samples,imbalanced data distribution,and unreliable labels when training with observed data.We apply the trained model to observed data recorded in the southern Sichuan Basin,China,between September 2018 and March 2019.The results show that the average differences in latitude,longitude,and depth are 5.7 km,6.1 km,and 2 km,respectively,compared to the reference catalog.Phase Loc combines all available phase information to make fast and reliable predictions,even if only a few phases are detected and picked.The proposed workflow may help real-time seismic monitoring in other regions as well.

Statistics of Seismic Tremors with Harmonic Overtones Recorded at Syowa Station, Antarctica: October 2014-March 2015

During the period from October 2014 to March 2015, a total number of 82 seismic tremors and 66 ice-quakes were identified in both three-component short-period seismographs (HES) and broadband seismographs (STS-1) at Syowa Station (SYO), Antarctica. Statistics of the number of these tremors indicated that many tremors were likely to occur when large increases in temperature and/or wind speed during the period. This implied that the rapid increase in temperature enhanced a melting speed of cryosphere environment with generating seismic energy;the tremors were also excited by stormy conditions, associated with interactive resonance between sea-ices and oceanic swells. The characteristic tremors of harmonic overtones with strong amplitudes were explained by repetitive sources, suggesting inter-glacial asperities such as the collision of icebergs and fast sea-ice, calving of glaciers/ice-streams at the coastal environment of Antarctica. These high amplitude tremors occurred independently from other majority types of events, characterized by non-linear, small amplitude and weak signals at the stormy condition and rapid increase in temperature.

Seismic performance of a rectangular subway station with earth retaining system

Much effort has been made in investigating the seismic response and failure mechanism of rectangular subway stations,however,the influence of earth retaining systems has generally been ignored in previous studies.This paper presents a numerical study on the seismic performance of a rectangular subway station with/without earth retaining systems by taking fender piles as the example,and aims to illustrate how the existence of fender piles affects seismic responses on subway stations.The loading conditions of subway stations and their surrounding soils prior to earthquakes are discussed.Next,seismic responses of subway stations with or without fender piles were simulated.Afterward,earthquake-induced deformations of stations and surrounding soils,as well as the internal forces and damage modes of the structural components,were systematically studied.Consequently,the seismic performance of the stations was affected by the existence of fender piles.In addition,earthquake intensity is illustrated.The study showed that deformation modes of surrounding soils and damage modes of stations were different with regard to the existence of fender piles.Meanwhile,earthquake intensity influencing the seismic performance of stations with or without fender piles were found to be opposite.

Seismic activities before and after the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs in the lower Jinsha River

The lower Jinsha River basin is located at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in Southwest China,a region with intense tectonic movements and frequent moderate to strong seismic activities.Cascade hydropower stations have been constructed along the lower Jinsha River since 2012.However,research on the effect of the impoundment of large-scale cascade reservoirs in a river basin on local seismic activities is currently lacking.Accurately identifying earthquake locations is essential for studying reservoir-induced earthquakes.Analyzing the spatiotemporal migration process of seismic activities based on complete and precise earthquake relocation is fundamental for determining the fluid diffusion coefficient,constructing fault models for reservoir areas,identifying earthquake types,exploring earthquake mechanisms,and evaluating seismic hazards.The seismicity pattern in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas,where seismic activities had been weak for a long time,has changed with the successive impoundment of the two reservoirs,showing microseismic events and seismic clusters.We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of seismic activities in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas using the waveform cross-correlation-based double-difference relocation technique and the b-value analysis method.We discovered that seismic events after the impoundment of these two reservoirs exhibited different characteristics in different regions.The seismic activities at the Xiluodu dam quickly responded to the rising water level,with the seismic intensity decaying rapidly afterward.These events were concentrated in the limestone strata along both sides of the Jinsha River,with a shallow focal depth,generally within 5 km,and a high b-value of approximately 1.2.Such features are close to those of karst-type earthquakes.Microseismic activities frequent occur on the eastern bank of the Yongshan reservoir section downstream of the Xiluodu dam,with two parallel NW-trending earthquake strips visible after precise earthquake relocation.The M_(S)5.2 earthquake near Wuji town on August 17,2014,had prominent foreshocks and aftershocks distributed in a clear NW-trending 20-km-long strip,perpendicular to the riverbank.These seismic events had a low b-value of approximately 0.7.The orientation of the node plane revealed by the strike-slip focal mechanism of the mainshock is consistent with that of the strip formed by the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence,indicating the existence of a NW-striking concealed fault.Seismic activities near the Yanjin-Mabian fault upstream of the Xiangjiaba reservoir area since 2013 were concentrated in a NW-trending strip,with several near EW-trending seismic clusters on its western side,and with the largest event having a magnitude of M_(L)3.7.So far,the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs has not triggered seismic activities on the large Jinyang-Ebian and Yanjin-Mabian faults nearby.

Investigation on the seismic response of nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation using centrifuge tests

Research to reliably predict the seismic response of nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation is needed to meet the high safety requirements of nuclear power stations.In this study,a scaled superstructure with a 4×3 pile-raft foundation,which is constructed in Shanxi kaolin clay,is modelled.Accordingly,the characteristics of seismic response for nuclear power stations with a pile-raft foundation are analyzed using dynamic centrifuge tests.In particular,multiple earthquake motions with different magnitudes and frequency properties are utilized to map the relationship between structural response and properties of earthquake motions.The results show that the seismic response of the soil,raft,and structure are significantly affected by the natural frequency and magnitude of the earthquake motion.The soil surface acceleration is lower than the raft acceleration.The results provide a reliable reference to better understand the seismic response of nuclear power stations.

The Source and Observation System of Binchuan Earthquake Signal Transmitting Seismic Station and Its Preliminary Observation Results

This paper summarizes the basic situation of the Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station and the geophysical observations of the area where it is located,with a focus on the constitution of the observation system of the transmitting seismic station,the excitation characteristics and propagation distance of signals excited by the airgun source in the reservoir and well. The paper also summarizes and discusses on the results of the observations and problems encountered since the Transmitting Seismic Station was built.Finally,this paper proposes the main research to be carried out on the basis of the project aims.

Seismic performance of two-story subway station structures with different isolating systems

When the sliding bearing is fixed only at the top of the middle column of the underground structure,the cracks at the side end of the middle plate should be aggravated while the seismic damage of the mid-column should be alleviated.To enhance the seismic performance of the mid-plate,a new isolation design method has been mentioned while the elastic sliding bearings are set at the top of the mid-columns and between the side end of the mid-plate and the side wall at the same time.By establishing a nonlinear finite element analysis model for the static-dynamic coupling interaction system,the seismic response characteristics of the cast-in-place station structure without a sliding bearing have been analyzed and compared with those of the station structure with the sliding bearing fixed only at the top of the middle columns,and those of the station structure with sliding bearing be fixed between the mid-plate and the sidewall at the same time.The results show that the new isolation station structures suffer fewer earthquake damages at the mid-plate and mid-columns at the same time,which can improve the overall seismic performance of the subway station structure.

Simulation by Dislocation Model and Anomaly Property Determination of Huge Leveling Deformation at Linfen Seismic Station

In this study,under the assumption that the two huge leveling deformation anomalies at Linfen seismic station were caused by the Luoyunshan fault( Tumen-Yuli section)movement, we computed the vertical deformation field distribution based on the rectangular fault dislocation model and measured the ground deformation field of the study area using D-InS AR technology. The results are as follows:( 1) Theoretically,the ground vertical deformation field caused by fault movement could be within the elliptical deformation area with the long axis parallel to the fault strike. The largest deformation region is located in the center of the area in the hanging wall of the fault,and the deformation gradually decreases to zero toward the periphery; the impact range induced by the two deformations is respectively as follows: The long axes are about 18 km and26km,the short axes are about 12 km and 17 km and the obvious deformation amplitude is about 1- 3mm and 4- 14 mm.( 2) The measured deformation field by D-InS AR shows that there is no continuous deformation area consistent with the fault strike,and only the presence of land subsidence possibly caused by groundwater excessive exploitation,with the deformation amplitude about 10- 12 mm and 1- 5mm.( 3) The measured deformation field is not consistent with the theoretical result on deformation area and amplitude,which indicates that the fault movement is not the main cause of Linfen huge leveling deformation,but may rather be because of local deformation of the soil layers in the hanging wall of the fault.( 4) By combining the fault dislocation model simulation with the D-InS AR technology measurement,we can determine effectively the nature of the anomalyof the huge cross-fault leveling deformation,thus provide scientific basis for verification of significant leveling anomalies.

A practical framework for performance-based reliability analysis of subway stations based on a faultestructure combined system

It is necessary to pay particular attention to the uncertainties that exist in an engineering problem to reduce the risk of seismic damage of infrastructures against natural hazards.Moreover,certain structural performance levels should be satisfied during strong earthquakes.However,these performance levels have been only well described for aboveground structures.This study investigates the main uncertainties involved in the performance-based seismic analysis of a multi-story subway station.More than 100 pulse-like and no pulse-like ground motions have been selected.In this regard,an effective framework is presented,based on a set of nonlinear static and dynamic analyses performed by OpenSees code.The probabilistic seismic demand models for computing the free-field shear strain of soil and racking ratio of structure are proposed.These models result in less variability compared with existing relations,and make it possible to evaluate a wider range of uncertainties through reliability analysis in Rtx software using the Monte Carlo sampling method.This work is performed for three different structural performance levels(denoted as PL1ePL3).It is demonstrated that the error terms related to the magnitude and location of earthquake excitations and also the corresponding attenuation relationships have been the most important parameters.Therefore,using a faultestructure model would be inevitable for the reliability analysis of subway stations.It is found that the higher performance level(i.e.PL3)has more sensitivity to random variables than the others.In this condition,the pulse-like ground motions have a major contribution to the vulnerability of subway stations.

Seismic-Geodynamic Monitoring of Main Electric Power-Stations in East Europe and North Asia

In east Europe and north Asia the majority of nuclear power-stations (NPS) as well as large hydro-electric (HES) and thermal electric stations (TES) are located within the north Eurasian lithosphere plate, which is characterized by the low seismicity and weak modern tectonic activity besides the different exogenetic processes. Some operating and projected NPS are relatively near to zones of the moderate seismicity in the Kaliningrad Region of northwest Russia and in south Ukraine. HES and TES in Baltic, Byelorussia and Ukraine are in the same position. Zones of more intensive seismicity and existence of active faults include NPS, HEP and TEP in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, south Siberia, Transbaikal and Far East regions of Russia. Some of these stations are situated within crust blocks in transit zones, which separate main lithosphere plates and are characterized by increased tectonic mobility. The electric power-stations are most danger in the transit zones between north Eurasian, Arabian and Indian lithosphere plates, where collision processes have yet not stopped. This concerns electric stations in central Asia and Caucasus including NPS in Armenia. Seven schemes of the seismic energy distribution are composed for different parts of east Europe and north Asia. The location of nuclear and main other electric power-stations on them makes it possible to form a correct estimate of negative consequences connected with the up-to-date inner-continental tectonic activity.

海底震后形变多基站联合估计模型

海底基准站坐标时序可用于海底震后形变监测,但受观测条件和观测成本所限,海底基准站定位精度相对较低,难以获取高时间分辨率海底基准站坐标时序.针对小样本、非连续海底观测时序分析问题,本文提出将站速度、震后形变参数作为多个邻近基准站的公共参数进行联合估计,并将N-E方向震后形变弛豫因子也作为公共参数;提出了求解站坐标、站速度等线性参数与震后形变非线性参数进行混合非线性估计的“一步法”.试验表明,相对单站估计模型,本文提出的多站联合估计模型可克服海底基准站坐标时序样本有限和精度受限等问题,且相对于站速率和震后形变参数分离估计的“两步法”,“一步法”更为严密,可获得更为有效的震后形变参数估计.

黄土场地条件下地铁车站诱导缝三维地震响应研究

自20世纪90年代地铁车站结构诱导缝概念提出以来,诱导缝已在我国大、中等城市地铁车站中得到广泛应用,但其抗震性能尚未得到验证。以西安黄土地区地铁车站工程建设为研究背景,基于ABAQUS非线性有限元软件平台,建立黄土场地与地铁车站结构动力相互作用三维数值模型,通过大型地震模拟振动台试验与数值模拟的对比研究,验证了数值模型及分析方法的可靠性。基于上述数值分析方法,进一步建立原型结构数值计算模型,研究不同频谱特性及不同峰值加速度地震波作用下黄土场地中地铁车站诱导缝的地震响应规律。研究结果表明:诱导缝断面处结构更易发生较大水平相对位移而产生破坏,为地铁车站结构的薄弱面,且其两侧结构水平相对滑动沿地铁车站结构从下往上逐渐增大;诱导缝两侧结构竖向相对错动沿地铁车站截面宽度方向呈现出两端较大、中间相对较小的规律;在低频成分丰富的西安人工波作用下,诱导缝处余留纵向钢筋塑性变形发展贯穿整个地震作用过程,塑性应变累积效果更显著。研究结果初步揭示了设诱导缝地铁车站的地震响应特征及规律,对进一步探索设诱导缝地铁车站在地震作用下的结构损伤、破坏发展的内在动力与作用机制有一定参考价值,可为黄土地区地铁地下结构诱导缝的抗震设计提供参考。

城市轨道交通装配式地下车站新型构件连接方案的抗剪及抗震性能分析

[目的]为了进一步推广地下装配式结构在城市轨道交通工程中的应用,应对城市轨道交通车站明挖装配式出入口施工的关键技术(尤其是新型构件连接方案)进行研究。[方法]设计了由2块尺寸相同的不等边C形标准构件(有2道横向裂缝)拼接而成的城市轨道交通车站装配式出入口结构,基于此结构提出了一种新型的构件连接方案。通过模型试验及数值模拟,研究了该新型连接节点的抗剪性能和抗震性能,得出了不同受力条件下的荷载-位移曲线、抗剪形态、抗震耗能及延性等指标,验证了该新型连接节点的可靠性。[结果及结论]装配构件的截面抗剪承载力远高于传统现浇截面抗剪承载力;型钢的存在可以充分保证试件的抗剪能力;“承插接口+型钢插板”是一种可靠的连接方式,其各项性能与现浇试件相比大致相当;型钢插入长度的变化对接缝处裂缝及其最大承载力的影响很小,建议选用的型钢插入长度等与构件厚度一致。

站-桥同位合建工程中地下结构的地震响应

地铁车站与高架桥同位合建(站-桥合建)工程能缓解城市交通拥堵和节约建造空间,但其动力响应机制和地下结构地震反应特性不甚明确。利用有限差分软件建立站-桥合建工况和单一车站工况对应的三维模型,首先进行静力计算,分析两类工况的受力变形规律,在此基础上分析在输入El-Centro波和Kobe波时两类工况中地铁车站的层间位移角、应力变化规律以及薄弱位置;最后深入研究高架桥的桥梁荷载和高度对地铁车站地震反应的影响规律。结果表明:随着基岩输入加速度的增加,高架桥对地铁车站层间位移角和最大应力的影响增大;站-桥合建工况中车站楼板两端容易发生受拉破坏,大震时应增加对车站中柱的关注;层间位移角随桥梁荷载线性增加,随桥梁高度非线性增加,应力随两者均呈线性增加。

场地均质性对浅埋地铁车站地下结构地震易损性的影响

场地条件是影响地下结构地震响应的关键因素之一,该文旨在研究场地均质性对于地铁车站地下结构地震易损性的影响。以两层两跨地铁车站为研究对象,基于ABAQUS/Standard软件平台建立了考虑土-结构相互作用的二维有限元分析模型。模型考虑了循环动力荷载作用下土体的非线性与钢筋混凝土的弹塑性力学行为。采用增量动力分析方法分别计算了结构在层层场地条件下与均质场地条件下结构的地震响应,并以层间位移角为损伤指标与地面峰值加速度为地震动强度指标绘制了地铁车站结构的地震易损性曲线。结果表明,层层场地条件下结构的响应均值要显著高于均质场地,但两者标准差一致。在地震动作用下,结构处于层层场地下的破坏概率要明显高于均质场地,这主要归因于层层场地中毗邻结构的土体产生了较大的剪切变形。上述结论可为地下结构基于性能的抗震设计提供科学参考。

2022-06-01芦山M_(S)6.1地震流动地震台网部署及余震序列监测

从台站选址、地震仪器设备选择及安装三方面介绍2022-06-01芦山M_(S)6.1地震临时地震台网的部署过程,初步分析流动台网背景噪声特征和余震序列。结果表明,台站部署完成后提高了震区现有台站密度,与固定台站联合组网,提高了地震定位的台站方位角覆盖和科学研究的空间分辨率。受人为噪声的影响,通常流动台站的噪声水平高于固定台站,平均噪声水平高于NHNM和NLNM均值,部分台站接近或高于NHNM值,高频噪声呈现与附近人为活动相关的日变化特征。受此影响,地震台网白天时段记录的地震数目明显少于夜晚时段,且小震事件数量明显减少;余震序列的双差定位结果显示,余震主要分布在小关子断裂北部,呈NE向分布,NE向约10 km,NW向约6 km;采用最大曲率法计算得到余震序列的最小完整性震级M_(C)=1.2,其中夜晚时段M_(C)=1.1,白天时段M_(C)升高至1.4,说明震区白天时段地震监测能力减弱。中强震后的余震序列随时间快速衰减,震后5 d内的余震数量约占整体余震的80%,特别是震后2 d内的余震最为发育。为更好地认识地震发展过程,必须保障流动地震台站快速有效地部署,以发挥监测台站的效能。

基于全连接神经网络的地铁车站响应分析与地震强度指标优选

为了降低随机地震响应分析的计算成本,将人工神经网络方法用于构建概率地震需求模型(PSDM),以预测地铁车站结构的地震响应,并对适用于地铁车站结构响应预测的地震强度指标(IM)进行了优选。首先选取了200条实测地震动,计算IM,并对典型的三层三跨地铁车站结构进行有限元建模,将IM与最大层间位移角作为输入与输出训练全连接神经网络模型(FCNN),得到了最大层间位移角的预测模型。最后基于训练后FCNN输入层到隐含层中的权重矩阵与传统方法对IM进行优选,得出了对最大层间位移角影响最大的IM。研究结果表明:训练后FCNN能以0.95的精度预测地铁车站最大层间位移角,且计算耗时仅为数值模拟的1/5;针对矩形地下结构最大层间位移角,速度型和速度反应谱型指标的影响明显高于其他类型指标,其中速度谱强度(VSI)对最大层间位移角的影响最大。

地铁车站结构下穿地上建筑物振动台试验研究

为了研究上盖地铁车站结构的地震动力响应规律,开展了相似比1∶40的粉细砂场地振动台试验研究,并对试验过程中加速度、应变和动土压力等指标进行了详细的分析,试验数据表明:(1)随着地震强度的增加,同一监测点的加速度峰值逐渐增大,但加速度的放大系数和变化幅度逐渐减小;(2)土体加速度放大系数最大值位于地表,随着地震强度的增加,加速度放大系数最小值的位置逐渐由模型底部过渡到结构所在位置;(3)模型结构的应变响应随地震强度的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,应变较大值主要出现在侧墙、中柱与板相交处,尤其是中柱端部位置;(4)地铁车站侧墙跨中的动土压力峰值大于顶部和底部,应适当增大车站中板位置处的侧向刚度或抗变形能力。研究成果可为类似地铁车站结构的抗震设计与分析提供参考依据。

摩擦摆隔震地铁车站结构地震响应规律研究

基于ABAQUS软件建立土-隔震地铁车站结构静-动力耦合三维数值仿真模型,以典型两层两跨箱型结构为研究对象,将摩擦摆隔震支座应用于地铁车站结构,通过在中柱不同位置布置隔震支座,研究隔震地铁车站的地震响应规律和减隔震效果。结果表明:(1)摩擦摆隔震支座能够增大车站侧墙和板的相对水平位移以及中柱的绝对水平位移且能够有效减小中柱的相对水平位移;从控制结构中柱相对水平位移方面考虑,单支座隔震地铁车站结构应将隔震支座布置于车站底层中柱底部位置,而双支座隔震地铁车站结构应布置于车站顶层和底层中柱柱底位置;(2)摩擦摆隔震支座能够降低隔震层中柱的应力,隔震支座布置于顶层时,其对底层各构件的应力影响较小;隔震支座布置于底层时,最大应力出现在侧墙底部位置且能够有效减小隔震层中柱应力集中的现象;(3)摩擦摆隔震支座能够有效降低隔震层中柱的剪力和弯矩,而对于非隔震层中柱内力的降低则效果不佳;从控制结构中柱内力方面考虑,双隔震支座结构优于单隔震支座结构。

饱和场地中异跨地铁车站地震响应特性分析

为研究饱和场地中异跨地铁车站结构体系地震动力响应特性问题,以某异跨地铁车站为研究对象,基于有限元分析软件MIDAS-GTS(Midas Geotechnical and Tunnel analysis System)建立异跨地铁地下车站结构体系三维有限元数值模型,选取弹性模量、黏聚力、泊松比、摩擦角作为敏感性影响参数,采用正交试验方法和饱和两相介质动力分析方法进行参数敏感性分析。研究结论表明:剪力墙和悬挑跨附近易发生受弯破坏,中柱易发生受剪破坏;在单一横向地震动作用下或者水平与竖向地震动共同作用下,弹性模量影响最大,泊松比和摩擦角的敏感性次之,黏聚力影响最小。此动力响应特性分析流程方法可为异跨地铁车站抗震设计提供参考。