16-23S rRNA Spacer Region Polymorphism in Gangetic River Water Isolates of Salmonella

Salmonella is one of the major pathogenic bacteria present in contaminated water. 16-23S rRNA spacer region has been reported to be polymorphic at serovar level in Salmonella. Salmonella isolates obtained from Ganges river water were studied for 16-23S rRNA spacer region polymorphism. Thirty three isolates belonging to eight serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Abuja, S. Pantypridd, S. Lagos, S. Chinkual, S. Zwickau, S. Goldenberg and S. Oritamerin) were studied for the polymorphism. Out of 33 isolates, 15 different profiles were observed no serovar specific profile. Our findings indicate that 16-23S rRNA spacer region is not specific at serovar level, but can be used for differentiation of different Salmonella isolates.

基于“情景-任务-能力”的长三角传染病区域协同处置能力提升

提升传染病区域协同处置能力是深化长三角卫生健康协同发展的重要抓手。卫生应急演练是检验卫生应急体系建设的重要手段。本研究将“情景-任务-能力”的方法引入长三角传染病区域协同处置领域,以构建杭州亚运会测试赛期间发现登革热等输入传染病病例后区域协查和联动处置情景为例,分析应急处置5个阶段的任务、主要责任单位及任务要点,并以“区域联合风险评估和风险管理”为例,从预案方案、组织领导、人员、设备与系统、物资、培训、演练等7个方面着手,详细分析能力评估的内容。同时,采用“任务分类”的思想,针对属于第二类任务的区域联动涉及的协查、评估和培训等任务,以“区域联合风险评估和风险管理”任务为例,提出制定区域联合风险评估和风险管理协议或方案,成立区域卫生应急专家智库,加强区域公共卫生风险评估交流和统一培训等措施建议。

Environmental archaeology on Longshan Culture （4500-4000 aBP） at Yuhuicun Site in Bengbu, Anhui Province

Based on the samples collected from the west wall of the ABYT2004 at Yuhuicun Site in Bengbu, Anhui Province, the multi-environmental substitute indexes such as the grain-size, Rb/Sr, zircon crystal morphology and magnetic susceptibility were analyzed. The age of archaeological strata was determined by AMS^14C dating. According to the results, combined with the information of the ancient human activities and the cultural heritage data obtained from the Longshan cultural archaeological strata, it can be concluded that （1） Before 4500 aBP, the climate was humid and water level was high in the Huaihe River and its tributaries, the drainage basin and its surrounding areas were even flooded, so the site area was submerged and there were no human activities around the site. （2） About 4500 aBP, the climate began to become drier and water level of the Huaihe River and its tributaries began to decline, thus floodplain gradually appeared, Yuhuicun Site and Longshan Culture began to appear. （3） Around 4100 aBP, the climate was humid and rainfall was abundant, which resulted in frequent flood disasters in the whole Huaihe River Basin. （4） After 4100 aBP, the climate gradually transited to be cold and dry, agricultural production was constrained to reduce the food source, Yuhuicun Site was almost abandoned. （5） The environmental information in sedimentary strata and historical records based on ancient books agree with each other. In addition, Yuhuicun Site was related to Dayu Zhishui （Yu the Great in taming the floods） in ancient books.

Evaluation of Fast Flood Diffusion through a Drainage Channel: A Flood Disaster Case Study of Japan’s Kinugawa River, September 10, 2015

On September 10, 2015, unprecedented flood was occurred in Kinugawa River basin located on eastern Japan. It inundated 40 km2 of flood plain in Joso city, Ibaraki Prefecture, and more than 4000 people there called for help despite supposedly having sufficient time to evacuate. Some said that small initial flood before main severe flood arrived made them make a mistake in deciding whether to evacuate or stay there, despite having to actually evacuate in reality. This study focused on flood behaviour in this area, in particular, the effect of a small drainage channel lying on the flood plain which caused fast flood diffusion in case of occurring huge overflowing. Field investigations starting on time of the disaster with high-resolution positioning system were conducted to obtain spatial maps of flood depth and height. For appropriate modelling of the effect of small channel, we applied simulation model coupling 1-dimensional (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) hydraulic scheme on the field and compared results from the 1D/2D coupled model and model without 1D scheme. The models provided information that the flood could reach 4 hours earlier to the city central of Joso city comparing in case of model without 1D scheme. The water depth rose irregularly and it was more confusing and difficult for the victims to make appropriate evacuation act.

On Folk Culture Translation in Tales of Hulan River from the Perspective of Deconstructionism

Since the beginning of 21 th century, promoting culture export and spreading Chinese culture have become the top priorityof China. As the main carrier of culture, excellent literary works become the best choice for Chinese culture"going out". The trans-lation of folk culture in Tale of Hulan River translated by Howard Goldblatt is analyzed from the perspective of deconstructionismwith an aim to give other translators some inspiration and enlightenment on translation of Chinese culture.

生态补水对孝妇河湿地水华的预防效果模拟

基于二维水环境数学模型理论,构建了考虑生态补水扰动下的孝妇河湿地水域富营养化模型,采用决定系数判断模型的可行性,通过水华危害指数H评估不同生态补水方案下的水华预防效果.设定8种不同的生态补水情景,分析了湖泊水动力、水质的演化特征.结果表明:二维水环境数学模型模拟误差低于20%,COD、氨氮、总磷、总氮四种污染物决定系数大于0.8,分别为0.95,0.94,0.87,0.81.在相同补水量条件下,短时长的补水措施效果更佳;在不同补水量的条件下,大流量的补水效果更佳;同等补水条件下,多点位补水效果更佳.研究优选出最佳生态补水方案为方案B8:上下游同时补水,补水总量200万m^(3),分20次间断补给.

山东淄博小清河水系孝妇河流域治水路径探索

小清河水系孝妇河流域在流域水环境、水安全、水资源、水生态的不同阶段,因时制宜、因势利导、因情施策,通过“治”污水、“束”河水、“长”管水、“数”赋水、“联”碧水、“造”福水的治水管水路径,极大推动了流域内水的协同治理和涉水效益的“帕累托最优”,实现了水生态环境保护与经济社会高质量发展的同频共振,有力推动了城市进入拥河发展新阶段。

孝妇河湿地公园气动盾形闸管理及事故处理探析

气动盾形闸的后期管理运行对其发挥防洪、生态景观效益至关重要。本文系统总结了孝妇河气动盾形闸成功的管理经验及日常运行中遇到的若干问题,对运行中出现的充排气管线阀门漏气、空压机停机故障、水闸不均匀升降、气袋压力显示异常等紧急事故的处理,具有一定的参考价值。

淄博市孝妇河不同区段水质对四膜虫有性生殖的影响

为了探讨不同污染水质对嗜热四膜虫有性生殖的影响,实验中取淄博市博山区孝妇河上、中、下游3段的河水,配制四膜虫培养基培养四膜虫B2086,结果发现四膜虫生长速度变慢(上游大于中游大于下游)。用此3段河水培养四膜虫B2086和Cu428,然后进行交配实验发现:随河水污染程度的升高,交配率也升高。

闽江口无机氮营养盐的行为及入海通量

在河海水混合过程中,由于环境的剧烈改变,发生了一系列复杂的氧化还原,吸附、脱附、生物吸收及降解过程。氮等营养要素是海洋初级生产力的基础,在海洋生物地球化学中起着重要的作用,所以有必要研究氮等营养盐在河口区域的行为。闽江是福建第一大河,流域广阔,流量较大,所携带入海的营养盐是形成闽东、闽北渔场的基本条件之一。

城市河道综合治理中的大型钢坝闸应用——以山东淄博为例

钢坝闸是一种新型景观水闸,具有景观效果好、自动化程度高、使用寿命长等特点。在以往河道景观蓄水工程建设中,多跨低水头或单跨高水头钢坝闸应用比较广泛。从项目区实际出发,以山东淄博孝妇河综合治理为例,对多跨高水头大型钢坝闸设计过程中需要注意的问题总结探讨,为类似工程设计提供参考。

Reconstruction of typhoons in the Yangtze River Delta during 1644-1949AD based on historical chorographies

The proxy records on typhoons in the Yangtze River Delta from 1644 to 1949AD were extracted from historical chorographies in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Period. In reference to the basic principles for identifying historical typhoons, time series on the Yangtze River Delta over a period of 306 years were developed. The conclusions are as follows. （1） There were a total of 241 typhoons from 1644 to 1949AD. Using the historical chorographies from 1884 to 1949AD, the number of typhoons was 65, equal to 87.8% re- corded by meteorological observation. The number of years with differences in typhoon ac- tivities reconstructed using two ways no more than once is 55, reaching 83.3% in the period from 1884 to 1949AD. This result means the series of historical typhoons reconstructed using historical chorographies can represent the change of typhoon activities over years. （2） The average number of typhoon activities is 0.79 times per year from 1644 to 1949AD, and they show an increasing trend. These 306 years can be divided into three periods by the average number of typhoon activities： it is low from 1644 to 1784AD, and more typhoon activities are found from 1785 to 1904AD. It is worth noting that the number of typhoon activities reaches the summit in the last period, which is 1.2 times per year from 1905 to 1949AD. （3） Before the 20th century, the number of typhoon activities in warm periods is less than the number of cold periods. However, the number of typhoon activities increased dramatically in the early 20th century. Comparing the typhoon activities with El Nifio events, the data show that the number of typhoon activities did not increase when El Nifio occurred.

城市内河河道防洪与排水防涝功能的衔接——以淄博经济开发区孝妇河为例

随着城市建设的不断扩张,部分市内河道功能发生了改变,由之前的以防洪功能为主转变成集防洪、排涝、景观等多种功能于一体。但由于防洪设施与排水防涝设施的规划实施分属不同管理部门,各部门之间存在认识上的差异,导致市内河道防洪与排涝功能不能很好地衔接。以淄博经开区孝妇河为例,对现状河道的改造与提升提出了建设性的方向和意见,供相关专业人员和管理部门参考。因地制宜地选取合理的改造方案,以最小的投入获取最大的社会、经济、环境效益,并通过工程措施与非工程措施相结合,筑起河道多功能体系。

Impact of Multi-Scale Oscillations at High and Low Latitudes on Two Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

To investigate the multi-scale features in two persistent heavy rainfall （PHR） events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLRYR） in June of 1982 and 1998, this study examines the impact of multi-scale oscillations in the north and south of 30°N on the PHR events by performing sensitivity experiments with the Weather Research and Forecast （WRF） model. It is found that the 60-day low- pass perturbation made a trivial contribution to the MLRYR precipitation during the PHR event in 1982. This PHR event resulted mainly from the combined effects of 30-60-day oscillation at low latitudes and 10-30-day oscillation at both high and low latitudes. The southwesterly anomalies associated with the 30- 60-day anticyclonic anomaly over the northwestern Pacific facilitated moisture transport from the ocean to the MLRYR and enhanced the low-level convergence and ascending motion in the MLRYR. This similarly occurred in the 10-30-day oscillation as well. Moreover, the 10 30-day anomalies at high latitudes played a role in strengthening the large-scale low-level convergence over the MLRYR. The PHR event in 1998 was mainly related to the 60-day oscillation at both high and low latitudes and 30-60-day oscillation at low latitudes. The 60-day low-pass filtered anomalous cyclone at high latitudes in the north of 30°N contributed to the development of low-level convergence and ascending motion in northern MLRYR while the anomalous anticyclone at low latitudes in the south of 30°N not only increased the moisture in the MLRYR but also preconditioned the dynamical factors favorable for PHR over the whole area. The 30-60-day perturbations located north and south of 30°N worked together producing positive moisture anomaly in the MLRYR. In addition, the anomalous circulation in the south of 30°N tended to favor the development of ascending motion and low-level convergence in the MLRYR.

邹平市孝妇河存在问题及综合治理对策

通过灾后调查,对邹平市孝妇河段存在的问题、综合治理的必要性进行了分析,对工程治理措施及施工方案进行了阐述,可供类似工程参考。

Analysis of stable components for extended-range (10-30 days) weather forecast:A case study of continuous overcast-rainy process in early 2009 over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A continuous overcast-rainy weather(CORW) process occurred over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLRYR) in China from February 14 to March 9 in 2009,with a large stretch and long duration that was rarely seen in historical records.Using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF),we analyzed the geopotential height anomaly field of the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II in the same period,and defined the stable components of extended-range(10-30 days) weather forecast(ERWF).Furthermore,we defined anomalous and climatic stable components based on the variation characteristics of the variance contribution ratio of EOF components.The climatic stable components were able to explain the impact of climatically averaged information on the ERWF,and the anomalous stable components revealed the abnormal characteristics of the continuous overcast-rainy days.Our results show that the stable components,especially the anomalous stable components,can maintain the stability for a longer time(more than 10 days) and manifest as monthly scale low-frequency variation and ultra-long-wave activities.They also behave as ultra-long waves of planetary scale with a stable and vertically coherent structure,reflect the variation of general circulation in mid-high latitudes,display the cycle of the zonal circulation and the movement and adjustment of the ultra-long waves,and are closely linked to the surface CORW process.

布里顿三部教堂寓意剧的创作意识

20世纪具影响力的英国作曲家爱德华·本杰明·布里顿于1964-1968年创作了三部较为特殊的教堂寓意剧《麻鹬河》《火窑剧》《浪子》。这三部曲最显著的共性就是对东方音乐元素的借鉴。这些作品的创作意识来自两个方面:一,受到远东之行东方音乐文化影响;二,来自布里顿内心深处“为民创乐”思想意识。

Monitoring lake changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the past 30 years using satellite remote sensing data

During the years 2006–2009,lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)were investigated using satellite remote sensing strategies.We report the results of this investigation as well as follow-up research and expanded work.For the investigation,we mainly focused on lakes whose areas are more than 1 km2.The remote sensing data that we used included 408 scenes of CBERS CCD images and 5 scenes of Landsat ETM?images in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region.All these data were acquired around years 2005–2006.Besides remote sensing images,we also collected 1,259 topographic maps.Numbers and areas of lakes were analyzed statistically,which were then compared with those coming from the first lake investigation(implemented between the1960s and 1980s).According to our investigation,up to and around year 2005–2006,the total number of lakes in the QTP was 1,055(222 in Qinghai and 833 in Tibet),accounting for more than 30%of that of China.Thirty newborn lakes with area[1 km2were found,and 5 dead lakes with initial area[1 km2were also found.Among those 13 big lakes([500 km2),Yamzhog Yumco had seriously shrunk,and it has continued to shrink in recent years;Qinghai Lake had shrunk during the period,but some new researches indicated that it has been expanding since the year 2004;Siling Co,Nam Co,and Chibuzhang Co had expanded in the period.We divided the newborn lakes into six categories according to their forming reasons,including river expansion,wetland conversion,etc.The changes of natural conditions led to the death of four lakes,and human exploitation was the main reason for the death of Dalianhai Lake in Qinghai.We picked out three regions which were sensitive to the change of climate and ecological environment:Nagqu Region,Kekexili Region,and the source area of the Yellow River(SAYR).Lakes in both Nagqu and Kekexili have been expanded;meanwhile,most lakes in the SAYR have obviously been shrunk.These regional patterns of lake changes were highly related to variations of temperature,glacier,precipitation,and evaporation.Our investigation and analysis will provide references for researches related to lake changes in the QTP and the response to climate fluctuations.

Initial results of China's GNSS-R airborne campaign: soil moisture retrievals

The global navigation satellite system reflectometry （GNSS-R） technique has been proven to be a powerful tool for retrieving geophysical parameters of ocean and land/hydrology processes. The ultimate goal for such GNSS-R applications is to achieve large-scale, all- weather, and full-time mapping using spaceborne platforms. In order to ensure both GNSS-R receiver and algorithm meet the requirements of spaceborne observations, airborne experimental campaigns need to be first carried out for early testing and validation purposes. This paper presents a first comprehensive overview of China＇s airborne GNSS-R campaign conducted on May 30, 2014. There were two objectives for this campaign： （l） to examine the capability of the GNSS-R receiver developed by the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for airborne observations and （2） to study algo-rithms for soil moisture and altimetry retrievals. In this paper, initial results of soil moisture retrievals are pre- sented. The left-hand circularly polarized-predominant satellite information was successfully used to retrieval soil moisture over the cropland. The right-hand circularly polarized components of the reflected signals were also received and examined. The GPS-derived soil moisture results, on the one hand, correctly represented the spatial variations of the soil moisture along the tracking of the flight; on the other hand, the results underestimated the ground-truth. Errors from the retrieval model and from the positioning and effects from the vegetation layer and from the atmospheric water vapor were the primary causes of the uncertainties in soil moisture retrievals using the airborne GNSS-R data. This airborne experimental campaign firstly investigate that China has the capability to perform airborne GNSS-R observation using the self-developed receiver, although the receiver developed by the NSSC needs to be further examined for its capability for spaceborne observation. The early findings of this study will provide illustrations for planned future airborne campaigns.

Sedimentological evidence of the piracy of fossil Zoige Lake by the Yellow River

The Yellow River, the birthplace of China’s culture, is well known over the world forits huge sediment yield and unruly temper. The origin of the river was considered bymany foreign and domestic scholars through long-term studies as: the Yellow River turnedgradually to the present features through the way that the river was eroded headwards