Crustal structure in Xiaojiang fault zone and its vicinity

Based on the integrative interpretation of travel-time data and amplitude information obtained from the deep seismic sounding experiment on the Chuxiong-Luoping profile, eastern Yunnan province, carried out in January of 2005, we present a 2-D P wave velocity structure along the profile. The crustal structure shows remarkable contrasts between the two sides of the Xiaojiang fault zone, although the whole profile is situated within the Yangtze platform. The average P wave velocities of the crust on the west and east sides of the fault zone are 6.21 km/s and 6.32 km/s, respectively, and the crustal thicknesses are 41 km and 45 km, respectively. These results imply that the crust to the east of the Xiaojiang fault zone presents characteristics of crustal structure in a stable platform, while the crust to the west is complicated with a lower velocity zone in middle of the upper crust. The average velocity of 6.21 km/s is lower than the global continental crustal average （6.30 km/s）, indicating that the region is tectonically active. According to the lateral variation of velocity and depth of interfaces （including the Moho）, it is inferred that the Xiaojiang fault zone has cut through the whole crust. It is also deduced that existence of low velocity zone in middle of the upper crust is conducive to the south-southeastern sliding of the Sichuan- Yunnan （Chuan-Dian） rhombus block.

Late Quaternary Large Earthquakes on the Western Branch of the Xiaojiang Fault and Their Tectonic Implications

The Xiaojiang fault is a major active left-lateral fault along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The largest historical earthquake in Yunnan Province, with a magnitude 8 and a mean coseismic left-lateral displacement of ~ 6.9 m, occurred on the western branch of the Xiaojiang fault.Studying this fault is important in understanding current deformation and kinematic characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau.Activities and stretches have been well undertaken on the Xiaojiang fault, while paleoseismic research work is always the weak link on this fault.To investigate the paleoseismic history and large earthquake activity of the Xiaojiang fault, we opened a large trench at the northern edge of Caohaizi sag pond on the western branch of the Xiaojiang fault.Six paleoseismic events have been identified, and named E1 through E6 from the oldest to the youngest.Charcoal and woods are abundant, 20 samples were dated to constrain the ages of the paleoseismic events at 40 000–36 300 BC, 35 400–24 800 BC, 9 500 BC–AD 500, AD 390–720, AD 1120–1620 and AD 1750–present.We associate the youngest event E6 with the 1833 M8 earthquake.Events E4, E5 and E6 show a continuous record of the western strand of the Xiaojiang fault in the late Holocene, with a average recurrence interval of 370–480 yr.Large earthquake recurrence in the late Holocene is far less than the recurrence of 2000–4000 yr posed in previous studies.Thus, the seismic hazard on the Xiaojiang fault should be reevaluated.Furthermore, the irregular recurrence of large earthquakes on the Xiaojiang fault and other faults in the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang system, indicates the uneven southeastward extrusion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.

Uniform Strike-Slip Rate along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault System and Its Implications for Active Tectonics in Southeastern Tibet

Recent studies on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggest that the Late Quaternary strike-slip rate is approximately uniform along the entire length of the fault zone, about 15±2 mm/a. This approximately uniform strike slip rate strongly supports the clockwise rotation model of the southeastern Tibetan crust. By approximating the geometry of the arc-shaped Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system as a portion of a small circle on a spherical Earth, the 15±2 mm/a strike slip rate corresponds to clockwise rotation of the Southeastern Tibetan Block at the （5.2±0.7）×10^-7 deg/a angular velocity around the pole （21°N, 88°E） relative to the Northeast Tibetan Block. The approximately uniform strike slip rate along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system also implies that the Longmeushan thrust zone is not active, or at least its activity has been very weak since the Late Quaternary. Moreover, the total offset along the Xiaushuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggests that the lateral extrusion of the Southeastern Tibetan Block relative to Northeastern Tibetan Block is about 160 km and 200-240 km relative to the Tarim-North China block. This amount of lateral extrusion of the Tibetan crust should have accommodated about 13-24% convergence between India and Eurasia based on mass balance calculations. Assuming that the slip rate of 15±2 mm/a is constant throughout the entire history of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, 11±1.5 Ma is needed for the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system to attain the 160 km of total offset. This implies that left-slip faulting on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system might start at 11±1.5 Ma.

The formation and evolution of the Qiaojia pull-apart basin,North Xiaojiang Fault Zone,Southwest China

Sedimentary sequences with drastic thickening over short distances have been observed in Qiaojia County,Yunnan Province,Southwest China.These are related to a pull-apart basin controlled by the Xiaojiang strike-slip fault.Our field investigations include determining the surface characteristics of the Qiaojia basin which consists of three terrace sequences and a series of alluvial fans.Several drill holes were used to reveal the internal structure of the basin.The results suggest that the basinal sediments are over 300 m thick.From bottom to top,they can be classified into five different units.We inferred that the units of lacustrine sediments are deposited in a paleolake which was formed by a paleo-landslide.Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating(AMS ^(14)C dating) was used to estimate the ages of the terrace and lacustrine sediments.We use the results to infer that the paleo-lake has existed about 15,000 years and that the Qiaojia basin was uplifted at an average rate of 3.3 mm/a.Furthermore,we then model the evolution process of the basin and interpreted 6 phases of development.

Preliminary seismic anisotropy in the upper crust of the south segment of Xiaojiang faults and its tectonic implications

The Xiaojiang faults,striking north-tosouth(NS),and the Honghe faults,striking north-to-west(NW),are first-order block boundaries that intersect to form a concentrated stress zone at an acute angle in the southern part of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block(SYB).It is also a crucial zone for material escaping from the Tibetan Plateau(TP)due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.In December 2017,the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting of the China Earthquake Administration(CEA)deployed a linear temporary seismic broadband array,the Honghe-Xiaojiang temporary Seismic Array(HX Array),across first-order block boundaries in the southern SYB.By using the waveform data of small earthquakes recorded by stations in the HX Array across Xiaojiang faults from 2017 to 2019,and by permanent seismic stations of the China National Earthquake Networks from 2012 to 2019,this paper adopts the systematic analysis method of shear-wave splitting(SWS),SAM method,to obtain preliminary results for seismic anisotropy in the upper crust.The study area can be divided into two subzones according to the spatial distribution of the directions of polarization of the fast shear-wave(PFS)at the stations:the northern zone(zone A,where the HX Array is located)and the southern zone(zone B,to the south of the HX Array).The results show that the directions of the PFS at stations in zone A were highly consistent,dominant in the NE direction,correlated with the in-situ principal compressive stress,and were seemingly unaffected by the Xiaojiang faults.The directions of the PFS as recorded at stations in zone B were more complicated,and were dominant in the NS direction parallel to that of the regional principal compressive stress.This suggests the joint influence of complex tectonics and regional stress in this narrow wedge area.By referring to the azimuthal anisotropy derived from seismic ambient noise in the southeast margin of the TP,the NS direction of the PFS in the middle and lower crust,and its EW direction in the upper mantle,this paper concludes that azimuthal anisotropy in the upper crust differed from that in the lower crust in the south segment of Xiaojiang faults,at least beneath the observation area,and azimuthal anisotropy in the crust was different from that in the upper mantle.The results support the pattern of deformation of ductile flow in the lower crust,and the decoupling between the upper and lower crusts as well as that between the crust and the mantle in the study area.The crustal directions of the PFS appeared to be independent of the Xiaojiang faults,suggesting that the influence of the South China block on the SYB passed through the Xiaojiang faults to the Yimen region.The results of this study indicate that anisotropic studies based on data on the dense temporary seismic array can yield clearer tectonic information,and reveal the complex spatial distribution of stress and deformation in the upper crust of the south segment of Xiaojiang faults.

Inversion of Stress Fields in the Middle Section of the Xiaojiang Fault and Its Adjacent Area

With waveform data of 613 earthquakes with ML ≥ 2. 5 in the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area which occurred during January,1998 to September 2007,focal mechanisms were calculated by the direct wave amplitude ratio of S /P in the vertical component and their characteristics were analyzed. According to regional tectonic features of the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area,the study region was partitioned into two zones with the Xiaojiang fault as the boundary,e. g. zone A and zone B (including the Xiaojiang fault). In order to research the faults stress in detail,the Xiaojiang fault zone was picked out for independent analysis. The study region was also partitioned into 1°× 1° cells with a 0. 5° step. The stress fields of zone A,B and the fault zone were inverted with the FMSI method (Gephart,1990). The results show that first, the faults are mainly of strike-slip in the middle section and its adjacent area,amounting to 81. 28%,69. 23% and 72. 97% in the A,B and fault zones,respectively. Secondly,the stress inversion also indicates that the directions of maximum principal stress σ1 in the A, B,and fault zones are approximately NNW,NWW and NWW,the stress action is mainly horizontal,and strike-slip faulting is dominant in the study area. On the other hand,the direction of the principal stress field in the central Yunnan block changed from NNW to NWW,however,in the region between the Yuanmou and Pudu River faults,the azimuth of the main compressive stress shows that the north-south slip is obvious. While the direction of the main compressive stress of the Xiaojiang fault zone is nearly NW; in the east of the Xiaojiang fault,the direction of principal compressive stress is NW to NNW in the eastern Yunnan block.

Coulomb Stress Evolution History as Implication on the Pattern of Strong Earthquakes along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault System, China

Coulomb stress accumulation and releasing history and its relationship with the occur- rence of strong historical earthquakes could deepen our understanding of the occurrence pattern of strong earthquakes and hence its seismic potential in future. The sinistral strike-slip Xianshuihe- Xiaojiang fault zone （XXFS） is one of the most dangerous fault zones in China, extending 1 500-km- long from the central Tibetan Plateau to the Red River fault zone. There are 35 M≥6.5 historical earth- quakes occurred since 1327, hence it is an ideal site for studying the Coulomb stress evolution history and its relationship with the occurrences of strong earthquakes. In this study, we evaluated the Cou- lomb stress change history along the XXFS by synthesizing fault geometry, GPS data and historical earthquakes. Coulomb stress change history also revealed different patterns of historical earthquakes on different segments of the XXFS, such as characteristic recurrence intervals along the Salaha-Moxi fault and super-cycles along the Xianshuihe fault. Based on the occurrence pattern of past historical earthquakes and current Coulomb stress field obtained in this study, we suggest positive ACFS and hence high seismic potential along the Salaha-Moxi fault and the Anninghe fault.

The mechanism of deep material transport and seismogenic environment of the Xiaojiang fault system revealed by 3-D magnetotelluric study

The Xiaojiang fault system(XJFS), located to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau, has a complicated tectonic history and is an ideal location to study the Tibetan Plateau in terms of its deep material transport mechanism and the effects of past tectonic events. In this study, broadband and long-period magnetotelluric data were collected above this fault system and inverted to build a 3-D resistivity model of the lithosphere. As shown in the model, at upper-middle crustal depths, three high-resistivity anomalies separate the strike-slip faults located in the study area, which may be the remnants of the Emeishan large igneous province that was destroyed and modified by Cenozoic crustal activity. The lower crust is characterized by significant lowresistivity anomalies that extend downward to the upper mantle. The low-resistivity anomalies in the upper crust may be caused by brines or/and conductive minerals(e.g., graphite and sulfides), and the possible reason for the low-resistivity anomalies that were imaged in the lower crust and upper mantle may be the presence of hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals and partial melts. According to the seismic activity distribution and resistivity structure, we propose dividing the seismic activity of the study area into three categories: tectonic earthquakes, earthquakes with no active faults on the surface, and other scattered earthquakes with no general features. Seismic activities are controlled by tectonic activities, fluid transportation, and the adjustment of the Earth's stress field. It is believed that there is a mutually reinforcing relationship between seismic activity and deep fluids. Fluids could lower the frictional force in faults, promote movement, and thus induce earthquakes;on the other hand,seismic activities and the long-term strike-slip movements of faults could generate heat and increase the connectivity of fluids,which decreases the strength of the crust and facilitates the flow of fluids. Based on the resistivity model, it is demonstrated that the present tectonic activity in the XJFS is complicated and characterized by rigid block extrusion along strike-slip faults in the upper crust, ductile deformation with channel flow in the lower crust, and the upwelling of mantle materials. In combination with previous studies, our results indicate that the weak crustal materials from the Tibetan Plateau are blocked by(1) the lithosphere modified by the Emeishan plume and(2) the South China block when flowing through the Sichuan-Yunnan block. Therefore,these weak materials turn to the southwest direction along the XJFS, then pass through the Red River fault and enter the Indochina block.

Newly-generated Daliangshan Fault Zone—Shortcutting on the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system

The Daliangshan fault zone is the eastern branch in the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. It has been neglected for a long time, partly because of no destructive earthquake records along this fault zone. On the other hand, it is located on the remote and inaccessible plateau. So far it was excluded as part of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. Based on the interpretation of aerophotographs and field investigations, we document this fault zone in detail, and give an estimation of strike-slip rate about 3 mm/a in Late Quaternary together with age dating data. The results suggest that the Daliangshan fault zone is a newly-generated fault zone resulted from shortcutting in the central section of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system because of the clockwise rotation of the Southeastern Tibetan Crustal Block, which is bounded by the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. Moreover, the shortcutting may make the Daliangshan fault zone replace the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault zones gradually, and finally, the later two fault zones will probably die out with the continuous clockwise rotation.

The Grouping of the Strike-Slip Offset Data and Its Relation With the Seismicity Along Middle Segment of the Xiaojiang Active Fault

The data of the strike-slip offset along the Xiaojiang active fault can be obviously grouped.The groups of small orders of magnitude data within 100 m show clear linear characteristics of increments between 8 m and 12 m,which indicates that the segments of the Xiaojiang active fault is of characteristic seismicity and the distribution of the values of each group indicates that there are smaller earthquakes and creep between two large earthquakes along each segment of the Xiaojiang active fault.The interval between two characteristic large earthquakes can be calculated with the increments for two groups of slip data and the slip rate of the fault.Furthermore,the frequency of smaller earthquakes can also be estimated by comparing the distributions of the displacements of the large earthquakes with the distributions of the values of each group of data.The groups of large slip displacements show that there is close relationship between the records of the displacements of the fault and the changes of the

巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其对小江断裂带北段活动性的指示

通过对巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其沉积年代进行分析,为小江断裂带北段第四纪活动性研究提供沉积学证据。研究结果表明:巧家盆地形成于早更新世中期,平均断陷速率为0.59 m/ka,共发育了5个洪积相沉积层。第四纪以来小江断裂带北段处于构造平静期与活跃期相互交替的阶段,期间共经历了早更新世中期~1.6 Ma,0.81~0.79 Ma,0.65~0.59 Ma,0.48~0.4 Ma,0.12 Ma至今等5期构造活跃期,其中0.48~0.4 Ma和0.12 Ma至今为小江断裂带北段构造活动最强烈的阶段。小江断裂带北段活动性与新构造运动过程有着密切的成因联系,受控于青藏高原东南缘持续的侧向扩展挤出作用,但相较于断裂带中段活动性偏弱。

川滇地块东部老鹰山的构造地貌特征及其揭示的地块隆升和旋转运动

印−欧大陆板块的碰撞与挤压造成了青藏高原的隆升和陆内变形,同时引起川滇菱形地块的侧向逃逸与旋转,目前针对川滇菱形地块中部和西部地区的旋转量已进行了大量古地磁研究,但对其东部地区的旋转研究相对缺少。由于河流地貌对地块的旋转量十分敏感,因此,研究利用30 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)提取了川滇菱形地块东部老鹰山地区的22个流域盆地,通过分析其局部地形起伏比、河流纵剖面、河流陡峭指数以及流域方位角4个地貌参数来确定老鹰山地区的地块旋转量和隆升量。研究结果显示:老鹰山地区自晚中新世以来,隆升量约为358 m,隆升趋势为北高南低;河流陡峭指数值整体分布趋势由北向南逐渐降低,高值区主要分布在老鹰山地区北部,低值区主要分布在研究区老鹰山顶部以及老鹰山地区南部;同时根据流域方位角结果表明老鹰山地区旋转量为逆时针旋转15°左右。研究表明自晚中新世以来,川滇地块内元谋断裂以西受走滑断裂影响较小,主要为顺时针旋转;元谋断裂以东受走滑断裂等强烈的左行走滑影响,发生了逆时针旋转并伴随着差异隆升。

川滇块体东边界安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带的三维构造模型:基于多元数据与隐式建模技术

安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带位于青藏高原与扬子地块相互拼接的交会部位,代表了川滇菱形块体的东部边界,地震活动频繁。其总体表现为左旋走滑的运动学特征,沿走向断裂结构复杂,为精细表征深部断裂的三维结构特征带来了很大挑战。目前存在的问题主要包括:主断层面本身的结构复杂特性;断裂交切与主次关系的不确定性;隐伏断层的空间约束;微震活动区域的断层面限定等。传统上,三维构造建模主要依赖于高分辨率的地震反射剖面、三维地震数据体和钻孔等数据约束,可以三角面网的形式在三维空间内使用数量有限的节点定义任意物体的几何形态,进而连接节点模拟物体的拓扑结构。然而,川滇块体东边界等大部分活动构造区域缺少这些高分辨率的数据,即使有相关数据,通常在空间上也非常稀疏。以往有研究利用大量精定位地震和断层地表迹线等数据建立了活动断裂的初始三维模型,但这种方法忽视了震源机制解提供的节面信息对建模的贡献,且未对多元数据采取差异化的权重分配策略。文中基于三维构造隐式建模方法,结合不同约束条件下的深、浅地质与地球物理数据,构建了川滇块体东边界安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带的三维精细构造模型。建模流程充分利用震源机制解提供的节面约束信息,将其与地表断层迹线、重定位地震震中等数据融合,纳入一个考虑差异化权重分配的多次迭代过程,最终实现利用多元数据建立川滇块体东边界断裂三维复杂结构特性的目标。基于隐式建模方法构建的活动断裂的精细三维结构模型可用于断面粗糙度和断裂系统分析,对约束断面上的凹凸体分布与开展地震破裂模拟具有重要意义。

云南小江断裂东支活动性分析及工程场地稳定性评价

小江断裂延伸长、次生断裂交错分布多,使得区域内重大工程难以避免活动断裂带的影响,因此活动断裂的活动强弱以及场地稳定性是区域重大工程建设面临的主要工程稳定性问题。为了查清活动断裂对公路工程场地的影响,笔者等基于小江断裂地质构造背景,充分利用既有研究成果资料,重点研究区域构造环境和断裂特征,通过地质调绘、物理探测、年代学测试,结合对前人资料的系统梳理,计算分析了小江断裂中段东支活动速率,初步判定断裂活动程度;并综合考虑断裂活动性、地震烈度、岩体特性等因素,对工程场地稳定性进行分级。结果表明,小江断裂东支平均水平位移速率为6.6 mm/a,判定为强活动断裂,区域工程场地稳定性划分为极不稳定区;认为强烈活动性断裂两侧各10 km区域内对工程的影响最为严重,为公路工程场地选址和抗震设计提供了理论和数据支持。

利用接收函数两步反演法研究小江断裂带及邻区地壳S波速度结构

文中基于2011年9月2日—2014年1月16日小江断裂带及邻区48个台站的远震三分量波形数据提取径向P波接收函数,采用两步反演法和Bootstrap重采样技术反演了各台站下方的S波速度结构,对小江断裂带及邻区的地壳深部结构进行了研究。结果表明:1)研究区地壳的S波速度在横向和垂向上都存在明显的非均匀特性,近地表处有2~4km厚的低速沉积层;中上地壳的S波速度呈高、低速相间分布;在20~35km的深度范围内存在明显的低速层,主要间断分布于小江断裂以西的川滇菱形块体和红河断裂以南的印支块体内部,另外在师宗-弥勒断裂附近也有局部分布。2)小江断裂带中、北段壳内低速层较为发育,以中段最为突出,最厚约达28km;南段在15~25km深度范围内存在明显的高速区。3)研究区的泊松比普遍较低(平均为0.24),呈不均匀分布,且横向变化剧烈,小江断裂带的泊松比总体呈北段较高、南段次之、中段低的分段特征;研究区壳内低速分布与泊松比间的对应关系不明显,大部分低速层似乎缺少发生部分熔融的条件,其地球物理结果的差异和不一致说明壳内低速层的变形演化机制及物理特性较为复杂。

小江断裂带巧家段晚第四纪走滑速率研究

鲜水河-小江左旋走滑断裂系是调节青藏高原东南部物质向东南挤出的大型边界断裂。云南巧家断裂作为小江断裂带北段,其晚第四纪走滑速率是认识川滇地块东部边界应变调节方式的关键。本文利用无人机航摄和地面激光扫描技术,获取了该断裂段穿过金沙江河谷区红路和蒙姑两处的高分辨率地形数据,恢复出断层错动T2和T3两期阶地陡坎上缘的左旋位错量分别为120±5~128±1 m和193±1~202±1 m。根据T3中次生碳酸盐的AMS-14C法测年结果,结合已有的类似阶地年龄数据,并经气候曲线校正后认为,区域上T2和T3被废弃应分别发生在冰后期和末次盛冰期末期,时间为8.5~11.2 ka BP和18.6~21.4 ka BP。据此估算,小江断裂带巧家段的晚第四纪平均走滑速率为10~13 mm/a。进一步统计分析小江断裂带的晚第四纪走滑速率,发现巧家至宜良以北的段落,总体保持着10~15 mm/a的高走滑速率。但从宜良向南,断裂走滑速率出现了分段递减的特征,至建水以南快速减小到中-北段的近十分之一。小江断裂带中-北段的高走滑速率以及向南的分段式递减现象,反映在宜良以北,小江断裂带的走滑剪切作用是调节川滇地块向东南旋转-挤出运动的主要方式,但向南伴随变形分解作用,调节方式转变为了伸展、旋转和逆冲等多种方式共存的复杂形式。因此,进一步精细化定量限定川滇地块东部边界断裂的应变分解作用,是深入认识青藏高原物质挤出方式及其机制的关键。

小江断裂带东川—寻甸段大地电磁成像及深部孕震环境

小江断裂带是青藏高原物质向东南方向逃逸的东边界中的一段,具有较强的地震活动性.小江断裂带东川—寻甸段经历过三次6.5级以上强震,对其深部电性结构的探测,可以为研究三次历史强震的深部孕震环境提供重要依据.大地电磁成像结果显示研究区下地壳存在显著的高导结构,可能含有较高比例的熔融物质,具有较低的强度/黏度.小江断裂带在深度10 km表现为明显的结构边界,有利于断裂带的剪切变形.断裂带上的强震可能主要受上地壳高阻结构的控制.上地壳中,小江断裂带东支断裂在田坝随高阻结构向南转折;功山地区东支断裂两侧的高阻体紧靠.两个条件共同阻碍了东支断裂在局部的左旋走滑及地震破裂的传播.小江断裂带西支断裂在嵩明以北表现为上地壳三个高阻体之间的边界,坚硬的高阻体相互接触可能使断层局部存在阻碍断层走滑的构造,为强震的发生提供必要的结构条件.

鲜水河—小江断裂带土壤气地球化学特征

在鲜水河—小江断裂带上布设10个测区,每个测区布设4条土壤气测量剖面,共640个测点,跨断层测量了土壤气CO_(2)、CH_(4)、H_(2)、Rn和Hg的浓度,分析了土壤气的空间分布特征及其成因,讨论了土壤气地球化学特征与断层活动的关系。结果表明,(1)鲜水河—小江断裂带土壤气CO_(2)、CH_(4)、H_(2)、Rn和Hg的平均浓度分别为0.4%、12.0 ppm、5.3 ppm、13.53 kBq/m^(3)、11.29 ng/m^(3);(2)鲜水河断裂炉霍段、安宁河断裂冕宁—西昌段和则木河断裂上高土壤气浓度值表明,历史大地震离逝时间越短、近期小震活动性越强、滑动速率越高的断层,其裂隙发育程度越高,从而导致土壤气浓度也越高;(3)鲜水河断裂雪门坎段和小江断裂北段低土壤气浓度值表明,历史强震离逝越久、现今地震活动性越弱、滑动速率低的断层,其裂隙发育程度越低,从而导致土壤气体浓度也越低。

滇东北地区三维电性构造研究

滇东北地区位处不同构造分区的交界地带,发育有多样的断裂构造,其中昭通—鲁甸断裂和小江断裂带的部分区段均具备积累高应力的条件,具有较强的孕震潜力.本文基于覆盖巧家、东川、鲁甸等地区采集的区域大地电磁阵列观测数据,通过大地电磁三维反演,获得了该地区的三维电性结构的水平和垂直切片,完整地揭示了滇东北地区的深部电性结构特征.反演结果表明,昭通—鲁甸断裂在10 km深度以内发育有多个局部高阻区,小江断裂带的巧家—东川段的东侧、东西两支交汇处在上地壳均表现为高阻,这些区域均展示出更强的孕震能力.根据低阻异常的分布,推测昭通—鲁甸断裂和小江断裂下方的低阻构造在中下地壳的多个位置发生连通.本文将研究区的地表热流、岩石圈有效弹性厚度、地震与电性结构结合分析,推测在滇东北深部低阻层可能存在下地壳流,并且下地壳流的塑性流动为鲁甸的地震活动提供了深部动力来源.

综合探测在小江断裂带中段西支海风园断层调查中的应用

以位于阳宗海北部地区的小江断裂带中段西支次级海风园断层为研究对象,综合利用遥感数据解译和高密度电法探测,结合野外实地调查和探槽开挖验证等技术手段揭示研究断层的空间展布位置及构造特征。结果表明:①海风园断层是一条贯通的结构单一的断层,遥感影像上断层线性特征清晰,宏观地貌显著,沿断层发育断层槽地、线性山脊、断塞塘、水系位错等活动地貌,具有强烈的左旋走滑运动特征;②高密度电法测线反演剖面在断层破碎带附近的电性结构异常特征与探槽开挖验证确定的断层位置、断层破碎带宽度及断层倾向具有很好的一致性,断层总体走向为N20°E,倾向为SE,可识别破碎带宽度为60 m,结合野外地质调查发现海风园断层错断了上覆全新统坡积层,晚第四纪活动特征强烈,属于全新世活动断层,建设工程需要依据断层宽度进行合理避让;③在第四系覆盖区开展活动断层探测,采用遥感定展布、物探定结构、地质定结论的综合技术手段,避免了采用单一方法在深度、广度、精度方面的不足,可极大地提高活动断层定位结果的准确性和可靠性。