The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.

Thermal Evolution of Plutons and Uplift Process of the Yanshan Orogenic Belt

Thermochronological dating was used to study the thermal evolution of the Mesozoic plutons and uplift history of the Yanshan orogenic belt. The results show that the cooling history of the plutons is complicated, corresponding to the inhomogeneous uplift process of the Yanshan orogenic belt. The Panshan granite cooled fast during 226.48-204.95 Ma at a rate of 10.22℃/Ma after its emplacement at a depth of about 10 km, and its fast uplift occurred in about 96-35 Ma at an average rate of 0.115 mm/a. The Wulingshan pluton cooled fast during 132-127.23 Ma at a rate of 94.34℃/Ma, and its rapid uplift occurred in 86-45 Ma at an average rate of 0.186 mm/a. The Yunmengshan granite cooled fast during 143-120.99 Ma at a rate of 19.51℃/Ma, and its rapid uplift occurred in 106-103.95 Ma and 20-0.0 Ma at a rate of 1.06 mm/a and 0.15 mm/a respectively. The Sihetang granite-gneiss uplifted rapidly since 13 Ma at an average rate of 0.256 mm/a. The Badaling granite uplifted rapidly since 6 Ma at an average rate of 0.

THE MAIN UPLIFT PROCESSES OF DEEP CRUSTAL ROCKS OF THE EARLY PROTEROZOIC OROGENIC BELT IN DAQINGSHAN AREA,INNER MONGOLIA

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East central Uplift Belt of Junggar Basin

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青藏高原隆升对中国疆域自然环境的影响:破解“胡焕庸线”的思考

中国疆域广大,人口、土地、耕地和发展程度很不均衡。1935年,知名学者胡焕庸据此提出了著名的“胡焕庸线”。利用这条北东-南西走向直线,将中国大陆划分为东西两个部分。该线的东、西两侧差异悬殊。究其缘由,制约因素多元,而近地表的自然环境和地球内部物质与能量的交换起着重要作用。研究与探索表明:印度次大陆与欧亚大陆两陆-陆板块的碰撞-挤压驱使高原南缘喜马拉雅造山带的突起是根本原因。喜马拉雅造山带的突起阻隔了印度洋南来温湿气流的北进,并形成了西风带,造成了中国西北地域的干旱和荒漠化。在力系作用下,壳、幔物质重新分异、调整,地壳短缩增厚、高原整体抬升不仅导致东、西两部降水量、气温、人口、耕地与生态环境的显著改变,且地球物理场发生了强烈变异与分布不均。西部发展的关键在于水,水进则人进,人进则文化进,文化进则科技进,科技进则发展快,西部人民生活与生存环境不断优化,社会则更安宁。东部不断强化开辟与利用地下空间,西部期盼“红旗河”西部调水工程实施,维护生态环境,兴建亿亩现代化耕地、牧场与绿洲。中国东部与西部共同发展与建设十分重要,饭碗要永远端在自己手中。

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭性断裂演化的构造物理模拟研究

惠民凹陷位于渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷西部,新生代时期经历了南北向伸展,形成了典型的“北断南超”半地堑结构。平面上,惠民凹陷中央隆起带发育了NE至近EW向的张扭断裂体系;垂向上,中央隆起带断裂体系从深部到浅部呈现出由雁列式分段到逐渐连接贯通的特征。目前对惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系的结构特征有了较好的刻画,但是对于该断裂体系形成的运动学过程及其控制因素仍然停留在描述阶段。文章设计了一组张扭构造物理模拟实验,以探究惠民中央隆起带断裂构造演化过程及其控制因素。实验再现了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂体系在平面上由早期孤立分段、侧向传播、最终贯通的三个阶段;在剖面上也很好对应了中央隆起带沿走向由共轭断裂系向阶梯式断裂的结构转变特征。基于粒子成像测速(PIV)的应变分析,文章构建了三阶段的应变—断层距离统计图,揭示了各分段断裂由早期无连接,经历侧向生长,从软连接到硬连接的构造演化过程。研究证实在南北向区域伸展作用下,盆地基底NEE向先存断裂的活化是惠民凹陷中央隆起带张扭构造形成的根本原因。文章利用砂箱构造物理模拟实验揭示了惠民凹陷中央隆起带断裂发育的机制,可为类似的张扭性断陷盆地的断裂演化与油气成藏研究提供有益的启示。

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。

断陷盆地陡坡带新近系目标圈闭优势运移路径与汇聚能力分析:以渤海海域庙西北凸起东侧陡坡带为例

断陷盆地新近系的成藏规模与深层油气汇聚及立体输导体系息息相关,断陷盆地新近系源外目标圈闭油气充注的差异性是新近系目标研究中需要重点关注的问题。以渤海海域庙西北凸起东侧陡坡带为例,分析了陡坡带油气汇聚体系组成要素,通过断层输导能力评价划分了优势充注段,进而在断层充注段控制下开展了油气运移模拟。研究表明:(1)陡坡带汇聚体系由深层聚烃砂体、边界大断层、浅层晚期断层3个部分组成。(2)汇聚体系中3个部分的各自优势汇烃要素相互作用组成主要运移路径,最终体现在与目标圈闭搭接的断层充注段上;庙西北凸起东侧主干运移断层中段为强充注区,北段为中等充注区;次级运移断层中4,6,8号断层发育强充注段,1,2,11号断层发育中等充注段。(3)构造层运移模拟发现庙西北凸起东侧陡坡带中段发育油气聚集区,东侧发育2条主要运移路线,同时南侧发育1条主要运移路线;3号典型砂体发育4个汇聚区,其中汇聚区C为汇聚能力最强区域。研究成果可为目标区井位部署提供参考,技术方法可为油气汇聚成藏分析提供技术支持。

Three-Phase Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau During the Cenozoic Period: Igneous Petrology Constraints

In northern Qinghai\|Tibet plateau there are developed Cenozoic volcanic rocks. They constitute a trachybasalt\|shoshonite\|latite\|trachydacite assemblage. According to the forming ages, three Cenozoic volcanic rock lithozones can be distinguished in the northern part of the plateau. Cenozoic volcanic rocks and muscovite/two\|mica granites forming the three belts in pairs represent the northern and southern margins of the plateau in different periods. In fact, the tectonic setting of the northern part of the Qinghai\|Tibet plateau is significantly different from that of the southern part—Himalayas. The southern part has experienced subduction and continent\|continent collision. There are developed the Cenozoic S\|type granites (muscovite/two\|mica granites) there. But the northern part is characterized by Cenozoic basaltic magmatism which obviously comes from the upper mantle. Slight doming of the upper mantle is recognized underneath the northern part of the plateau, which is the result of resistance of the Tarim plate to the north direction\|sense movement of the Tibetan plate. And at the same time, the uplift machanism shows that the formation of the Qinghai\|Tibet plateau involved three orogenic stages (35-23 Ma, 23-10 Ma and <2 Ma) of uplift in the vertical direction and extension in the horizontal direction with the Gangdise\|Qiangtang orogenic belt as its core.

THE PATTERN OF GENERAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN EASTERN ASIA BEFORE THE UPLIFT OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The global climatic change study is a hot point today.As the pattern of the general circulation of the atmosphere is the key factor for climate,the reconstruction of the pattern of the past general circulation of the atmosphere has become important part of the global climatic change study.The paleowind belts are the comprising part of the past general circulation of the atmosphere and also the records of the circulation,therefore,their reconstruction will be helpful to the reconstruction of the general circulation of the atmosphere.In present years,the pattern of the general circulation of the atmosphere has attracted great concern from scientists.For example,Zhang Linyuan and Liu Dongsheng, based on the existence and inexistence of the Tibetan Plateau and paleogeography,divide the evolution of the general circulation of the atmosphere in eastern asia into two stages:the planetary wind stage before the uplift of the plateau and the monsoon stage after the uplift of the plateau which is subdivided into ancient monsoon and modern monsoon stages.While Dong Guangrong et al., Jiang Xinsheng et al. and Cooke et al, based on the latitudinal distribution of the Cretaceous and Tertiary deserts and the generation of arid climate,suggest that there was a subtropical high pressure zone across the eastern asia and was a planetary wind system,but have not found any direct record of the circulation.It is true that before the Early Tertiary,not only organism, but also inorganism,i.e.,biogeography and lithogeography, show strong zonal distribution.It can only indicate that zonal climate was evident at that time.Of course, as the climate is the result of the influences on the ground by zones of the circulation,it is reasonable to deduce the existence of zonal circulation,i.e. the the existence of the planetary wind system,from the zonal climate.But it would be much better if direct record of planetary wind system were found.Prevailing winds are the main geological agent for a desert which must leave deep stamps on the desert.The stamps on modern desert are reflected by dune migrating directions and on paleodesert by foreset dip directions..It is the most direct geological record for reconstructing paleowind belts and has been extensively used to reconstruct paleowind belts,paleogeography,paleoclimate and even to check the paleolatitude determined by paleomagnetism (for example, Opdyke and Runcorn, 1960; Creer, 1958; Pook, 1962; Bigarella and Salamuni,1961).

Evolution of Mesozoic Volcanic Basins and Red Basins in the Gan-Hang Tectonic-Volcanic Metallogenic Belt

This paper mainly proposes six major regional geological events in the active continental-margin mantle uplift zone and discusses the oscillation nature of the evolution of Mesozoic volcanic basins and red basins, origin of erosion in the late stage of red basins and mechanism of volcanism.

Silurian hydrocarbon exploration breakthrough and its implications in the Shajingzi structural belt of Tarim Basin,NW China

The Silurian hydrocarbon exploration in the northwest Tarim Basin had long been fruitless, till Well XSD1 drilled in 2018 in the Shajingzi structural belt, northwest Tarim Basin tapped industrial gas flow from the Silurian for the first time. The reservoir-forming model and resource extent need to be made clear urgently. Based on the comprehensive research of drilling,formation testing, geochemical data, and sedimentary and accumulation history, in combination with field surveys, experiments, structure interpretation and reconstruction of structure evolution, it is found that:(1) The northwest Tarim Basin had widespread tidal deltaic deposits in the Silurian period, which contain good reservoir-cap combinations;(2) the Shajingzi fault and associated faults connected the Cambrian-Ordovician source rocks in the Awati sag, and controlled the formation of Silurian structural traps, hence, the traps turned up along the structural belt in an orderly pattern and came together into contiguous tracts;(3) the Silurian petroleum in Shajingzi structural belt was dominated by gas, and the major accumulation period was the Himalayan period when the traps fixed in shape;(4) the Silurian gas resources in the Shajingzi belt were estimated at around 2.018×10^(11)m^(3), and Silurian gas resources of the northwest Tarim Basin were estimated at 2.03×10^(12)m^(3), implying huge exploration potential, so this area will become a major area for reserve and production increase from clastic strata in the basin;(5) with the Shajingzi fault of large scale and long active time connecting deep source rock layers, multiple formations in Lower Paleozoic of Shajingzi structural belt may have breakthroughs in hydrocarbon exploration.

Tectonic Evolution of the Himalayan Collision Belt

This paper discusses the tectonic divisions of the Himalayan collision belt anddeals with the tectonic evolution of the collision belt in the context of crustal accretion in thefront of the collision belt, deep diapirism and thermal-uplift extension and deep material flow-ing of the lithosphere-backflowing. Finally it proposes a model of the tectonic evolution-progressive intracontinental deformation model-of the Himalayan belt.

松辽盆地北部古中央隆起带基底岩石弹性参数测试及特征分析

古中央隆起带基底上覆地层缺失断陷期沉积地层,基岩暴露地表时间长,风化壳普遍发育。基底岩性复杂,主要发育花岗岩、浅变质沉积岩及浅变质火山岩3大类岩石;基底主要发育花岗岩、变质岩储层,不同类型储层的裂缝发育程度不同。钻井揭示:花岗岩的脆性大,易形成裂缝,花岗岩储层物性最好,属于孔隙—裂缝型储层;基底花岗岩风化壳储层非均质性强,储层物性较差,以裂缝为主。目前有关基底花岗岩和变质岩的岩石物理弹性参数特征的实验室研究较少。为此,采用超声频段和地震频段弹性参数测试方法,系统分析了围压及孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响,研究了不同孔隙度和饱和状态下岩石弹性参数与微裂缝密度及孔隙纵横比的关系;应用弹性参数交会分析,明确了基底风化壳储层及裂缝敏感参数,建立了符合基底孔隙—裂缝型储层特征的岩石物理模型,获得以下成果和认识:(1)对松辽盆地北部古中央隆起带基底33块岩性样品,采用超声频段和地震频段实验测试,测得的标准铝块的超声频段纵波速度(6430 m/s)与参考值(6400 m/s)基本相同,相对误差为0.5%,精度较高。(2)随着围压增加,在水饱和和气饱和状态下纵、横波速度均增大,且横波速度变化不大。随着孔压增加,在水饱和和气饱和状态下纵、横波速度均呈降低趋势,且在气饱和状态下纵波速度的变化量大于水饱和状态,在水饱和和气饱和状态下横波速度的下降趋势相似。(3)不同压力的超声频段和地震频段速度差异表明微裂隙是影响频散绝对变化量的主要因素,随着压力增加,微裂隙逐渐闭合,孔隙间的流体流动效应减弱,喷射效应降低。(4)地震频段和超声频段储层敏感参数优选结果相同,即v_(P)/v_(S)(纵横波速度比)、ν(泊松比)、λ(拉梅系数)、λ/μ(拉梅系数/剪切模量)、λ_(ρ)(拉梅系数×密度)等参数对流体最敏感,可作为识别基底风化壳的储层敏感参数。(5)在裂缝密度为3条/m、裂缝倾角为50°的条件下建立了饱和度—孔隙度解释图板,在含水饱和度为50%、裂缝倾角为50°的条件下建立了裂缝密度—孔隙度解释图板,为风化壳孔隙—裂缝型储层预测奠定了理论基础。

川东高陡构造带震旦系灯影组丘滩相气藏预测

在川东高陡构造带内,构造复杂、地震资料差,寻找震旦系灯影组油气富集带具有重大挑战。为此,运用构造形迹分析构造期次,环状构造结合地震相特征预测藻丘滩;丘滩相特征结合构造形迹期次分析WT1井失利原因;综合丘滩相与构造的叠合关系以预测开江地区灯影组油气富集带。结果表明:①开江地区的NE构造主体为川东高陡构造带在燕山中晚期挤压形成,喜山期强烈改造定型。②EW向低幅度构造为大巴山于晚燕山期弱挤压形成。③SN向构造形成于喜马拉雅晚期,动力来自龙门山南段挤压。④燕山中晚期的NE构造与裂解气富集晚期匹配。发育大量的环状构造,为藻丘滩刚性地质体形成,为古岩性圈闭,与原油成藏期匹配。⑤环状构造+NE向构造是油气富集带。综合构造形迹与地震相预测了多个油气目标:七里南背斜内的七3环是最有利目标,藻丘滩地震相最为明显,且叠加NE向构造;铁1环是现实的目标;里1环是潜在的目标区。环状构造在开江地区大量存在,具有较好的油气勘探远景。

渤海湾盆地中部428构造带近S-N向走滑断裂的形成时期及其在中生代期间的调节转换作用

渤海湾盆地中部428构造带自印支期以来经历了多期次构造运动叠加改造过程,区域内发育了大量的近S-N向与近EW向褶皱、断层构造,并控制了潜山的形成。然而目前对428构造带的研究仅局限于探索区域内潜山构造成因及其油气圈闭特性,对区域内的断裂系统,尤其是发育的大量近S-N向断裂的形成时期及其后期演化过程中所起到的调控作用尚不明确。鉴于此,为明确其形成时期、探索其对区域构造格局演化模式所产生的影响,基于前人的研究成果,以石臼坨凸起东侧428构造带为主要研究对象,通过对该区域典型的地震剖面进行精确解析,对其展开了系统性的研究。研究结果表明:(1) 428构造带与石臼坨凸起东侧连接处存在一条近S-N向走滑断裂;(2)该走滑断裂的形成最早可追溯至印支期。根据古生界褶皱和薄底构造的分布特征可知,该走滑断裂最初为近E-W向逆冲推覆断裂的侧向断坡;(3)近S-N向走滑断裂阻挡了燕山期NWW向的逆冲推覆作用,从而控制古生界和中生界大量协调褶皱的发育。而近E-W向断裂表现为压扭性质,控制了中生界雁列式褶皱的形成。基于以上认识,认为该近S-N向走滑断裂在印支-燕山期均起到了重要的调控作用,是一个重要的调节转换带。

Investigation of groundwater characteristics and its influence on Landslides in Heifangtai Plateau using comprehensive geophysical methods

The occurrence of landslides in Heifangtai plateau is primarily caused by the rise in water levels due to irrigation. To accurately understand the distribution of groundwater and its impact on the landslide hazard, a combination of Electrical Resistivity Tomography(ERT), Induced Polarization(IP) and Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(SNMR) methods were used in this study. By conducting a comprehensive analysis, the characteristics of water-bearing structure in vertical and groundwater distribution in horizontal were detected;and the influence of the groundwater on plateau and landslides was also identified. The results indicate that the groundwater occurs in the loess aquifer with a three-layer structure in vertical.Horizontally, the aquifer has a unified water table over the plateau, with a low water level in the north and high one in the south. The high resistivity bedrock uplift belt in the middle of the plateau forms a watershed,with the north side of the uplift belt being a relatively stable slope area with stable water content and fewer geological disasters. In contrast, the south side of the uplift belt is a disaster-prone region with vertical fissures well developed in the loess aquifers. The southern landslides are characterized by the interphase distribution of high and low electrical resistivity. The infiltration and discharge of groundwater result in the formation of a collapse belt in the low resistivity water-bearing structure of landslide, which causes the entire block with high resistivity and stable bedrock to slide. There was a newly formed landslide in a larger range at the landslide' s trailing edge. This study provides a scientific basis for the study of landslides mechanisms and disaster prevention by identifying the distribution characteristics of groundwater and analyzing its influence from a geophysical perspective in Heifangtai.

克拉苏构造带博孜段古隆起及盐层对盐下冲断带的控制

克拉苏构造带是库车坳陷油气勘探的主要区带。以克拉苏构造带博孜段三维地震资料为基础,进行一体化建模,明确盐下冲断带构造变形差异及古隆起、盐层分布特征;基于物理模拟实验,分析古隆起、盐层对盐下冲断带的控制作用。结果表明:研究区薄盐层分层作用差,断裂数少,规模大,易传递至盐上层;厚盐层易形成盐背斜和盐焊接等构造,盐下层多排逆冲断裂向盆地内部传递;古隆起发育区北翼断裂表现为倾角小、水平断距大和沿斜坡滑脱等特征,古隆起不发育区断裂表现为倾角陡、断距大且断裂数多的特征。古隆起发育区易形成滑脱冲断和盐背斜构造,古隆起不发育区易形成阶梯冲断和盐焊接构造;古隆起与盐层的双重叠加是影响盐下冲断带复杂变形的主要因素,古隆起限制冲断体系变形空间,盐层缓冲应力传递,起调节作用。该结果对研究区下一步天然气勘探开发具有指导意义。

东天山晚石炭世-早白垩世多期抬升:来自磷灰石裂变径迹和U-Pb定年的证据

本文利用LA-ICP-MS磷灰石裂变径迹(FT)和U-Pb双定年技术,结合锆石原位U-Pb测年结果,对出露于东天山南部雅满苏-彩霞山地区的侵入岩样品进行了系统分析。结果显示,这些样品形成于357-309Ma和-252Ma,裂变径迹年龄变化于304-118Ma。根据裂变径迹年龄和径迹长度分布对其进行热史反演,得到晚石炭世-早二叠世(320-280Ma)、中-晚三叠世(240-210Ma)和早白垩世(120-100Ma)三个主要冷却时期。综合分析认为,研究区的石炭纪和三叠纪侵入体在晚石炭世-早二叠世、中-晚三叠世和早白垩世期间经历过构造隆升。其中,晚石炭世-早二叠世的抬升是由康古尔洋闭合后区域进入碰撞造山阶段导致,中-晚三叠世的抬升主要与古特提斯洋闭合后松潘-甘孜地体、羌塘地体先后与亚欧板块南缘的碰撞增生有关,早白垩世的抬升事件主要受到班公湖-怒江洋俯冲闭合以及拉萨地体与羌塘地体的碰撞增生影响。此外,东天山不同部位经历了显著的差异性隆升,这一现象与区内各构造单元的非均匀性、分块性及其地质演化历史的差异性密切相关,同时还受到外部驱动力以及早期先存断裂构造活化的制约。

西湖凹陷天台斜坡带物源交汇区古近系碎屑锆石形态学与年代学示踪

西湖凹陷西部斜坡带是东海盆地最为重要的勘探目标区之一,但其南部的天台斜坡区处于海礁隆起与渔山东低隆起物源的交汇区,物源体系不清制约了沉积砂体刻画与储层研究。利用碎屑锆石形态学、锆石U-Pb定年及地震反射特征等研究方法,针对研究区砂体来源进行剖析,明确古近系海礁隆起与渔山东低隆起物源差异及砂体供给特征,进而明确天台斜坡带物源交汇区不同层系母源类型与砂体发育强度关系。结果表明,平湖组沉积时期,天台斜坡区处于渔山东低隆起与海礁隆起联合供砂区,砂体沿断裂转换带向低带展布,平湖组自下而上渔山东低隆起的物源体系逐渐减弱,海礁隆起物源体系逐渐增强;至花港组沉积时期海礁隆起供源作用持续增强。