Rice Grains from Slightly Saline Field Exhibited Unchanged Starch Physicochemical Properties but Enhanced Nutritional Values

This study aims to investigate grain quality and nutritional values of rice(Pokkali,a salt-tolerant cultivar;RD73,a new cultivar improved from KDML105 introgressed with Saltol QTL from Pokkali,and KDML105,a moderately salt-susceptible cultivar)grown under non-saline(0.04–0.87 dS/m)and slightly saline(1.08–4.83 dS/m)field conditions.The results revealed that salinity caused significant reduction in grain size but significant increments in reducing sugar and total protein contents in the grains.Nevertheless,the amounts of starch in the grains of KDML105 and Pokkali rice genotypes were unaffected by the stress.The starch granule size distribution was also unaffected by salinity.Interestingly,only starch from Pokkali was significantly diminished in amylose content,from 19.18%to 16.99%.Accordingly,parameters relating to starch gelatinization,retrogradation,and pasting properties of KDML105 and RD73 were unaffected by salinity;only Pokkali showed a significant increase in percentage of retrogradation along with a significant reduction in gelatinization enthalpy.In the saline field,total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in the grains of all rice cultivars tended to increase,particularly in Pokkali.On average,essential element contents in grains from the saline-treated plants showed a 33%,32%,32%,22%,20%,11%,and 10%increase in total P,N,K,Mg,Zn,Fe,and Ca content,respectively.Interestingly,total Fe content exhibited the greatest percentage of increments in KDML105(187%).Taken together,cultivation of rice in the slightly saline field did not alter its eating and cooking qualities,while enhanced some nutritional properties such as proteins,minerals,and secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds.

Research on Heredity of Coarse Ferrite Grains

The changes in austenite grain size of the specimens with coarse ferrite grains under different heat treatment process were investigated.The focus was on studying the effect of annealing on refining coarse ferrite grains,as well as the influence of the ferrite grain size on the main technical indicators of gas carburizing.The results show that coarse ferrite grains may not necessarily cause the coarse austenite grains,but may result in mixed austenite grains.After annealing treatment,the coarse ferrite grains can be significantly refined and homogenized.Moreover,the coarse ferrite grains have no significant effects on hardnessand intergranular oxidationof gas carburizing.

Understanding of Five Grains for YANG:a way to straighten Asians’dietary structure

According to the general opinion,grains should occupy the largest amount of human food each day,but this grain-based eating habit does not allow human life to be extended.Grains are high in carbohydrates and five commonly recognized plant hormones,namely auxin,gibberellin,cytokinin,abscisic acid,and ethylene.Through in-depth analysis of ancient books,it was found that five grains for support:support is a restriction,and it means the essence,which means that grains should be eaten less,and it is the essence of the least daily intake.To correctly understand the Chinese dietary concept of"five grains for support"is the basis for improving Asian dietary health and promoting Asian human health.

新疆冬小麦种质资源粒重基因的分布与育种适用性分析

小麦粒重是重要的产量构成因素之一,也是受遗传因素影响的数量性状。为了解粒重基因在新疆小麦的分布及相关分子标记在育种上的适用性,以253份新疆冬小麦品种为试验材料,利用KASP(竞争性等位基因特异性PCR)标记进行基因型检测,并与2个年份的株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽等育种选择性状进行关联分析。结果表明,优异等位基因TaSus1-7A-Hap1、TaCwi-A1b、TaTGW-7Aa、TaGS5-A1b、TaGS2-A1b、TaGS-D1a、TaSus2-2B-HapH、TaTGW6-A1a、TaGW2-6B-Hap3和TaSus2-2A-HapA在参试材料的分布频率分别为100%、100%、84.98%、56.92%、51.78%、39.13%、33.20%、11.07%、3.16%和1.58%;14对等位基因在参试材料中共出现118种组合;标记GS5-2334-SNP、TaGS2-A1-239IND2、TGW7-986-SNP和GW2-6B-721SNP可应用于小麦粒重的辅助选择;被检测标记的连锁基因均与1个或1个以上育种性状显著相关;GS5-2334-SNP连锁基因TaGS5-A1对粒宽的效应达36.65%,对千粒重效应次之(27.76%),GS5-2334-SNP连锁基因TaGS5-A1对株高和穗粒重、GW2-6B-721SNP连锁基因TaGW2-6B和TGW7-986-SNP连锁基因TaTGW7对粒长、Sus2-2A-20SNP连锁基因TaSus2-2A对穗粒重、千粒重和粒宽的效应均达到10%以上。本研究结果可为分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。

粮食气味物质的提取、关键组分判别及其在储藏中的应用研究进展

粮食气味物质受粮食种类、储藏条件、储藏时间及是否受有害生物污染等多种因素影响,气味物质种类及含量能够及时反映粮食是否变质或受有害生物危害。首先,本文概述目前常用的粮食气味物质的提取和鉴定技术,总结不同状态粮食气味物质组成,发现烷烃类、酸类、醛类和醇类等物质赋予粮食特有的气味,而不同的储藏环境和粮食状态下,其气味物质存在较大差异。其次,探讨粮食中特征气味物质的分析方法,梳理粮食关键气味物质可能的代谢途径,归纳水稻和小麦中特征气味物质,其中稻谷中特征气味物质2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉的生成机制也已得到初步确认。最后,对气味物质在粮食安全储藏领域的应用进行概述,提出深入分析、挖掘粮食气味物质数据,构建新型预测模型以快速、精准检测粮食品质将成为未来粮食气味物质研究领域的重要方向;同时,部分气味物质也被证实对粮仓中有害生物具有防控作用,将成为未来研发新型绿色储粮药剂的重要来源。

有机肥替代化肥氮对谷子氮素累积、产量及品质的影响

有机肥部分替代化肥是一种实现化肥减量的可持续农业生产措施。本研究于2020和2021连续2年以“沁黄2号”为供试材料,设不施氮(CK)、常量化肥氮(NPK)、有机肥替代25%化肥氮(25%M)、有机肥替代50%化肥氮(50%M)、有机肥替代75%化肥氮(75%M)和有机肥替代100%化肥氮(100%M) 6个处理,研究不同替代率对谷子产量构成和氮素吸收的影响,并分析氮素吸收调控小米米色、糊化特性和类胡萝卜素组分的效应,明确谷子生产中有机肥最佳替代率。结果表明,2年中较低的有机肥替代化肥氮率显著提高了谷子植株氮素累积,但随着替代率的持续增加,植株氮素累积量呈降低趋势,最终影响谷子产量和小米品质。2020年, 25%M处理显著提高了谷子地上部氮素累积量,较NPK处理提高9.6%;2021年,25%M处理谷子地上部氮素累积量、生物量、穗粒数和产量达到最高,较NPK处理分别提高6.1%、12.0%、15.4%和12.0%。50%M处理显著影响了小米的米色、糊化特征和类胡萝卜素含量,与NPK相比,小米籽粒红绿值、橘色值、支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量、小米糊化最终黏度、叶黄素含量、玉米黄质含量和黄色素含量的增幅分别可达6.0%、6.0%、7.4%、4.3%、7.8%、20.7%、17.4%和2.8%。但有机肥完全替代化肥降低了谷子地上部氮素吸收、地上部生物量、穗粒数及谷子产量,也抑制了小米叶黄素和玉米黄质含量的提升。2年均表现出谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米单粒重、直链淀粉含量和小米糊化回升值呈显著的负相关。且2021年谷子地上部氮吸收量还与小米总淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、小米粉糊化峰值黏度和小米黄色素含量呈显著的负相关,与小米糊化峰谷黏度呈显著的正相关。综上,施氮总量120 kg hm^(–2)下,有机肥替代25%~50%化肥氮能通过促进植株氮素的吸收,实现产量、米色、蒸煮特性及类胡萝卜素的协同提升,为谷子化肥减量和提质增效生产提供技术支撑。

西北绿洲灌区玉米叶片衰老特征对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应

西北绿洲灌区玉米传统生产模式中大量使用地膜伴随着生态环境污染严重,且在极端高温下玉米出现叶片早衰。针对该现象,通过免耕一膜2年覆盖利用技术探讨延缓玉米叶片衰老并增加玉米产量的可行性,以期为构建西北绿洲灌区地膜减量玉米高效生产技术提供理论支撑。2013年在西北绿洲灌区设置免耕一膜2年覆盖利用(NTP)、秋免耕春覆膜(RTP)和传统每年覆新膜(对照, CTP) 3种处理(本文采用2021-2023数据),探究玉米叶片光合源、持绿特性、细胞抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应。结果表明,NTP和RTP可有效调节玉米生育期内光合源和叶片持绿性能的动态关系,维持生育后期较大的叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)、叶片持绿性(SG)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD),有利于延缓叶片衰老。与CTP相比, NTP玉米出苗后75~120 d的LAI、LAD、SG和SPAD分别提高15.1%~16.1%、14.8%~15.5%、7.2%~9.2%和11.3%~11.7%,RTP分别提高12.4%~13.0%、11.5%~12.4%、10.0%~17.6%和6.0%~6.7%。同时,通过单株绿色叶面积的拟合,发现NTP和RTP较CTP叶片衰老时间平均推迟了5.8~7.0d和6.2~7.7d,这可能是由于NTP和RTP有助于增强玉米大喇叭口期-灌浆期叶片的抗氧化能力和细胞渗透调节作用。玉米出苗后60~105 d, NTP较CTP叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性分别提高17.6%~20.0%、28.4%~34.4%、6.7%~8.4%和8.3%~10.9%, RTP较CTP分别提高11.3%~11.7%、16.9%~18.2%、4.4%~6.1%和5.8%~7.7%。此外,与CTP相比,NTP与RTP可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高35.9%~43.9%和29.5%~31.8%,20.7%~31.7%和17.4%~20.4%,丙二醛含量分别降低26.0%~27.8%和17.5%~25.9%。NTP对抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响更大,NTP较CTP增产5.2%~6.0%。免耕一膜2年覆盖利用技术是西北灌区在实现资源减投条件下,有效延缓玉米叶片衰老且增加产量的适宜措施。

原粮收储产业链农机水平提升的选型配套智能推荐策略

农业机械化水平是农业现代化的重要标志。为了实现原粮收储产业链的现代化、保障粮食数量和粮食安全,新型农业经营主体需要在政府的支持下打造原粮收储供应链集成服务体系,进而提升原粮收储供应链各环节的农机现代化水平和现代农机的配套水平。为此,首先通过问卷调查,得出东北三省主产区新型农业经营主体的基本特征、在原粮收储供应链各环节使用现代农机的水平,以及进行托管服务的特征;其次,明确瓶颈问题,包括收储环节的现代农机应用水平整体偏低、原粮收储产业链上全程机械化与收储销售环节现代机械的优化配置,以及新型农业经营主体以现代农机服务于原粮收储产业链的积极性不高等问题。最后,一是提出了农机水平提升的选型配套智能推荐策略,特点是通过构建农机配套选型数据库,利用深度学习算法组合,更加科学地推荐符合经济和生态效益的农机选型配套组合;二是提出了政府保障新型农业经营主体以现代农机服务于原粮收储产业链的利益补偿机制,包括运用专项补助、转移支付等形式支持村集体经济组织领办合作社、企业型家庭农场等,以实现土地规模化与农机队伍规范化;三是通过以奖代补激励新型农业经营主体贯彻收储供应链各环节现代农机的配套标准等。

东北三省粮食生产影响因素的关联分析

东北三省是我国重要的粮食生产基地,研究东北三省粮食生产的主要影响因素具有重要的意义。为此,基于2007—2021年东北三省的面板数据,运用灰色关联理论对影响东北三省粮食生产的影响因素进行关联分析,量化粮食总产量与主要影响因素的关联度。同时,从土地利用水平、农业现代化水平、经济条件3个方面选取8个指标进行关联分析,研究东北三省粮食生产的主要影响因素。结果显示:不同省份粮食生产的主要影响因素不同,土地利用水平和农业现代化水平对东北三省粮食生产影响较大。最后,为东北三省提高粮食产量提供了政策建议。

基于双目立体视觉的多分辨率图像匹配方法研究

在双目立体视觉系统中,面对复杂场景时噪声会损害图像特征,增加提取难度,导致匹配精度和鲁棒性下降。因此,文中提出基于双目立体视觉的多分辨率图像匹配方法,旨在从不同尺度图像中有效获取信息并实现高精度匹配。该方法利用双目立体视觉模型的双目旋转相机扫描目标并进行成像,根据内、外空间标定提升双目旋转相机的位置精度,保证目标的多分辨率成像效果;将其输入金字塔立体匹配网络中,通过网络中的类金字塔多空洞卷积操作提取双目图像特征,在此基础上,基于可变卷积增强其纹理特征细节;结合细粒度特征和互注意力机制完成双目图像匹配。测试结果显示,空间标定后,左、右两个相机的成像误差最小值分别为0.6 Pixel和0.4 Pixel;匹配点坐标偏差均值和坐标偏差方差值分别低于0.012和0.011,匹配效果良好。

Construction of Vectors to Express Foreign Protein within Potato Starch Grains

[Objective] The aim is to study the construction of vectors expressing foreign protein in potato starch grains specifically, and provide some reference for solving industrialized core problem of high cost and low expression level of foreign protein. [Method] By using molecular biological techniques of RT-PCR and nested PCR, plant expression vector for the foreign protein locating in the potato starch grains was constructed. [ Result] Coding sequence （ GC20 ） of potato starch grains that was located and expressed by GBSSI promoter was cloned. Plant expression vector was screened out through connection, transformation and enzyme digestion identification. [ Conclusion] This result laid a foundation for further screening the foreign protein on the potato starch grains.

Phase-field simulation of forced flow effect on random preferred growth direction of multiple grains

The random distribution problem of dendrite preferred growth direction was settled by random grid method.This method was used to study the influence of forced laminar flow effect on multiple grains during solidification.Taking high pure succinonitrile （SCN） undercooled melt as an example,the forced laminar flow effect on multiple grains was studied by phase-field model of single grain which coupled with flow equations at non-isothermal condition.The simulation results show that the random grid method can reasonably settle the problem of random distribution and is more effective.When the solid fraction is relatively low,melt particles flow around the downstream side of dendrite,and the flow velocity between two dendrite arms becomes high.At the stage of solidification time less than 1800Δt,every dendrite grows freely;the upstream dendrites are stronger than the downstream ones.The higher the melt flow rate,the higher the solid fraction.However,when the solid fraction is relatively high,the dendrite arm intertwins and only a little residual melt which is not encapsulated can flow;the solid fraction will gradually tend to equal to solid fraction of melt without flow.

旱碱胁迫对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响

为研究旱碱胁迫对小麦产量和品质的影响,本研究对比了种植于旱碱地及非旱碱地7个小麦品种的产量、千粒重、容重、出粉率、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、粉质参数等指标。结果表明,受旱碱的影响,品种平均产量、千粒重、容重和弱化度分别下降了27.32%、9.21%、2.82%和38.27%,平均干面筋含量,面团的形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量分别提高了9.21%、48.39%、479.31%和68.00%;平均出粉率和吸水率分别下降了4.89、2.02个百分点,平均蛋白质和湿面筋含量分别提高了2.30、2.64个百分点。上述结果表明,旱碱胁迫会降低小麦产量及面粉吸水率,但同时会提高小麦的蛋白质、面筋含量及面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量。本研究可为旱碱地小麦品种的应用和品种改良提供一定的依据。

Research on Pollen Grains of Tetraploid Lines and Diploid Control Line of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis.

[Objective] The aim was to study characters of pollen grains of tetraploid lines and diploid control line of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis.,morphological characters,fertility of pollen grain and germination percentage of seeds. [Method] Pollen grains were prepared by sulphuric acid-acetyl oxide decomposition method. The lengths of polar axis and equatorial axis of pollen grains were determined with general optical microscope. The morphology of pollen grains was observed with SEM (scanning electron microscope) and the typical visual fields of 2 500× (or 2 000×),7 000× were taken pictures. [Result] Comparing with the diploid control line,the pollen grains of five tetraploid lines which were tested were different from the diploid line in morphology,sculpture,etc.. 4 of the 5 tested samples were significant larger than the diploid line in size and one was similar to the diploid line. [Conclusion] This research provided references for breeding tetraploid improved varieties of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis. with good fertility and high germination percentage.

密度对谷物混合颗粒分层影响的分析

采用离散元模拟了垂直振动下具有相同尺寸、不同密度的谷物混合颗粒分层过程,结果表明:小密度颗粒倾向于向上运动形成单一颗粒层,而大密度颗粒与部分小密度颗粒停留在单一颗粒层下,组成混合状态。为此,提出相应评价指标,定量描述混合物分层程度,并讨论了混合颗粒密度比对分层速度的影响。结合混合物分层中空隙填充及动能理论,分析了密度影响分层机理,结果表明:在不同密度谷物混合颗粒分层过程中,随密度比增加小密度颗粒组成的单一颗粒层厚度增加并趋于饱和;混合层占总层数比率随密度比增加而减少并趋于稳定;颗粒分层速度随着密度比增加而增加,当密度比大于10时密度比对分层速度影响减弱;在混合物分层过程中,大密度颗粒较为活跃,且动能大于小密度颗粒的动能。

黑粒小麦花青素抑菌性及其对冷却猪肉保鲜效果

为研究黑粒小麦花青素的抑菌性及其对冷却猪肉的保鲜作用,考察黑粒小麦籽粒花青素对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌能力、最小抑菌质量浓度及其与对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、山梨酸单独和混合使用的抑菌效果;测定黑粒小麦花青素对冷却猪肉色差值、持水力、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、产H2S能力和菌落总数的影响。结果表明:黑粒小麦花青素对不同细菌表现出独特的抑制效果,效果强弱依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌;其最小抑菌质量浓度分别为1.25、5、10 mg/mL。随着贮藏时间的延长,无菌蒸馏水、40 mg/mL花青素、40 mg/mL花青素+5 μg/mL山梨酸、5 μg/mL山梨酸4种处理下的猪肉亮度值、红度值和持水力均显著降低(P<0.05),其中花青素+山梨酸组色泽最好,持水力最大。冷却猪肉pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N含量和菌落总数则随着贮藏时间延长而增加,保鲜处理组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。H2S实验中,冷却猪肉随贮藏时间延长表现出阳性,保鲜处理组呈阳性的时间迟于对照组。保鲜能力依次为花青素+山梨酸>山梨酸>花青素>蒸馏水。综上所述,黑粒小麦花青素具有一定的抑菌和保鲜效果,但效果略差于山梨酸,与其混合使用效果最佳。

全谷物及杂豆添加量在小鼠与人体间剂量换算分析

适量摄入全谷物及杂豆可以改善糖代谢和脂代谢,但摄入量过高可能产生不利影响。由于缺乏相应的换算关系,小鼠饲料中的摄入量无法直接作为人群摄入量的参考。本文介绍小鼠饲料中常见的全谷物及杂豆的添加量,并通过等效系数法、比表面积法、体型系数法、食物比重法、体表面积指数法、能量换算法和营养素换算法探讨了小鼠饲料中全谷物及杂豆添加量与人群膳食推荐量之间的剂量效应关系。研究表明,当人群全谷物及杂豆推荐摄入量为50~150 g时,相当于在每日进食量为3 g的小鼠饲料中添加5%~50%的全谷物及杂豆。对于小鼠而言,饲料中全谷物及杂豆的添加量超过50%可能存在过量摄入的风险。本研究为未来建立全谷物及杂豆在小鼠饲料添加量与人群推荐摄入量之间的换算关系提供了重要参考。

Ultrastructural Observation of Changes of Polysaccharide Grains in Dormant Shoots of Eucommia ulmoides

Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies indicated that compound spherical bodies observed near the sieve plate in the sieve tube members during the period of cambial dormancy in the shoots of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. were polysaccharide bodies different from the polysaccharide grains in other parenchyma cells in shoots, and were similar to cell walls in their staining properties. The compound spherical bodies occurred in the sieve elements during the period of cambial rest and disappeared in the sieve elements during the period of cambial quiescence and activity.

复合振动下谷物茎秆分离的离散元模拟研究

为了探究复合振动下农作物颗粒的运动行为和偏析效果,实现谷物茎秆的机械化分离,使用SolidWorks软件建立几何模型,运用离散元软件(EDEM)进行仿真计算。设置生成谷物质量100 g,茎秆质量2.5 g,施加复合振动(由频率为6 Hz、相位差为0、振幅为20 mm和10 mm的水平和竖直直线振动合成),仿真总时间为10 s,并引入谷物质量分数来量化分层质量。模拟结果表明:容器中的谷物和茎秆在竖直方向上呈现出明显的分层状态,且分层后未出现返混现象。颗粒在复合振动的激励下,分化成抛起和沿容器壁滑动两部分;在整个分层过程中谷物处于主导地位,谷物的平均动能是茎秆的6 892倍,两者动能差异是分层的主要原因;在仿真进行到2.85 s时,谷物和茎秆基本上完成了分离工作,分层后谷物质量分数达99.73%。设置水平和竖直直线振动对比实验,结果表明:复合振动在破坏颗粒力链和提高颗粒流动性方面都有明显优势。

基于县域尺度的“襄十随神”城市群粮食生产时空格局演变分析

探析粮食生产格局的变化可准确把握粮食供需情况,对科学指导粮食供需平衡、制定相关粮食补贴政策以及有效解决粮食安全问题具有重要的现实意义。基于2000—2020年湖北省“襄十随神”城市群21个县域行政区划的面板数据,采用离散系数探析其区域粮食生产稳定性,利用重心模型及标准差椭圆方法分析区域粮食生产重心的演变过程,并通过空间自相关分析区域的空间集聚分布特征。结果显示,研究区域粮食总产在研究期间内主要经历了从上升到略微下降2个阶段,而粮食生产稳定性呈现上升后陡然下降再逐渐趋于稳定;研究区域内粮食生产存在显著的空间差异,粮食生产重心整体有向东南方向移动的演变趋势,襄阳、随州已发展为全域主要粮食高产区;粮食生产空间集聚趋势加强,区域间空间溢出效应明显。为此,结合当前研究区域发展状况,提出可协调粮食生产区域与经济发展的关系,加强粮食安全在社会发展综合考核中的重视程度;因势利导、因时制宜来制定不同农业政策,优化粮食生产空间布局;推进农业生产服务体系建设,建立区域内粮食主产县域长效粮食生产利益补偿机制等,以促进“襄十随神”城市群粮食生产区域分工更加清晰合理,确保粮食生产区域协调发展。