Changes of Intramuscular Fat Composition,Lipid Oxidation and Lipase Activity in Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus of Xuanwei Ham During Controlled Salting Stages

Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids （NLs）, phospholipids （PLs） and free fatty acids （FFAs） from intramuscular fat （IMF）, lipid oxidation and lipase activity in muscle Semimembranosus （SM） and msucle Biceps femoris （BF） of dry-cured Xuanwei ham during the 90-d salting stages were analysed. The salt content increased from 0.34 to 3.52%in BF and from 0.10 to 5.42%in SM during the 90 d salting stage, respectively. PLs of IMF in both BF and SM decreased 54.70%（P〈0.001） and 34.64%（P〈0.05）, furthermore, the saturated fatty acids （SFA）, monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA） and polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） of PLs in both muscles were hydrolysed almost isochronously. FFAs were increased from 0.46 g 100 g-1 lipids to 2.92 g 100 g-1 lipids in BF at the end of salting, which was lower than SM （from 1.29 g 100 g-1 lipids to 9.70 g 100 g-1 lipids）. The activities of acid lipase, neutral lipase and acid phospholipase all remained active in the 90 d. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） was slowly increased to 1.34 mg kg-1 muscle in BF and to 2.44 mg kg-1 muscle in SM during the salting stage. In conclusion, the controlled salting process prompted the hydrolysis of PLs of IMF notably and increased the lipid oxidation of muscles within some limits.

Provenance of the Late Permian Xuanwei Formation in the Upper Yangtze Block: Constraints from the Sedimentary Record and Tectonic Implications

Xuanwei Formation is composed of mudstone,siltstone,and sandstone,with local conglomerate.However,its provenance and tectonic setting have been scarcely studied.In this paper,we use sedimentology,electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),and detrital zircon dating to investigate its source area and depositional tectonic setting.The facies assemblages indicate that it formed in alluvial fan and fluvial river sedimentary environments.The strata thicknesses and facies distribution indicate that the sediment supply was from the west.The results of EPMA show that chromian spinels within the sediments are characterized by high Cr#and varying Mg#.Discrimination plots suggest that these spinels were sourced from large igneous province(LIP)magmatic rocks.The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)U–Pb chronology of detrital zircons suggests that the sediments were derived from intermediate–acid igneous rocks dating back to 251–260?Ma.We could,therefore,conclude that the provenance of the Xuanwei Formation is from Emeishan basalt and synchronous felsic igneous rocks,which is consistent with the composition of the detrital framework.The detrital zircon dates also suggest that felsic magmatism occurred during the Late Permian,not after the eruption of the Emeishan basalt.Based on the sedimentary successions and provenance analysis,the tectonic setting for Xuanwei Formation deposition was a volcanic rifted margin.

Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Non-smokers in Xuanwei County of China

Tobacco smoking and some types of occupational exposures have consistently been considered as important etiologic factors of lung cancer in industrial countries. At the First World Conference of Lung Cancer (Wyndwer, 1983), it was stressed that more attention should be paid to finding out the causes of lung cancer in non-smokers.In Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, annual lung cancer death rate was 27.7 per 100,000 in males, among China's highest, and 25.3 per 100,000 in females, the China's highest. The female's lung cancer death rate in Xuanwei County was even much higher than that of the same period in USA white women (ECACM, 1979; Mulvihill, 1976). Marked district variation in cancer mortality exists within Xuanwei County. The county can be divided into high-, medium- and low-mortality areas. Over 90% of the population arc farmers. The local residents traditionally burned three major kinds of fuels: 'smoky' coal, 'smokeless' coal and 'wood', for heating and cooking. The three lung cancer high mortality areas, including 'Chengguan', 'Rongcheng' and 'Laibin' communes, mainly burned the 'smoky' coal from Laibin smoky-coal mine. The fuel was burned in a shallow, unventilated fire pit in the floor of the dwelling. Fuel burning in shallow unventilated pits has resulted in high indoor air pollution levels. The concentrations of airborne particles (pm 10) inside houses during smoky coal and wood combustion were very high. Indoor concentration of suspended particulates and dichloromethane extractable organics were 24.4mg/m3 and 17.6mg/m3 in burning of 'smoky' coal; 22.3mg/m3, 12.3mg/m3 for burning wood; and 1.8mg/m3, O.Smg/m-1 for burning of smokeless coals. Levels of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo(a)pyrene, were generally highest during burning of smoky coal, intermediate in burning wood, and least in smokeless coal. Women did most household chores, which include starting fire and cooking. Less than 0.2% of females smoked tobacco. The population-based case-control study presented here is to evaluate the influence of factors on the occurrence of lung cancer in non-smoking women in Xuanwei County and to supplement the etiologic factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei County.

Geochemical characteristics of the Xuanwei Formation in West Guizhou:Significance of sedimentary environment and mineralization

The Upper Permian Xuanwei Formation widely occurs in western Guizhou,unconformably overlying the Emeishan basalts,and mainly consists of black shales.It is～170 m thick at Cuyudong Village,Weining County,West Guizhou,China,where the samples of black shale and sandy shale were collected and analyzed.The shales mainly contain SiO2,18.9%?44.1%,Al2O3,14.8%?52.8%,Fe2O3,1.0%?41.2%,LOI,3.2%?21.1%,TiO2,1.0%-6.7%,and MgO,0.2%?2.5%.The contents of all other major elements are lower than 1.0%.It is shown that the black shales have higher contents of Fe2O3 and LOI than normal shales.The siderites occurred in the black shales with higher contents of Fe2O3,which may be attributed to hydrothermal activities on seafloor.All analyzed shale samples have extremely high Ga,47.8×10-6-109.9×10-6(70.5×10-6 on average),higher than the industrial mining standard of Ga Resource Industry Standard.The total contents of rare-earth elements(REE) of 9 black shale samples vary from 213×10-6 to 1460×10-6,suggesting that these black shales are enriched in REE.The shale-normalized REE patterns display both positive and negative Ce anomalies(Ce/Ce* from 0.5 to 1.7),revealing that the Xuanwei shales were precipitated under oxic and anoxic conditions.The Rb-Sr chronological diagram of 6 shale samples in the Xuanwei Formation shows an age of 255±12 Ma.Strontium isotopic ratios(87Sr/86Sr)t0 range from 0.70635 to 0.70711,suggesting that these Xuanwei black shales might be derived from chemical weathering of the Emeishan basalts.

腌制剂及冲洗工艺对宣威火腿滋味的影响

以宣威火腿为研究对象,探讨3种腌制剂及2种冲洗工艺对其滋味特征的影响。通过钠离子含量、水分含量、水分活度、氨基酸、核苷酸、肽分子质量分布和电子舌分析不同宣威火腿滋味化合物和滋味属性的差异。结果表明,海藻碘盐腌制且高压水枪冲洗的火腿钠离子含量最高,为6.61 g/100 g;氯化钠腌制且清水浸泡冲洗的火腿中氨基酸含量最高,为961.96 mg/100 g;海藻碘盐腌制且高压水枪冲洗的火腿中核苷酸含量最高,为493.38 mg/100 g;分子质量分布分析表明,清水浸泡冲洗的火腿中小分子肽(<1000 Da)含量最多;电子舌分析发现高压水枪冲洗的火腿鲜味和咸味显著高于清水浸泡处理的火腿;主成分分析发现,高压水枪冲洗的条件下海藻碘盐和氯化钠腌制的宣威火腿在鲜味、咸味和丰富度上更加接近,该研究在阐明不同腌制剂及冲洗工艺对宣威火腿滋味影响的前提下,为提升宣威火腿的品质及其工业化提供了理论依据及技术支撑。

川南地区晚二叠世铌—稀土—钛多金属富集层成因机制及对峨眉山地幔柱成矿系统的补充

近年来,在川南沐川地区晚二叠世宣威组底部发现了厚度大、高度富集、层位稳定、分布面积广的新类型Nb—REE—Ti多金属富集层,该富集层中超常富集Nb、REE、Ti、Ga、Sc、Zr等多种关键金属元素,此6种战略性关键金属矿产是我国急缺重要的高科技矿产,且找矿潜力较大。近30年来,地质工作者广泛关注了晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩组与宣威组之间的平行不整合界面之上的黏土岩层中“三稀”富集特征与成因.

元初浙西宣慰司置废与江南地区行省体制的确立

元朝灭宋之初,在杭州设浙西宣慰司管理南宋核心地带的军政事务,隶属江淮行省。由于江南统治局势动荡,江淮省治在扬州、杭州间迁移,浙西宣慰司职权不断变迁。总体来看,其军事职能持续弱化,主要负责管理当地的赋税、文教等民政事务。至元后期,元廷加强对江南的控制,行省侵夺宣慰司权力,导致省、司职权重叠,矛盾冲突不断爆发,最终促使元廷裁撤浙西宣慰司以强化行省体制。浙西宣慰司的置废折射出元初江南统治政策的曲折反复,也反映出行省体制在江南地区确立的相关历史细节。

Temporal trend of mortality from major cancers in Xuanwei, China

Although a number of studies have examined the etiology of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China, other types of cancer in this county have not been reported systematically. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of eight major cancers in Xuanwei County using data from three mortality surveys （1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005）. The Chinese population in 1990 was used as a standard population to calculate age- standardized mortality rates. Cancers of lung, liver, breast, brain, esophagus, leukemia, rectum, and stomach were identified as the leading cancers in this county in terms of mortality rate. During the three time periods, lung cancer remained as the most common type of cancer. The mortality rates for all other types of cancer were lower than those of the national average, but an increasing trend was observed for all the cancers, particularly from 1990-1992 to 2004-2005. The temporal trend could be party explained by changes in risk factors, but it also may be due to the improvement in cancer diagnosis and screening. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to systematically examine the underlying reasons for the temporal trend of the major cancers in Xuanwei County.

Expression of PANDA, LincRNA-p21, PUMA in lung tissues of lung cancer patients in the Xuanwei and non-Xuanwei areas of Yunnan Province

Aim:To study the expression of PANDA,LincRNA-p21,and PUMA in lung tissue of patients with lung cancer from Xuanwei of Yunnan Province.Methods:Forty-five cases of lung cancer patients from Xuanwei and 42 lung cancer cases from non-Xuanwei were enrolled.Extraction of RNA was done using the Trizol kit.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was done to obtain the relative expression.Results:Expressions of PANDA,LincRNA-p21,and PUMA in male and female patients or in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were not significantly different(P>0.05).However,expression of LincRNA-p21 in Xuanwei patients was higher than non-Xuanwei patients(P<0.05).Expression of PUMA in tumor tissue was lower than that in normal lung tissue(P<0.05),and i n Xuanwei patients was lower than non-Xuanwei patients(P<0.05).In patients from non-Xuanwei regions,expression of LincRNA-p21 in patients with smoking index>400 was higher than in those<400 and non-smokers.Conclusion:Expressions of PANDA,LincRNA-p21,and PUMA in lung tissues have no gender differences or tissue specificity.High expression of LincRNA-p21 in Xuanwei patients may have relationship with cell damage caused by coal burning pollution in Xuanwei.

川滇黔相邻区古陆相沉积型稀土的发现及意义

文章报道了一种在川滇黔相邻区新发现的古陆相沉积型稀土矿床。稀土矿体赋存在二叠系峨眉山玄武岩之上,上二叠统宣威组底部,含矿建造为一套以高岭石及伊利石为主的黏土岩建造,分布广泛,连续性好,稀土氧化物TREO平均品位0.39%,最高可达1.60%。岩相古地理条件及地球化学特征显示,稀土元素源自西侧剥蚀区,经搬运-沉积-改造后富集;赋存状态方面,古陆相沉积型稀土除独立矿物态(<1%),类质同象态(<1%)和离子吸附态(0.02%~24%)外,75%以上的稀土元素以纳米矿物颗粒的形态被“束缚”在黏土矿物层状结构中;稀土元素配分曲线图显示其高价值关键稀土元素镨、钕、铽、镝占比累计达23.34%;通过短流程的选冶一体化工艺技术,全元素稀土浸出率达到90%以上,综合回收率达80%以上。这一新类型稀土资源具有极大的开发利用前景,有望成为中国新的关键稀土元素来源。

富含伊利石软弱夹层的宣威群路堑顺层边坡开挖优化分析

宣威群地层包含多层富伊利石软弱夹层,该地层路堑边坡开挖极易诱发顺层滑坡,从而造成重大的经济损失,因此开展含软弱夹层的路堑顺层边坡开挖优化分析对宣威群路堑边坡的减灾防灾具有较重要的意义。选取杨宣高速K54左侧路堑顺层边坡为研究对象,分析了其变形特征和软弱夹层滑带土的矿物成分,开展了在不同法向应力作用下滑带土的慢剪试验和直剪蠕变试验,探讨了软弱夹层对边坡稳定性的影响,并针对单级、二级和三级路堑边坡的概化模型,研究了不同坡高和开挖坡率条件下边坡稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:富含伊利石软弱夹层的存在对边坡稳定性控制作用明显,与不考虑软弱夹层路堑顺层边坡相比,其稳定性系数下降了16%;6 m高单级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶1.25,8 m高单级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶1.75,10 m高单级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.5;12 m高二级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶1.75,14 m高二级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.0,16 m高二级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.25;18 m高三级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.0,20 m和22 m高三级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.25,24 m高三级边坡的优化开挖坡率为1∶2.5。

滇东产煤区农民住院肺癌病例长期生存分析

背景与目的宣威市、富源县是位于滇东黔西晚二叠纪聚煤区的农村县,其肺癌死亡率却是中国最高的地区,而且男女差别小,死亡年龄提前,农村居民高于城镇居民。本文对当地农民肺癌病例进行长期随访,观察其生存预后及其影响因素。方法对2005年1月-2011年6月入住当地省、市、县级20家医院的宣威市、富源县籍肺癌患者随访至2021年末,应用Kaplan-Meier法计算5年、10年和15年生存率,并进行单因素和Cox比例风险模型多因素生存分析。结果有效随访3,017例(农民2,537例,非农民480例),中位诊断年龄57岁,中位随访时间122个月,随访期间死亡2,493例(82.6%)。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期和未知分期分别占3.7%、6.7%、15.8%、21.1%和52.7%,手术治疗占23.3%,省、市和县级医院治疗分别占32.5%、22.2%和45.3%。中位生存期为15.4个月,5年、10年和15年总生存率分别为19.5%(95%CI:18.0%-21.1%)、7.7%(95%CI:6.5%-8.8%)和2.0%(95%CI:0.8%-3.9%)。农民肺癌诊断年龄偏低,居住偏僻乡村、以烟煤为生活燃料的比例较高,而早期病例、省市级医院和手术治疗比例较低,生存预后也较差(HR=1.57),且即使在同一性别、年龄、居住位置、临床分期、组织类型、治疗医院级别和手术与否等方面均表现出生存劣势。农民与非农民的Cox模型分析显示,手术与否、肿瘤原发灶-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis,TNM)分期是二者肺癌患者生存的的共同预后影响因素,而是否以烟煤为生活燃料、诊治医院级别、腺癌(相比于鳞癌)仅是农民肺癌生存的独立预后因素。结论农民较低的肺癌生存率与其社会经济水平较低及诊断时早期病例、手术、省级医院治疗等比例较低有关,其次煤烟污染的高风险暴露等其他因素对生存预后的影响尚待进一步研究。

不同生物制剂对烤烟提质防病效果及土壤特性的影响

【目的】探明不同生物制剂对烤烟提质防病及土壤特性的影响,为减施化学农药,保障烟区烟叶生产安全并促进当地烟草产业的可持续发展。【方法】采用随机区组试验,对比分析单施枯草芽孢杆菌(A)、单施木霉菌(B)、单施苦参硫磺(C)、枯草芽孢杆菌与苦参硫磺配施(AC)和木霉菌与苦参硫磺配施(BC)下烟草根黑腐病和黑胫病的发病率、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物多样性、农艺性状及烟叶品质的差异。【结果】各处理根黑腐病发病率为1.76%~5.04%,防效为28.77%~65.08%,除A外,其余处理根黑腐病发病率较不施药(CK)显著降低;各处理黑胫病发病率为2.33%~4.40%,防效为31.82%~48.86%,除A外,其余处理黑胫病发病率较CK显著降低,AC和BC对2种病害的防效较佳,防效为47.05%~65.08%,且农艺性状表现较好;烟叶物理特性,中部烟叶以C表现较好,得分较CK提高6.02%,上部烟叶以AC表现最好,得分较CK提高6.74%;各处理中部烟叶化学成分协调性略差于CK,上部烟叶则以A、C较好,均较CK提高4.35%;各处理土壤细菌多样性指数为8.06~8.60,除A稍低于CK外,其余处理均高于CK但无显著差异,土壤真菌多样性指数为6.80~7.59,其中,BC(7.59)、B(7.34)均显著高于CK(6.86);各处理土壤理化性质无显著差异,AC和BC使土壤容重呈降低趋势,孔隙度呈上升趋势。【结论】苦参硫磺与木霉菌或枯草芽孢杆菌配合施用能较好地防治烟草黑胫病和根黑腐病,不同程度提高烟叶的物理特性、协调化学成分,木霉菌可显著提高土壤真菌多样性。

宣威地区燃煤排放颗粒物毒理学及肺癌地质起因研究

云南省宣威市是我国肺癌最严重的地区,该区肺癌发病率和死亡率均居世界首位。对宣威肺癌患者的基因组学研究发现,宣威肺癌具有与众不同的基因特征,是一种与环境相关的独特发病模式。通过综述宣威肺癌的流行特征以及燃煤排放物的污染水平和毒理学特征,并结合二叠纪末期C_(1)煤层的地球化学特征探讨宣威肺癌的地质起因。宣威肺癌主要流行特征表现在,肺癌死亡率男女比接近1.22,女性肺癌死亡率明显偏高。前人研究表明,室内燃煤排放颗粒物的长期、高浓度暴露,是宣威肺癌的主要诱因。综述毒理学研究结果可知,宣威室内燃煤排放颗粒物中的重金属、多环芳烃和微晶石英矿物浓度均高于其他地区,且被证实可能会引起更严重的DNA损伤和细胞破坏。通过对比宣威肺癌死亡率的空间分布和不同煤矿的煤层分布发现,可采煤层包含C_(1)煤的来宾和龙场地区同时也是宣威肺癌的高发地区,推断C_(1)煤的燃烧可能与宣威肺癌高发有关。C_(1)煤作为晚二叠世最后一层煤,成煤期间受二叠纪−三叠纪生物大灭绝事件影响,形成了独特的地球化学特征。高含量的重金属、多环芳烃和微晶石英矿物等潜在致癌物不仅存在于C_(1)煤中,也随着室内燃煤被释放到空气中,并通过呼吸系统进入人体体内,破坏细胞及DNA结构,造成肺阻塞、肺炎等一系列呼吸道疾病,严重的可能导致肺癌发生。

四川盆地西缘上二叠统宣威组顶部泥岩、砂岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积物源分析是认识盆山演化的重要途径。了解四川盆地西南缘上二叠统宣威组物源,对于重建晚二叠世扬子克拉通周缘演化具有重要意义。本文对峨眉山地区宣威组顶部泥岩、砂岩开展了岩石学和全岩地球化学分析,进行了物源、沉积环境和构造背景的研究。宣威组泥岩主要成分为黏土矿物,SiO_(2)含量(平均49.42%)中等;砂岩成分大部分为火山岩屑,含有少量石英及长石,具中等的SiO_(2)含量(平均44.12%),属于杂砂岩系列。泥岩与砂岩均具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素较右倾的稀土元素配分型式,微量元素相对大陆上地壳富集高场强元素(如Nb、Zr),亏损大离子亲石元素(如Sr、Ba)。根据地球化学分析结果结合已发表的扬子克拉通周缘二叠系沉积岩数据,认为上二叠统宣威组顶部沉积岩物源区经历了强烈的化学风化作用,沉积古环境为富氧的淡水沉积环境;宣威组顶部沉积物物源不仅来自于近源搬运的峨眉山高Ti玄武岩,还接受了扬子克拉通的补给,扬子克拉通西缘晚二叠世时期是活动大陆边缘沉积。

宣威市高海拔烟区三个烤烟品种适宜施氮量

为探究云南省宣威市高海拔烟区优质烤烟品种的适宜施氮量,于2020年采用田间试验研究了3个烤烟品种在高海拔烟区不同施氮量的经济性状、物理特性、外观质量、化学成分和感官评吸质量的差异。结果表明,云烟105施氮量为97.5 kg/hm2时,经济效益最好,施氮量为112.5 kg/hm2时,烤烟综合品质最好;云烟301施氮量为97.5 kg/hm2时,有助于提高烟叶化学成分的协调性、感官评吸质量及外观质量,且综合品质较好,施氮量为112.5 kg/hm2时,经济效益最好;中川208施氮量为97.5、112.5 kg/hm2时经济效益和综合品质均有较好的表现,施氮水平较低时,有利于提高烟叶感官评吸质量,并使经济效益最大化,施氮水平较高时,有助于提高烟叶内在化学成分协调性和外观质量的形成,经济效益较好。综合来看,在宣威市高海拔烟区,云烟105、云烟301和中川208的适宜施氮量为97.5~112.5 kg/hm2。

3种生物制剂在宣威南部烟区的防病提质效果研究

为减轻长期大量使用化学农药带来的一系列问题,保障烤烟产业的可持续发展,在宣威南部烟区以云烟100为供试烤烟品种,比较了单施枯草芽孢杆菌(处理A)、单施木霉菌(处理B)、单施苦参硫磺(处理C)、苦参硫磺与枯草芽孢杆菌配施(处理CA)、苦参硫磺与木霉菌配施(处理CB)和不施药处理(CK)对烤烟根黑腐病、黑胫病(俗称“两黑病”)发病率、烟株农艺性状和烟叶品质、植烟土壤理化性质及微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,生物制剂处理的“两黑病”发病率均显著降低,处理CA、CB防治效果较佳,对黑胫病的防治效果分别达59.41%、68.48%,对根黑腐病的防治效果分别达63.27%、71.63%,且农艺性状表现较好,烤后烟叶物理特性提高;土壤养分不同程度地提高,土壤容重降低,土壤比重、孔隙度、胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳、胡敏素碳均有不同程度地上升;土壤细菌多样性也显著提高。总体来看,苦参硫磺与木霉菌或枯草芽孢杆菌配合施用能对烟草黑胫病、根黑腐病取得良好的防治效果,并对改善土壤条件有一定的作用。

不同钾肥施用方式对云烟100烤烟品质和经济效益的影响

采用田间小区对比试验,在宣威烟区以烤烟品种云烟100为材料,研究不同钾肥相同用量在成熟期喷施和同种钾肥不同用量对烤后烟叶经济性状、感官评吸质量以及内在化学成分等的影响。结果表明,移栽后25 d增施硫酸钾和打顶前后各喷施不同种钾肥各处理均能提高烟叶钾离子含量,并对烤后烟叶经济效益和综合品质有一定提升作用,其中追施225 kg/hm2硫酸钾(Y2)处理经济效益最好,产值达69 523.7元/hm2,中上等烟比例为87.88%,较CK分别提升了17.53%、6.20%;该处理烟叶钾离子含量较其他处理和对照高,平均含量为1.49,内在化学成分协调性好,综合平均得分较CK平均提升了48.72%;物理特性和感官评吸质量较优,分别较CK提升了8.22%和2.63%。该钾肥施用方式适合在烟区推广。