Factors controlling the formation and evolution of source rocks in the Shahezi Formation,Xujiaweizi fault depression,Songliao Basin

The types and quality of source rocks in the Shahezi Formation are the key factors affecting the distributions of various deep gas reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi fault depression in Songliao Basin.To clarify the quality differences and origins of different types of source rocks in the Shahezi Formation,this study reconstructed the sedimentary and water environment,determined the controlling effects of fault activity,sedimentary facies,and paleo-sedimentary environment on the quality of various source rocks,by making full use of seismic,logging,core,organic geochemical and element geochemical analysis.The results show that two types of source rocks developed in the Shahezi Formation,namely,mudstones and coals.The mudstones have a relatively high abundance of organic matter,which consists of type-Ⅱ kerogen and partial type-Ⅲ kerogen,and are concentrated in Sha-I Member.The coals have a high abundance of organic matter,which consist of type-Ⅲ kerogen,and are mainly distributed in Sha-Ⅱ Member.During the deposition of Sha-I Member,intense fault activity formed arrow,deep-water lacustrine basins with high salinity and strong reducibility on the downthrow sides of faults.During the deposition of Sha-II Member,fault activity progressively weakened,and the areas of lacustrine basins enlarged to their maximum values and became wide,shallow-water basins with low salinity and low reducibility.The development of source rocks was controlled by fault activity,sedimentary facies,and paleo-sedimentary environment.Fault activity formed accommodation space on the downthrown sides of faults for mudstone accumulation,thus determining mudstone thickness.The sedimentary environment controlled the organic matter input and determined the distribution of mudstones and coals.The paleo-sedimentary environment,which consisted of paleo-salinity,as well as paleo-water depth and redox conditions,affected the accumulation and preservation of organic matter and is the main controlling factor for the quality difference of various source rocks in the Shahezi Formation.

The Identification and Modeling of the Volcanic Weathering Crust in the Yingcheng Formation of the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression, Songliao Basin

Through the analysis of core descriptions, well-logs, seismic data, geochemical data and structural settings of the volcanic rock of the Yingcheng Formation in the Xujiaweizi fault depression, Songliao Basin, and the geological section of the Yingcheng Formation in the southeast uplift area, this work determined the existence of volcanic weathering crust exists in the study area. The identification marks on the volcanic weathering crust can be recognized on the scale of core, logging, seismic, geochemistry, etc. In the study area, the structure of this crust is divided into clay layer, leached zone, fracture zone and host rocks, which are 5-118 m thick （averaging 27.5 m）. The lithology of the weathering crust includes basalt, andesite, rhyolite and volcanic breccia, and the lithofacies are igneous effusive and extrusive facies. The volcanic weathering crusts are clustered together in the Dashen zone and the middle of the Xuzhong zone, whereas in the Shengshen zone and other parts of the Xuzhong zone, they have a relatively scattered distribution. It is a major volcanic reservoir bed, which covers an area of 2104.16 km2. According to the geotectonic setting of the Songliao Basin, the formation process of the weathering crust is complete. Combining the macroscopic and microscopic features of the weathering crust of the Yingcheng Formation in Xujiaweizi with the logging and three-dimensional seismic sections, we established a developmental model of the paleo uplift and a developmental model of the slope belt that coexists with the sag on the Xujiaweizi volcanic weathering crust. In addition, the relationship between the volcanic weathering crust and the formation and distribution of the oil/gas reservoir is discussed.

A Study of the Migration and Accumulation Efficiency and the Genesis of Hydrocarbon Natural Gas in the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression

In order to investigate the migration and accumulation efficiency of hydrocarbon natural gas in the Xujiaweizi fault depression, and to provide new evidence for the classification of its genesis, a source rock pyrolysis experiment in a closed system was designed and carried out. Based on this, kinetic models for describing gas generation from organic matter and carbon isotope fractionation during this process were established, calibrated and then extrapolated to geologic conditions by combining the thermal history data of the Xushen-1 Well. The results indicate that the coal measures in the Xujiaweizi fault depression are typical ＂high-efficiency gas sources＂, the natural gas generated from them has a high migration and accumulation efficiency, and consequently a large-scale natural gas accumulation occurred in the area. The highly/over matured coal measures in the Xujiaweizi fault depression generate coaliferous gas with a high δ^13C1 value （〉 -20‰） at the late stage, making the carbon isotope composition of organic alkane gases abnormally heavy. In addition, the mixing and dissipation through the caprock of natural gas can result in the negative carbon isotope sequence （δ^13C1 〉δ^13C2 〉δ^13C3 〉δ^13C4） of organic alkane gases, and the dissipation can also lead to the abnormally heavy carbon isotope composition of organic alkane gases. As for the discovery of inorganic nonhydrocarbon gas reservoirs, it can only serve as an accessorial evidence rather than a direct evidence that the hydrocarbon gas is inorganic. As a result, it needs stronger evidence to classify the hydrocarbon natural gas in the Xujiaweizi fault depression as inorganic gas.

Development features of volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation and their relationship with fault structure in the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression,Songliao Basin,China

The Xujiaweizi Fault Depression is located in the northern Songliao Basin,Northeast China.The exploration results show that the most favorable natural gas reservoirs are in the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation（K 1 yc）.Based on seismic interpretation,drill cores and the results of previous research,we analyzed the distribution of faults and the thickness of volcanic rocks in different periods of K 1 yc,and studied the relationship of volcanic activities and main faults.Volcanic rocks were formed in the Yingcheng period when the magma erupted along pre-existing fault zones.The volcanic activities strongly eroded the faults during the eruption process,which resulted in the structural traces in the seismic section being diffuse and unclear.The tectonic activities weakened in the study area in the depression stage.The analysis of seismic interpretation,thin section microscopy and drill cores revealed that a large number of fractures generated in the volcanic rocks were affected by later continued weak tectonic activities,which greatly improved the physical properties of volcanic reservoirs,and made the volcanic rocks of K 1 yc be favorable natural gas reservoirs.The above conclusions provide the basis to better understand the relationship of the volcanic rock distribution and faults,the mechanism of volcanic eruption and the formation of natural gas reservoirs in volcanic rocks.

Fault Systems and their Control of Deep Gas Accumulations in Xujiaweizi Area

A study of faults and their control of deep gas accumulations has been made on the basis of dividing fault systems in the Xujiaweizi area. The study indicates two sets of fault systems are developed vertically in the Xujiaweizi area, including a lower fault system and an upper fault system. Formed in the period of the Huoshiling Formation to Yingcheng Formation, the lower fault system consists of five fault systems including Xuxi strike-slip extensional fault system, NE-trending extensional fault system, near-EW-trending regulating fault system, Xuzhong strike-slip fault system and Xudong strike-slip fault system. Formed in the period of Qingshankou Formation to Yaojia Formation, the upper fault system was affected mainly by the boundary conditions of the lower fault system, and thus plenty of muiti-directionally distributed dense fault zones were formed in the T2 reflection horizon. The Xuxi fault controlled the formation and distribution of Shahezi coal-measure source rocks, and Xuzhong and Xndong faults controlled the formation and distribution of volcanic reservoirs of Y1 Member and Y3 Member, respectively. In the forming period of the upper fault system, the Xuzhong fault was of successive strong activities and directly connected gas source rock reservoirs and volcanic reservoirs, so it is a strongly-charged direct gas source fault. The volcanic reservoir development zones of good physical properties that may be found near the Xuzhong fault are the favorable target zones for the next exploration of deep gas accumulations in Xujiaweizi area.

徐家围子断陷沙河子组主干断裂形成演化与地层剥蚀特征

主干断裂的活动控制着徐家围子断陷沙河子组的建造与改造。为了明确断裂活动,运用位移距离曲线方法系统分析了徐家围子断陷主干断裂的生长活动特征,通过不整合面下的同向轴特征分析了徐家围子断陷沙河子组沉积末期的剥蚀改造作用。结果表明:徐家围子断陷主干断裂分段特征明显,徐西断裂与宋西断裂在火石岭组沉积时期分别是数条分段的小断裂,在沙河子组沉积时期连通为整条断裂并持续控陷活动;徐中断裂在沙河子组沉积时期弱伸展弱控陷,在沙河子组沉积末期作为薄弱带发生压扭反转;徐东断裂带中的徐东正断层在沙河子组沉积时期弱控陷,徐东逆断层在营城组一段沉积末期的反转作用下形成;沙河子组沉积末期的反转作用对沙河子组厚度与构造格局产生明显改变,沿徐西断裂与宋西断裂存在较强的剥蚀,徐西断裂北端升平凸起尤为强烈,徐中断裂压扭反转产生一定的走滑分量并遭受剥蚀,徐东逆断层在营城组一段沉积末期的反转中形成,对沙河子组厚度无明显改变,但对徐东构造带构造格局产生明显影响。研究成果可为徐家围子断陷古构造恢复与进一步勘探提供理论参考。

致密砂砾岩成储界限及分级评价标准——以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷白垩系沙河子组为例

徐家围子断陷下白垩统沙河子组砂砾岩储层是松辽盆地深部重要的致密气藏储层,其孔渗关系复杂,给成储界限的厘定和储层分级评价带来挑战。针对沙河子组砂砾岩储层,采用水膜厚度法、充注动力法、试气产能法和力学平衡法厘定了理论下限、成藏下限、有效渗流下限和成储上限,根据不同成岩作用主控因素下的孔渗关系确定成储界限物性值。在此基础上,结合储层微观孔隙结构差异划分储层类型,建立致密储层分级评价标准,并利用测井资料将分级评价标准进行应用,为研究区致密气甜点区优选提供依据。将沙河子组砂砾岩分为常规储层、Ⅰ—Ⅳ级致密砂砾岩储层和非储层,成储界限与分级评价结果具有很好的匹配关系。其中,常规储层孔隙度大于9%,渗透率大于0.05×10^(-3)μm^(2);Ⅰ级致密储层孔隙度为8%~9%,渗透率为(0.01~0.05)×10^(-3)μm^(2);Ⅱ级致密储层孔隙度为5%~8%,渗透率为(0.001~0.01)×10^(-3)μm^(2);Ⅲ级致密储层孔隙度为3.5%~5%,渗透率为(0.2~1)×10^(-6)μm^(2);Ⅳ级致密储层孔隙度为2%~3.5%,渗透率为(0.05~0.2)×10^(-6)μm^(2);非储层的孔隙度小于2%,渗透率小于0.05×10^(-6)μm^(2)。致密砂砾岩气产量受控于致密储层类型;Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级致密储层是致密气高产的有利层段;徐家围子断陷北部安达—宋站地区有利储层厚度较大,为致密气勘探开发甜点区。

徐家围子断陷兴城-丰乐地区营一段火山机构识别与刻画

兴城-丰乐地区营城组一段(K 1yc 1)火山岩作为有利的天然气储层,近年来关于岩性-岩相方面的研究较深入,但关于火山机构方面的研究与认识程度较低。综合应用岩心描述、薄片鉴定、测井识别以及地震相预测等技术方法,从岩性-岩相的识别与分析出发,对研究区营一段火山机构开展了系统与深入的研究。结果表明:①营一段火山岩储层主要发育火山熔岩与火山碎屑岩两大类,岩性复杂多样,以酸性流纹岩与凝灰岩为主;②火山岩岩相类型主要包括爆发相、溢流相、侵出相、火山通道相和火山沉积相5类大相及其相应的16类亚相,并以爆发相和溢流相为优势岩相;③营一段火山活动时期,工区内共发育8个规模较大的火山机构,可划分为火山碎屑岩型、熔岩型和复合型三大类;④火山机构的形成与演化明显受到宋西断裂的影响与控制,总体呈现北西-南东向的空间展布规律。本次研究所取得的认识,能够为研究区营一段火山岩天然气藏指明有利的勘探方向与目标。

致密气充注聚集机理及数理模型

致密气的气-水分布和产出非均质性虽已从实验和地质观察角度总结了相应认识规律,但一直缺少定量的数理模型揭示其聚集机理。从驱替-核磁物理模拟、考虑物质平衡和力学平衡的数值模拟以及实际地质观察3方面论证致密气充注聚集机理,结果显示致密气充注聚集时会在源-储界面附近优先形成含气饱和度稳定带,气源不足时,从源-储界面起,依次形成含气饱和度降低带和未充注带。源岩条件越好,排气量越多、超压越大,致密储集层含气饱和度稳定带和降低带越厚,整体含气饱和度越高;源岩条件有限时,致密储集层条件越好,孔渗越高、孔喉越大,含气饱和度稳定带和降低带厚度越薄,但含气饱和度高。致密气“甜点”有利层段发育在靠近源岩的优质储集层中,对应含气饱和度稳定带。基于数理模型的数值模拟结果很好地吻合了驱替-核磁物理模拟结果,并合理解释了松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层和鄂尔多斯盆地临兴—皇甫致密气区的气-水分布和产出规律。

基于自然伽马测井的徐家围子断陷沉积层生热率研究

以徐家围子断陷为研究对象,研究生热率特点及其对地温场的影响。利用18口重点钻井内3062个自然伽马值,依据自然伽马与生热率(GR-A)之间的关系,计算其生热率的数值,建立岩性-生热率的对比图,估算研究区放射性物质生热对大地热流的贡献以及对深部地层的增温效应。结果显示,徐家围子的平均生热率为(1.229±0.394)μW/m^(3),岩性是生热率的主要影响因素,流纹岩的生热率最高,平均值为2.30μW/m^(3),凝灰岩、安山岩、火山角砾岩的生热率平均值也较高,分别为2.19μW/m^(3)、1.75μW/m^(3)、1.69μW/m^(3),而砾岩的生热率最低,为1.00μW/m^(3),砂岩的生热率平均值为1.07μW/m^(3),泥岩的生热率平均值为1.72μW/m^(3),煤的生热率平均值为1.32μW/m^(3)。根据地层生热率,估算徐家围子沉积层生热贡献的热流为4.92 mW/m^(2),约占地表总热流70.5 mW/m^(2)的7%,沉积层生热对地温梯度的贡献约为2.8℃/km,放射性生热对属于“热盆”的松辽盆地的地温场具有不容忽视的影响。

Tight gas charging and accumulation mechanisms and mathematical model

The gas-water distribution and production heterogeneity of tight gas reservoirs have been summarized from experimental and geological observations, but the charging and accumulation mechanisms have not been examined quantitatively by mathematical model. The tight gas charging and accumulation mechanisms were revealed from a combination of physical simulation of nuclear magnetic resonance coupling displacement, numerical simulation considering material and mechanical equilibria, as well as actual geological observation. The results show that gas migrates into tight rocks to preferentially form a gas saturation stabilization zone near the source-reservoir interface. When the gas source is insufficient, gas saturation reduction zone and uncharged zone are formed in sequence from the source-reservoir interface. The better the source rock conditions with more gas expulsion volume and higher overpressure, the thicker the gas saturation stabilization and reduction zones, and the higher the overall gas saturation. When the source rock conditions are limited, the better the tight reservoir conditions with higher porosity and permeability as well as larger pore throat, the thinner the gas saturation stabilization and reduction zones, but the gas saturation is high. The sweet spot of tight gas is developed in the high-quality reservoir near the source rock, which often corresponds to the gas saturation stabilization zone. The numerical simulation results by mathematical model agree well with the physical simulation results by nuclear magnetic resonance coupling displacement, and reasonably explain the gas-water distribution and production pattern of deep reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi fault depression of the Songliao Basin and tight gas reservoirs in the Linxing-Huangfu area of the Ordos Basin.

徐家围子断陷构造地质特征研究新进展

在徐家围子断陷深层连片三维地震精细解释的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,系统的刻画了深大断裂的性质、产状和时空分布规律。从区域构造应力场着手,详细剖析了徐家围子断陷的构造地质特征,重新构建了深大断裂体系。依据剖面特征和断陷的地质结构,首次在徐家围子断陷内解释出两条深大走滑断裂带,发现深大走滑断裂控制了营城组火山岩的形成和分布。明确了徐家围子断陷"两凹夹一隆、东西分带、南北分块"构造格局的动态演化过程及其控制因素。详细剖析了断陷期地层的沉积发育过程、后期改造过程以及现今赋存特征。为庆深气田火山岩储层分布规律预测奠定了基础。

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩内断层侧向封闭性及与天然气成藏

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷深层指泉头组一、二段以下地层,发育3套火山岩储集层:即火石岭组、营城组一段和营城组三段,目前在营城组两套火山岩中发现了规模较大的天然气藏。徐家围子断陷断裂系统复杂,对天然气成藏控制作用明显,控藏的断裂为早期控制火山裂隙式喷发,在泉头组沉积晚期—青山口组沉积早期强烈活动,同时在区域性盖层段具有顶部封闭能力的断裂,断裂形成时为火山通道,没形成明显的断层面,泉头组沉积晚期—青山口组沉积早期断裂活动形成断层角砾岩带,天然气沿断裂大规模垂向运移,聚集在营城组火山岩中,由于断层角砾岩带侧向封闭能力较差,侧向受营城组四段物性较低的砾岩遮挡聚集成藏,对于正断层而言主要聚集在下盘,逆断层主要聚集在上盘。徐中走滑断裂为主要的控藏断裂,由于倾向和断层性质(正和逆)的改变,天然气在两盘聚集具有"此消彼长"的特征,天然气这种聚集规律对于勘探部署、确定气藏的边界和提交储量具有重要的指导意义。

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷边界断裂生长过程的定量分析

徐家围子断陷位于松辽盆地中部,受徐西和宋西两条边界断裂控制。基于地震反射剖面地质解译成果,应用断层沿走向位移-长度曲线形态分析方法和沿倾向生长速率分析方法,对两条断裂的生长演化过程进行了初步的研究。结果表明,沙河子期(136～144Ma)为最主要的生长期,徐西断层的平均生长速率为35m/Ma,宋西断层的平均生长速率为71m/Ma,断陷边界断裂总体平均生长速率大于60m/Ma,两条断层主要呈现独立生长状态,只在重叠的部位发生微弱的软连接;营城期(126～136Ma)也是主要的生长期,徐西断层的平均生长速率为18m/Ma,宋西断层的平均生长速率为85m/Ma,二者发生硬连接,并基本结束了硬连接过程,以重叠处宋西断层的强烈活动为特征,断陷盆地的规模逐渐扩大,沉积厚度随之增加;营城期后断层只在局部连接地点发生微弱活动。断层生长过程中伴生构造的位置基本与油气田的分布相吻合,对它的深入研究将有助于油气勘探。

徐家围子断陷火山岩储层特征及演化规律

储层物性是影响徐家围子断陷火山岩气田天然气聚集的重要因素,理清火山岩储层物性特征及影响因素将有利于指导该区深层火山岩的勘探部署工作。通过岩心、岩屑以及显微结构观测,深入分析了火山岩储层的岩石学特征和储集空间特征,初步探讨了徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩储层的储集空间类型及其演化规律。研究结果表明,徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩储层的储集空间主要有原生孔隙、次生孔隙及裂隙3类,不同的储集空间类型发育部位不同;储集空间的发育受到岩性与岩相的联合控制,喷溢相上部亚相的气孔流纹岩、爆发相热碎屑流亚相的熔结凝灰岩、火山通道相火山颈亚相的角砾熔岩储层物性最好;原生孔隙一般连通性较差,而成岩过程中的微裂隙以及后期的构造缝改善了原生孔隙的连通性;火山岩经历了岩浆冷凝收缩、风化淋滤、有机酸溶蚀以及碳酸溶蚀等作用,形成了原生气孔、冷凝收缩缝、脱玻化孔、长石溶孔、火山灰溶孔等大量的储集空间;构造裂隙与地下流体充注的耦合关系影响着储层的溶蚀作用。

徐家围子断陷深层天然气盖层特征及封盖性评价

利用钻井、测井和分析测试资料,结合天然气气藏剖面可知:徐家围子断陷共发育两种类型盖层,即泥岩和火山岩。通过对徐家围子断陷深层天然气盖层识别标志、分布、封闭能力及对天然气成藏与分布控制作用的分析表明:徐家围子断陷深层天然气发育泉一、二段,登二段两套区域性盖层;营一段顶部局部性盖层和营一段、三段内的隔层。区域性盖层和局部性盖层分布范围广、厚度大、排替压力较高、封闭能力强,控制着徐家围子断陷深层天然气的区域聚集与分布;隔夹层分布范围小、厚度薄、排替压力低、封闭能力弱,仅控制着天然气在储集层中的局部聚集与分布。

徐家围子断陷深层结构形成与演化的探讨

徐家围子断陷是松辽盆地北部深层最重要的含气断陷。本文根据最新地震和钻井资料综合研究成果,结合前人研究认识,探讨了徐家围子断陷的形成与演化,认为徐家围子断陷在区域构造位置上处于东北地区松辽盆地的北部,处于松辽盆地区域莫霍面隆起的西斜坡上,特定的位置决定了其形成演化的各个阶段受东北地区区域板块构造运动的控制,与松辽盆地的形成与演化具有一定的关系。徐家围子断陷形成与演化可以划分为5个阶段,是太平洋构造域板块间的相互作用和深部热力作用发育演化的结果,这种过程造就了现今南北分块、东西分带、凹隆相间、构造复杂和沉积岩与火山岩并存的地质结构。徐家围子断陷深层现今构造格局受控于近NW向的徐中断裂、近SN向的徐西断裂、近NW向的徐东断裂带和四组近NE向的断裂。本次研究,对以往无法解释的很多地质现象给予了很好的解释,得出了一些崭新的认识,也从宏观上为寻找天然气资源给予了有力指导。

徐家围子断陷火山岩岩性的测井识别技术

本文以钻井取心、分析测试和测井资料为基础,应用聚类分析方法,通过各种测井交会图在大庆油田徐家围子断陷营城组深层火山岩中识别出了六类岩性,与钻井和录井资料解释结果相比,判别正确率达90％以上。该技术对于在未取心井中正确识别火山岩老性具有重要意义,也为火山岩储层评价研究奠定了良好的基础。

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷断裂构造特征及对深层天然气的控制作用

系统分析徐家围子断陷断裂构造特征,研究了断裂系统对深层天然气成藏条件的控制作用。徐家围子断陷发育5套断裂系统,徐西早期走滑伸展断裂系统、徐中走滑长期活动断裂系统、徐东走滑断裂系统、早期伸展晚期张扭长期活动断裂系统以及晚期张扭断裂系统。断裂活动时期主要为断陷期和泉头组沉积晚期—青山口组沉积时期。徐西走滑伸展断裂系统控制了沙河子组烃源岩的展布,徐中及徐东走滑断裂控制了下白垩统营城组一段和营城组三段火山岩体的展布,长期活动断裂为天然气垂向运移提供良好垂向通道。断裂对登二段区域性盖层破坏程度小,使得徐家围子断陷深层天然气主要富集在下白垩统登娄库二段之下的营城组地层中。断层两盘岩性对接关系为火山岩—砂泥岩,断层侧向封闭;火山岩—火山岩对接,断层侧向不封闭。晚期构造反转较弱,使得断裂对气藏的破坏程度较小,对天然气的保存有利。

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩受控机制分析

营城组火山岩是松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷天然气最有利的储集体,其中营一段火山岩以中酸性为主,分布于断陷的中、南部;营三段火山岩以酸性为主,分布于断陷的中、北部。最新三维地震勘探研究成果表明,两者具有不同的发育特征:营一段火山岩喷发和分布明显受徐中断裂控制,表现为从断陷中部向南端扩展的特征;营三段火山岩喷发和分布则受徐东断裂构造带控制,表现为从断陷中部向北端扩展的特征。对火山岩厚度与断裂的叠合关系及区域构造特征分析表明,营城组火山岩的发育特征与西太平洋板块对东亚陆缘俯冲造成松辽盆地岩石圈拉伸减薄的地质规律相吻合,火山活动从断陷中部往南北两端扩展受构造应力场特征及断陷演化规律控制。