Theory and Experimental Verification on Valveless Piezoelectric Pump with Multistage Y-shape Treelike Bifurcate Tubes

Among most traditional piezo water cooling systems, piezoelectric valve pumps are adopted as their driving sources. The valves in these pumps induce problems of shock and vibration and also make their structure complicated, which is uneasy to minimize and reduce their reliability and applicability of the whole system. In order to avoid these problems caused by valve structure, a novel valveless piezoelectric pump is developed, which integrates both functions of transforming and cooling. The pump’s Y-shape tree-like construction not only increases the efficiency of cooling but also the system reliability and applicability. Firstly, a multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tube is proposed, then a valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tubes is designed and its working principle is analyzed. Then, the theoretical analysis of flow resistance characteristics and the flow rate of the valveless piezoelectric pump are performed. Meanwhile, commercial software CFX is employed to perform the numerical simulation for the pump. Finally, this valveless piezoelectric pump is fabricated, the relationship between the flow rates and driving frequency, as well as the relationship between the back pressure and the driving frequency are experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the maximum flow rate is 35.6 mL/min under 100 V peak-to-peak voltage (10.3 Hz) power supply, and the maximum back pressure is 55 mm H2O under 100 V (9 Hz) power supply, which validates the feasibility of the valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tubes. The proposed research provides certain references for the design of valveless piezoelectric pump and improves the reliability of piezo water cooling systems.

Analysis of the Flow Rate Characteristics of Valveless Piezoelectric Pump with Fractal-like Y-shape Branching Tubes

Microchannel heat sink with high heat transfer coefficients has been extensively investigated due to its wide application prospective in electronic cooling. However, this cooling system requires a separate pump to drive the fluid transfer, which is uneasy to minimize and reduces their reliability and applicability of the whole system. In order to avoid these problems, valveless piezoelectric pump with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes is proposed. Fractal-like Y-shape branching tube used in microchannel heat sinks is exploited as no-moving-part valve of the valveless piezoelectric pump. In order to obtain flow characteristics of the pump, the relationship between tube structure and flow rate of the pump is studied. Specifically, the flow resistances of fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes and flow rate of the pump are analyzed by using fractal theory. Then, finite element software is employed to simulate the flow field of the tube, and the relationships between pressure drop and flow rate along merging and dividing flows are obtained. Finally, valveless piezoelectric pumps with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes with different fractal dimensions of diameter distribution are fabricated, and flow rate experiment is conducted. The experimental results show that the flow rate of the pump increases with the rise of fractal dimension of the tube diameter. When fractal dimension is 3, the maximum flow rate of the valveless pump is 29.16 mL/min under 100 V peak to peak （13 Hz） power supply, which reveals the relationship between flow rate and fractal dimensions of tube diameter distribution. This paper investigates the flow characteristics of valveless piezoelectric pump with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes, which provides certain references for valveless piezoelectric pump with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes in application on electronic chip cooling.

Gastrotracheal fistula:Treatment with a covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent

A 67-year-old man had a sev-ere cough and pulmonary infection for 1 wk before seeking evaluation at our hospital.He had undergone esophagectomy with gastric pull-up and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer 3 years previously.After admission to our hospital,gastroscopy and bronchoscopy revealed a fistulous communication between the posterior tracheal wallnear the carina and the upper residual stomach.We measured the diameter of the trachea and bronchus and determined the site and size of the fistula using multislice computed tomography and gastroscopy.A covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent was implanted into the trachea and bronchus.Subsequently,the fistula was closed completely.The patient tolerated the stent well and had good palliation of his symptoms.

Y-shaped block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) synthesized by ATRP

Novel Y-shaped block copolymers of poly（ethylene glycol） and poly（N-isopropylacrylamide）, PEG-b-（PNIPAM）2, were successfully synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP）. A difunctional macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of 2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride with poly（ethylene glycol） monomethyl ether （PEG）. The copolymers were obtained via the ATRP ofN-isopropylacrylamide （NIPAM） at 30℃ with CuCl/Me6TREN as a catalyst system and DMF/H2O （v/v = 3：1） mixture as solvent. The resulting copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography （GPC） and ^1H NMR. These block copolymers show controllable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions （PDI 〈 1.15）. Their phase transition temperatures and the corresponding enthalpy changes in aqueous solution were measured by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. As a result, the phase transition temperature of PEG45-b-（PNIPAM55）2 is higher than that of PNIPAM, however, the corresponding enthalpy change is much lower, indicating the significant influence of the macromolecular composition and architecture on the phase transition.

基于Y-shaped路网的早高峰拼车定价策略

针对交通资源配置有限导致的早高峰通勤拥堵问题,借鉴共享经济理论,引入拼车出行概念,充分考虑通勤者出行方式和Y-shaped路网特点,建立了基于通勤者出行效益的拼车定价模型.模型结合费用补偿机制,讨论了以平台利润最大化和系统负效用最小化为目标的拼车定价策略,并给出了定价策略有效的阈值条件.研究结果表明,当通勤者都参与到拼车服务中时,拼车平台利润和交通系统负效用在其相应拼车定价策略下均能达到最优值,并且以交通系统负效用最小化为目标的拼车定价策略能消除Y-shaped路网中瓶颈处的交通拥堵.

CFD study of flow-diffusion process in Y-shape micromixer

A CFD simulation was carried out to investigate the mixing process in a Y-shape micromixer with the software Fluent 6.3. The definition of the "diffusion angle" is proposed to describe the molecular diffusion process associated with the flow at low Reynolds number. The linear relationship between the diffusion angle and the Peclet number(Pe) is determined by both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Moreover, the simulation results reveal that the diffusion angle is only related to the Peclet number whilst it is irrelevant to the changes of Re(Reynolds number) and Sc(Schmidt number). The range of Peclet number and Reynolds number for experimental measurement are also suggested as Pe≤10000 and Re≤10.

Deformation and defects in hydroforming of Y-shaped tubes

Hydroforming process of a Y-shaped stainless steel tube was investigated through numerical simulation and experiments. The forming process and reasons of typical defects were analyzed with three different loading paths. Thickness distribution of formed Y-shaped tube was obtained. It is shown by numerical and experimental results that the transition regions are depressed in the forming condition of low inner pressure and wrinkles occur, while fracture occurs in the forming condition of high inner pressure. After forming, the thickness in left transition fillet region is the largest, that in fight transition fillet region is thinner, and the thinnest thickness is at the top of the protrusion. The original thickness line is below the top of the protrusion. The thinning area occurs above this line, while the thickening area is below this line. The maximum thinning rate is significantly increased as the calibration pressure increases, while the maximum thickening rate remains almost unchanged.

Flow around three rectangular cylinders arranged in connected and separated Y-shape

Characteristics of cross flow around three rectangular cylinders with two aspect ratios of breadth to width arranged in connected and separated Y-shape at various angles of incident flow were studied by means of force measurement in a wind tunnel. Flow visualizations with smoke-wire technique for typical cases were also given. Different types of flow patterns were formed for individual models at different angles of incident flow. From the results of fluctuating velocity measurement in the wake, features of vibration were determined. It shows that as the wind blows along the lines of one limb or rectangular cylinder of the model, oscillation is weak, whereas when the wind blows along the bisector lines of two limbs or cylinders, strong vibration is observed. It is associated with the regular vortex shedding.

Binary collision approximation for solitary waves in a Y-shaped granular chain

We implement a binary collision approximation to study solitary wave propagation in a two-dimensional double Y- shaped granular chain. The solitary wave was transmitted and reflected when it met the interface of the bifurcated branches of the Y-shaped granular chains. We obtain the analytic results of the ratios of the transmitted and reflected speeds to the incident speed of the solitary wave, the maximum force between the two neighbor beads in a solitary wave, and the total time taken by the pulse to pass through each branch. All of the analytic results are in good agreement with the experimental observations from Daraio et al. [Phys. Rev. E 82 036603 （2010）]. Moreover, we also discuss the delay effects on the arrival of split pulses, and predict the recombination of the split waves traveling in branches in the final stem of asymmetric systems. The prediction of pulse recombination is verified by our numerical results.

Evaluation of ultimate bearing capacity of Y-shaped vibro-pile

Based on Mindlin stress solution, a numerical computational method was proposed to calculate the stresses in the ground induced by side friction and the resistance of Y-shaped vibro-pile. The improved Terzaghi's and ЪерезанцевВГ's methods for ultimate bearing capacity evaluation were proposed by considering the stress strength induced by friction resistance at pile head level of Y-pile. A new method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of Y-pile was also proposed based on the assumptions of soil failure mode at the tip of Y-pile and the use of Mohr-Coulomb soil yield criterion and Vesic compressive correction coefficient with the induced stresses in the ground. Based on the comparisons with the field static load test results, it is found that the improved Terzaghi's method gives higher ultimate capacity, while the other two methods shows good agreement with the field results.

Transfer characteristics of dynamic biochemical signals in non-reversing pulsatile flows in a shallow Y-shaped microfluidic channel: signal filtering and nonlinear amplitude-frequency modulation

The transports of the dynamic biochemical signals in the non-reversing pulsatile flows in the mixing microchannel of a Y-shaped microfluidic device are ana- lyzed. The results show that the mixing micro-channel acts as a low-pass filter, and the biochemical signals are nonlinearly modulated by the pulsatile flows, which depend on the biochemical signal frequency, the flow signal frequency, and the biochemical signal transporting distance. It is concluded that, the transfer characteristics of the dynamic biochemical signals, which are transported in the time-varying flows, should be carefully considered for better loading biochemical signals on the cells cultured on the bottom of the microfluidic channel.

Y-Shaped Intra-Scleral Fixated Lens versus Retro-Pupillary Iris Claw Lens in the Treatment of Aphakia

Background: Many reasons can lead to an aphakia without adequate capsular support for implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL), such as intraoperative unintentional rupture of posterior capsule during phacoemulsification, planned intracapsular cataract extraction, ocular trauma and lens dislocation due to congenital and acquired causes. Purpose: To compare Y-shaped intra-scleral fixation of a posterior chamber IOL with retro pupillary fixation of an iris-claw intraocular lens (IOL) for Aphakic eyes without sufficient capsular support as respects safety, visual recovery and complications of both methods. Patients and Methods: One hundred Aphakic eyes were arbitrarily distributed between two groups. Group A included 50 eyes treated with retropupillary fixation of iris claw lens and group B included 50 eyes treated with Y-shaped intra-scleral fixation technique. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were analysed including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), surgical time, intraoperative problems, IOL malposition and postoperative complications. Following up on patients was carried out for at least six months. Results: The mean duration of surgery was 21 ± 5.3 min in group A and was 53.4 ± 6.9 min in group B (p-value 0.05). IOL tilt was found in 0 (0%) eyes in group A and in 5 (10%) eyes in group B (p 0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that both methods are satisfactory in correcting aphakia without sufficient capsular support as regards postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA);however the surgical technique of retropupillary iris claw lens is easier, shorter, with low intra- and postoperative complications and safer than those used for intra-scleral fixation of IOL. But for eyes which lack both iris and capsular support, a scleral fixation of a posterior chamber IOL remains the only option.

Comparison of lag screws and double Y-shaped miniplates in the fixation of anterior mandibular fractures

BACKGROUNDMandibular fractures constitute about 80.79% of maxillofacial injuries inAlexandria University, either as isolated mandibular fractures or as a part ofpanfacial fractures. The combination of symphyseal and parasymphyseal fracturesrepresent 47.09% of the total mandibular fractures.AIMTo compare the effectiveness of lag screws vs double Y-shaped miniplates in thefixation of anterior mandibular fractures.METHODSThis study is a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, performed onsixteen patients with anterior mandibular fractures. Patients were divided equallyinto two groups, each consisting of eight patients. Group 1: Underwent openreduction and internal fixation using two lag screws. Group 2: Underwent openreduction and internal fixation using double Y-shaped plates. The followingparameters were assessed: operating time in minutes, pain using a visual analogscale, edema, surgical wound healing for signs and symptoms of infection,occlusion status and stability, maximal mouth opening, and sensory nervefunction. Cone beam computed tomography was performed at 3 and 6 mo tomeasure bone density and assess the progression of fracture healing.RESULTSThe study included 13 males (81.3%) and 3 females (18.8%) aged 26 to 45 years(mean age was 35.69 ± 6.01 years). The cause of trauma was road traffic accidentsin 10 patients (62.5%), interpersonal violence in 3 patients (18.8%) and othercauses in 3 patients (18.8%). The fractures comprised 10 parasymphyseal fractures(62.5%) and 6 symphyseal fractures (37.5%). The values of all parameters were comparable in both groups with no statistically significant difference except forthe mean bone density at 3 mo postoperatively which was 946.38 ± 66.29 in group 1 and 830.36 ± 95.53 in group 2 (P = 0.015).CONCLUSIONBoth lag screws and double Y-shaped miniplates provide favorable means offixation for mandibular fractures in the anterior region. Fractures fixed with lagscrews show greater mean bone density at 3 mo post-operation, indicative ofhigher primary stability and faster early bone healing. Further studies with largersample sizes are required to verify these conclusions.

六斑平颜蚜蝇雄虫对雌性腺化合物的触角电位和行为反应

初步探究肉苁蓉Cistanche deserticola蛀茎蝇—六斑平颜蚜蝇Eumerus seximaculatum雌虫性腺化合物的主要成分并对其生物活性进行检测,为六斑平颜蚜蝇的生物防治提供理论依据。本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对雌性腺化合物进行分析鉴定,根据雄成虫的触角电位(EAG)及行为反应对各组分进行筛选、分析及确定。在雌性腺化合物中共鉴定出31种挥发性物质,从中选取5种,设置5个浓度梯度,进行EAG测试。结果表明,雄成虫对5种物质不同浓度的EAG反应敏感性差异明显。其中,雄成虫对1μg/mL 1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、100μg/mL邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯最为敏感;把对雄虫引诱率最高的1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯按照不同体积比混合后开展行为选择试验,结果显示,当两者比例为1∶3时,对雄虫的引诱率最高,可达60%以上。综上所述,1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯被认为是雌虫性信息素的重要成分,对雄虫有明显的引诱作用,为苁蓉蛀茎蝇性诱剂的开发奠定理论基础。

3种植物源物质复配对异囊地蛛的驱避作用

[目的]寻找烟田蜘蛛卵囊类异物防控新方法。[方法]采用Y型嗅觉仪法和滤纸药膜法研究3-甲基二十烷、桉油烯醇和野菊花精油3种植物源物质复配对异囊地蛛选择行为的影响。[结果]3-甲基二十烷、桉油烯醇和野菊花精油3种植物源物质不同体积比复配对异囊地蛛均具有很好的驱避作用,其中体积比8∶2∶3的驱避效果最好,达91.67%,且72 h内均有显著驱避效果。[结论]3-甲基二十烷、桉油烯醇和野菊花精油3种植物源物质复配作为高效植物源驱避剂防治烟田蜘蛛卵囊类异物具有应用前景。

顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯对大蜡螟的驱避作用

利用植物挥发物监测和调控害虫行为已逐渐成为害虫绿色防控的重要途径。顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯广泛存在于瓜果及绿色植物的叶片中,具有环境友好、无残留的优点。大蜡螟是养蜂产业中常见的害虫,严重影响蜂产业和蜜蜂资源保护。为生产中应用顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯调控大蜡螟的行为控制其对蜂群的危害提供依据,为开发新型昆虫行为调控剂以及大蜡螟的绿色防控提供支持,利用Y-型嗅觉仪研究大蜡螟不同虫态的个体对不同浓度、同一浓度不同剂量顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯的行为趋性。结果表明,大蜡螟幼虫对顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯表现出显著的负趋性,浓度为0.5 mol/L时,大蜡螟幼虫总选择率为79.33%,并表现为极显著的负趋性;雄成虫对顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯的选择率为8.33%,具有显著的负趋性;不同剂量的顺-3-己烯醇乙酸酯对大蜡螟成虫的选择行为影响不显著,但对幼虫均具有明显的驱避效果。

杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的非特异性作用

探究杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的生长抑制、拒食活性以及驱避活性影响,明确杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的非特异性作用,为马铃薯瓢虫绿色防控和木醋液的害虫防治应用提供理论依据。用杏壳木醋液不同浓度处理的龙葵叶片喂食马铃薯瓢虫,测定不同浓度处理在各时间段4龄幼虫的体重增长量、成虫和幼虫的非选择性和选择性取食量以及行为选择情况,并分析不同浓度杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫的增重抑制、拒食活性、驱避活性等影响。结果表明,4龄幼虫的体重增加、成虫和幼虫的非选择性和选择性取食量以及行为选择均显著受到杏壳木醋液的影响,其中杏壳木醋液在48 h时4龄幼虫体重增长抑制率最高达到83%;4龄幼虫和成虫的最高非选择性拒食率分别为92%和82%;最高选择性拒食率分别为87%和78%;马铃薯瓢虫幼虫和成虫在四臂嗅觉仪中均表现出了极显著的驱避作用,幼虫的最高驱避指数为0.67,成虫为0.95。杏壳木醋液对马铃薯瓢虫有显著的增重抑制、拒食活性和驱避活性,杏壳木醋液浓度对马铃薯瓢虫还有显著的非特异性作用。

新鲜草果营养成分及风味物质分析

为研究新鲜草果营养成分及风味特征物质。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪、氨基酸自动分析仪、气相色谱-嗅闻对新鲜草果营养成分及挥发性风味物质进行分析鉴定。结果显示,新鲜草果中水分含量最高,为70.61%,粗脂肪为2.35%,粗蛋白为2.76%,总灰分为5.94%。新鲜草果中共检测到30种脂肪酸,含量在0.10~3.45 mg/mL之间,其中,饱和脂肪酸12种,占总量的57.99%,不饱和脂肪酸18种,占总量的47.23%。在检测到的9种氨基酸中,赖氨酸的含量最高,缬氨酸的含量最低。通过与标准品的香气特征、质谱、保留指数进行比对,从中鉴定出46种挥发性风味物质中,柠檬醛、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、反-2-十二烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛等物质含量较高。根据香气强度值及其气味活性值确定新鲜草果的关键香气成分为反-2-十二烯醛、(E,Z)-2,4-癸二烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、正辛醛、4-异丙基甲苯、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、柠檬醛、桉叶油醇9种物质。研究结果为新鲜草果干燥加工、产品开发等提供了理论依据。

Guidelines and consensus:Jejunoileostomy for diabetes mellitussurgical norms and expert consensus(2023 version)

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose caused by insufficient absolute or relative secretion of insulin.Once diagnosed,patients need long-term treatment with hypoglycemic drugs.Currently,the existing first-line hypoglycemic drugs do not provide effective treatment for DM and its complications.In the past,the first generation and the second generation of weight loss surgery,such as gastric bypass and sleeve gastric surgery,had strict body mass index requirements.Moreover,post-surgery,patients are prone to fluctuating hypoglycemia,gastroesophageal reflux,and dumping syndrome.Hence,the curative effect of this type of surgery was compromised to a certain extent.Jejunoileostomy is a third-generation surgery for patients with DM,which has been shown to improve glucose and lipid metabolism,without changing the original gastrointestinal tract structure.Different from previous weight loss surgeries,jejunoileostomy has been clinically observed to delay the development of DM-related complications.Additionally,the postoperative complications are mild and do not affect the patient’s quality of life.Based on our clinical observations from multi-center large samples,our team developed a consensus on the operative period and perioperative management of jejunoileostomy as a reference for clinical researchers.

Valley transport in Kekulé structures of graphene

Valleytronics is an emergent discipline in condensed matter physics and offers a new way to encode and manipulate information based on the valley degree of freedom in materials. Among the various materials being studied, Kekulé distorted graphene has emerged as a promising material for valleytronics applications. Graphene can be artificially distorted to form the Kekulé structures rendering the valley-related interaction. In this work, we review the recent progress of research on Kekulé structures of graphene and focus on the modified electronic bands due to different Kekulé distortions as well as their effects on the transport properties of electrons. We systematically discuss how the valley-related interaction in the Kekulé structures was used to control and affect the valley transport including the valley generation, manipulation, and detection. This article summarizes the current challenges and prospects for further research on Kekulé distorted graphene and its potential applications in valleytronics.