Influence of Waveguide Properties on Wave Prototypes Likely to Accompany the Dynamics of Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers

In this article, we study the impacts of nonlinearity and dispersion on signals likely to propagate in the context of the dynamics of four-wave mixing. Thus, we use an indirect resolution technique based on the use of the iB-function to first decouple the nonlinear partial differential equations that govern the propagation dynamics in this case, and subsequently solve them to propose some prototype solutions. These analytical solutions have been obtained;we check the impact of nonlinearity and dispersion. The interest of this work lies not only in the resolution of the partial differential equations that govern the dynamics of wave propagation in this case since these equations not at all easy to integrate analytically and their analytical solutions are very rare, in other words, we propose analytically the solutions of the nonlinear coupled partial differential equations which govern the dynamics of four-wave mixing in optical fibers. Beyond the physical interest of this work, there is also an appreciable mathematical interest.

Magnetic-Coupling Based Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition

A novel millimeter-wave waveguide-to-microstrip transition based on magnetic-coupling is presented in this paper.The mode conversion of electromagnetic field is realized with the ring strip line of arbitrary shape in the E-plane of rectangular waveguide and the eccentric quasi-coaxial line,which is partially filled with media and consists of outer and inner rectangular conductors.The structure has the advantages of low loss,wide bandwidth,compact structure,and avoiding debug.From 27 GHz to 40 GHz,the experiment results show that the insertion loss is less than 1.2 dB and the return loss is better than 13.5 dB for the back-to-back transition with semicircle ring strip lines.

Spin-dependent electron transport of a waveguide with Rashba spin-orbit coupling in an electromagnetic field

We investigate theoretically the spin-dependent electron transport in a straight waveguide with Rashba spin-orbit coupling （SOC） under the irradiation of a transversely polarized electromagnetic （EM） field. Spin-dependent electron conductance and spin polarization are calculated as functions of the emitting energy of electrons or the strength of the EM field by adopting the mode matching approach. It is shown that the spin polarization can be manipulated by external parameters when the strength of Rashba SOC is strong. Furthermore, a sharp step structure is found to exist in the total electron conductance. These results can he understood by the nontrivial Rashba subbands intermixing and the electron intersubband transition when a finite-range transversely polarized EM field irradiates a straight waveguide.

COUPLING PROPERTIES OF THE SLOT IN A WAVEGUIDE JUNCTION

The coupling properties of a transverse slot in the common wall between two buttingrectangular waveguides are discussed.By means of Galerkin’s method which takes into accountthe wall thickness,equivalent magnetic currents on the aperture surface of the slot are obtained,and then the general formulae of scattering fields and of equivalent parameters are derived.Thedimensions as well as seats of those two waveguides and the slot,and the thickness of the wall arearbitrary.For example,the transforming coefficients and the VSWRs of numerical calculationand experimental results are given.They are in good agreement.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CENTERED-INCLINED COUPLING SLOTS IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

Numerical analysis is presented for the characteristic parameters of centered-inclined coupling slot in rectangular waveguides, taking into account the transverse distribution of the electric field across the slot aperture. Integral equations are formulated based on dyadic Green's function theories and solved using the method of moments. Trigonometric basis functions are adopted. It is found that the method will converge with up to ten basis functions. The characteristic parameters can be easily obtained for different slot sizes. Resonant length and resonant resistance of the coupling slots are calculated. It is shown that the calculated results have very high accuracy, compared with simulated results obtained from commercial software. Therefore, it can be effectively applied in the synthesis of antenna arrays. Effects of the transverse distribution on calculating resonant parameters of the coupling slot are also analyzed. The results show that if the transverse distribution of the electric field is neglected, the calculated error tends to become larger when the slot gets wider or thinner.

A New Approach Based on MoM-GEC Method to Mutual Coupling Analysis of Symmetric Twin Waveguides for Antenna Applications

In previous modeling works, the waveguide radiation in the free space is modeled using an infinite flange in aperture plan. In this paper, we propose a new formulation to analyze the radiation of twin rectangular waveguides in free space. Our formulation consists firstly in simulating the free space as rectangular waveguide and seeking the appropriate dimensions that do not affect scattering parameters. In the second step, we use the symmetry principle to reduce the coupling problem to single guide radiating in the free space. Moreover, for more simplification, we consider a concentric discontinuity to solve this latter. This approach is based on moments method combined to the generalized equivalent circuit method (MoM-GEC) in order to reduce the number of unknown problems and alleviate their computation. Obtained numerical results are presented and discussed. A good agreement with literature is shown and the boundary conditions are verified.

Optical Properties of the Coupling Interface for Planar Optical Waveguides

Planar optical waveguides are the key elements in a modern, high-speed optical network. An important problem facing the optical fiber communication system, specifically planar optical waveguides, is coupling. The current study presents a coupling model for planar optical waveguides and optical fibers. The various effects of the optical properties of the coupling interface were analyzed by the scalar finite difference beam propagation method, including the thickness, with or without the matching refractive index of the interface adhesive. The findings can serve as a guide for planar optical waveguide packaging.

Calculation of coupling efficiency for rectangular waveguide CO_2 laser by fresnel approximation

Theoretical analyses have been performed to describe the coupling losses for a plane mirror in rectan-gular waveguidc resonator for an arbitrary waveguide mode as a function of the Frcsnel number for several valuesof the aspect ratio by using Fresnel approximation.

Nonreciprocal Single Photon Frequency Conversion via Chiral Coupling between a V-Type System and a Pair of Waveguides

The single photon frequency conversion is investigated theoretically in the system composed of a V-type system chiral coupling to a pair of waveguides. The single photon scattering amplitudes are obtained using the real-space Hamiltonian. The calculated results show that the probability of single photon frequency down-or up-conversion can reach a unit by choosing appropriate parameters in the non-dissipative system with perfect chiral coupling.We present a nonreciprocal single photon beam splitter whose frequency of the output photon is different from that of the input photon. The influences of dissipations and non-perfect chiral coupling on the single frequency conversion are also shown. Our results may be useful in designing quantum devices at the single-photon level.

Efficient Method to Extract Coupling Ratio and Round-trip Loss Parameters of Optical Waveguide Ring Resonator

Based on the measurement of the contrast ratios of the transmission spectra from the throughput and drop ports of ring resonator, an efficient method is proposed to extract the coupling ratio and round-trip loss of the integrated optical waveguide ring resonator. The parameters of a racetrack resonator prepared by ion-exchange technique in K9 optical glass substrate are examined, which demonstrates the validity of this method. The accuracy and applicable range of this method are also discussed.

Strip Waveguide Directional Coupling Modulator with Equivalent Refractive Index

The equivalent refractive index（ERI） method is employed to analyze the function of the strip waveguide directional coupling modulator（SWM）. Through deducing the diagnostic equation of the Exmn mode of the four-layer media film waveguide equivalent to the SWM,the transmission constant of the symmetrical mode of the positive phase and negative one and the coupling length of powerful transference are obtained. The veracity of ERI is validated with the example of Ex11 basal mode under conditions of comparing the three results of ERI,EIM and Marcatili.

Design and fabrication of a high-performance evanescently coupled waveguide photodetector

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and measurement of an evanescently coupled waveguide photode- tector operating at 1.55 gm, which mainly comprises a diluted waveguide, a single-mode rib waveguide and a p-i-n photodiode with an extended optical matching layer. The optical characteristics of this structure are studied by using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain （3D FDTD） method. The photodetector exhibits a high 3-dB bandwidth of more than 35 GHz and a responsivity of 0.291 A/W at 1550 nm directly coupled with a cleaved fiber. Moreover, a linear response of more than 72-mW optical power is achieved, where a photocurrent of more than 21 mA is obtained at a reverse bias voltage of 3 V.

Single Photon Scattering in a Pair of Waveguides Coupled by a Whispering-Gallery Resonator Interacting with a Semiconductor Quantum Dot

The single photon scattering properties in a pair of waveguides coupled by a whispering-gallery resonator in- teracting with a semiconductor quantum dot are investigated theoretically. The two waveguides support four possible ports for an incident single photon. The quantum dot is considered a V-type system. The incident direction-dependent single photon scattering properties are studied and equal-output probability from the four ports for a single photon incident is discussed. The influences of backscattering between the two modes of the whispering-gallery resonator for incident direction-dependent single photon scattering properties are also pre- sented.

A photonic crystal side-coupled waveguide based on a high-quality-factor resonator array

Based on the present coupled mode theory of the photonic crystal resonator array in this paper, we propose a novel side-coupled waveguide to achieve highly efficient coupling of photonic crystal devices. It is found that the coupling efficiency is sensitive to the interval, the total number and the quality factor of the resonator. Considering the coupling efficiency and the coupling region, we select five resonators with an interval of six lattice periods. By optimizing the structure parameters of the waveguide and resonator, the quality factors of the resonator can be modulated and the coupling efficiency of the side-coupled waveguide reaches 95.47% in theory. Compared with other coupling methods, the side-coupled waveguide can realize efficient coupling with a compact structure, a high level of integration and a low degree of operational difficulties.

Analysis on Mode Field Distribution of Waveguide Grating Coupler by the Scalar FDTD

The scalar two-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is applied to simulate the mode field distribution of TE 0 of the waveguide grating coupler. Computer simulation shows that the same stable mode field distribution pattern is obtained through the different kinds of driving sources. It is found that the optical field mode is determined by waveguide structure and optical wavelength other than the driving source.According to the mode field distribution, the optimum coupling efficiency can be predicted. Compared with another numerical methods,the CPU-time and memory elements of computer used by FDTD are much less.

Design and optimization of terahertz directional coupler based on hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide with low confinement loss

We propose a design and optimization for directional coupling in terahertz hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide. It is composed of two square hollow waveguides which touch each other and are surrounded by a metallic layer. By employing the finite element method, the coupling performance and loss property are numerically investigated. Numerical results indi- cate that this directional coupler with hybrid-cladding can realize ultra-narrow-band coupling; it provides a low confinement loss performance： the confinement loss can reach as low as 6.27 × 10-5 cm- 1. Moreover, the further analyses of configura- tion and performance show that confinement loss and frequency range shift for the low-confinement-loss frequency regime can be realized and optimized by appropriately tuning the thickness values of the metallic and dielectric layer. In addition, through the further analysis of coupling performance, the possibilities of realizing ultra-narrow-band couplings in different frequency ranges are demonstrated. It is a powerful candidate for high precision optical fiber sensing, and communication in terahertz splitting fields.

InP-based evanescently coupled high-responsivity photodiodes with extremely low dark current density integrated diluted waveguide at 1550 nm

In this paper, we have demonstrated a high performance waveguide photodiode integrated diluted waveguide serving as a fibre-to-waveguide coupler to achieve high coupling efficiency. High responsivity （〉 1 A/W）, high saturation power （〉 45 mA） in the static state and extremely low dark current density （0.04 pA/μm2） with 3 dB bandwidth at 13.4 GHz have been achieved.

Analysis and engineering of coupled cavity waveguides based on coupled-mode theory

The analytical expression for the transmission spectra of coupled cavity waveguides （CCWs） in photonic crystals （PCs） is derived based on the coupled-mode theory （CMT）. Parameters in the analytical expression can be extracted by simple numerical simulations. We reveal that it is the phase shift between the two adjacent PC defects that uniquely determines the flatness of the impurity bands of CCWs. In addition, it is found that the phase shift also greatly affects the bandwidth of CCWs. Thus, the engineering of the impurity bands of CCWs can be realized through the adjustment of the phase shift. Based on the theoretical results, an interesting phenomenon in which a CCW acts as a single PC defect and its impurity band possesses a Lorentz lineshape is predicted. Very good agreement between the analytical results and the numerical simulations based on transfer matrix method has been achieved.

Preparing quantum vortex states with odd Schrdinger cat states through a coupled waveguide system

A scheme is proposed for preparing a quantum vortex state with a coupled waveguide, in which a single-mode odd cat state with weak intensity and a single-mode coherent state are inserted in the input ports, respectively. The analytical wavefunction of the resulting state in the quadrature space is derived, and the vortex structure of the output state is analyzed. It is found that the obtained states, which may carry a vortex with topological charge index one, are entangled and nonclassical, depending only on the scaled propagation time and the weak intensity of the input odd cat state instead of the displacement parameter of the input coherent state. The phase distribution, however, in the quadrature space, depends on the displacement parameter of the input coherent state

A BIOSENSOR USING COUPLED PLASMON WAVEGUIDE RESONANCE COMBINED WITH HYPERSPECTRAL FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

We developed a biosensor that is capable for simultaneous surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing and hyperspectral fuores cence analysis in this paper.A symmetrical metal-dielectric slabscheme is employed for the excitation of coupled plasnon waveguide resonance(CPWR)in thepresent work.Resonance bet ween surface plasmon mode and the guided waveguide mode gen-erates narrower full width half-maximum of the refective curves which leads to increased pre.cision for the determination of refractive index over conventional SPR sensors.In addition,CPWR also fers longer surface propagation depths and higher surface electric field strengthsthat enable the excitation of fluorescence with hyperspectral technique to maintain an appreci-able signal-to-noise ratio.The refractive index information obtained from SPR sensing and thechemical properties obt ained through hyperspectral fluorescence analysis confirm each other toexclude false-positive or false-negative cases.The sensor provides a comprehensive understandingof the biological events on the sensor chips.