Equilibrium sediment transport in lower Yellow River during later sediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir

The Xiaolangdi Reservoir has entered the later sediment-retaining period, and new sediment transport phenomena and channel re-estab- lishing behaviors are appearing. A physical model test was used to forecast the scouring and silting trends of the lower Yellow River. Based on water and sediment data from the lower Yellow River during the period from 1960 to 2012, and using a statistical method, this paper analyzed the sediment transport in sediment-laden flows with different discharges and sediment concentrations in the lower Yellow River. The results show that rational water-sediment regulation is necessary to avoid silting in the later sediment-retaining period. The combination of 3 000 m^3/s 〈 Q 〈 4 000 m^3/s and 20 kg/m^3 〈 S 〈 60 kg/m^3 （where Q is the discharge and S is the sediment concentration） at the Huayuankou section is considered an optimal combination for equilibrium sediment transport in the lower Yellow River over a long period of time.

Efficiency and mechanism of pretreatment on water supply in reservoirs of Yellow River by subsurface constructed wetlands

In order to improve the source water quality of drinking water and mitigate the load of drinking water treatment plant, a pilot test was conducted with integrated horizontal flow constructed wetlands to pretreat the water supply in the reservoirs of Yellow River. Resuhs show that under the hydraulic loading rate of 4 m^3/（ m^2 · d）, the average removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN）, ammonium nitrogen （ NH4 ^＋ - N）, nitrate nitrogen （ NO3 ^- - N）, nitrite - nitrogen （ NO2^ - - N） and total phosphorus （TP） in the horizontal flow constructed wetlands are 49. 68% , 53.01%, 48.48%, 53.61% , 62. 57% and 49. 56%, re- spectively. The study on purifying mechanism of the constructed wetlands indicates that the disposal of contamination by subsurface wetlands is the combined actions of physical chemistry, plants and microorganism.

Channel change at Toudaoguai Station and its responses to the operation of upstream reservoirs in the upper Yellow River

The application of dams built upstream will change the input conditions, including water and sediment, of downstream fluvial system, and destroy previous dynamic quasi-equilibrium reached by channel streamflow, so indispensable adjustments are necessary for downstream channel to adapt to the new water and sediment supply, leading the fluvial system to restore its previous equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium. Using about 50-year-long hydrological, sedimentary and cross-sectional data, temporal response processes of Toudaoguai cross-section located in the upper Yellow River to the operation of reservoirs built upstream are analyzed. The results show that the Toudaoguai cross-section change was influenced strongly by upstream reservoir operation and downstream channel bed armoring thereafter occurred gradually and extended to the reach below Sanhuhekou gauging station. Besides, median diameter of suspended sediment load experienced a three-stage change that is characterized by an increase at first, then a decrease and an increase again finally, which reflects the process of channel bed armoring that began at Qingtongxia reservoir and then gradually developed downstream to the reach below Sanhuhekou cross-section. Since the joint operation strategy of Longyangxia, Liujiaxia and Qingtongxia reservoirs was introduced in 1986, the three-stage change trend has become less evident than that in the time period between 1969 and 1986 when only Qingtongxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs were put into operation alone. In addition, since 1987, the extent of lateral migration and thalweg elevation change at Toudaoguai cross-section has reduced dramatically, cross-sectional profile and location tended to be stable, which is beneficial to the normal living for local people.

水库拦沙对黄河下游河床演变的影响

为充分认识水库拦沙对其下游河道河床演变及防洪的影响,基于三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期水沙及断面观测资料,研究了黄河下游河槽冲淤、洪水冲刷效率、河槽几何特征、排洪能力等规律。结果表明:水库拦沙期,黄河下游沿程河槽均发生了不均衡冲刷;河床粗化明显,粗化后床沙中值粒径最大值为冲刷前的2.1~2.5倍;高村以上河段同水位过洪能力增加明显,冲刷后较大的河槽容积可为小浪底水库排沙提供暂时的滞沙;河床粗化后细泥沙和中泥沙补给能力不足,河槽冲刷效率随冲刷历时的增加衰减明显。由于水库多年调节水沙过程及下游相对完善的河道整治工程约束,小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游河槽冲刷重心下移,河床粗化程度增加,冲刷效率明显降低。研究成果可为水库水沙调控技术指标的选取提供科学依据。

龙羊峡水库后汛期入库径流特征及可蓄水量分析

以1956—2022年唐乃亥水文站实测水文数据为基础,采用数理统计方法,重点分析黄河源区后汛期径流特征,并结合龙羊峡水库满负荷发电流量,对龙羊峡水库在后汛期可蓄水量进行不同情景的分析讨论。研究表明:1)唐乃亥水文站后汛期径流量年际变化较大,丰枯不均,以正常偏枯为主,多年平均后汛期径流量占汛期径流量的29.1%;2)唐乃亥水文站后汛期日平均流量在1000 m^(3)/s以上的径流量平均为8.96亿m^(3),年际变化极大,以1000 m^(3)/s发电流量运用,龙羊峡水库蓄至正常蓄水位的保证率仅为10%,多数年份汛期结束后水位无法达到正常蓄水位2600 m。建议根据后期来水,适时调整进入后汛期的时机,优化和调整龙羊峡水库年度调度方案,为高效合理利用黄河源区后汛期水资源奠定基础。

小浪底水库运行下花园口河段黄河鲤生态流量研究

【目的】大坝和水库等水利工程的修建在带来防洪减灾效益的同时,也给所在区域的水生生物栖息繁衍带来了一定影响,诊断关键水生生物的生态流量对大坝下游的生态环境修复工作具有重要意义。【方法】以黄河下游花园口河段为例,探讨了小浪底水库运行下不同流量情景下的黄河鲤栖息地质量情况,并由此推求黄河鲤的生态流量。基于栖息地模拟法,通过构建耦合栖息地适宜度模型的二维水动力模型,分析了黄河鲤鱼苗期、亲鱼期的栖息地适宜度指数空间分布,分别建立了黄河鲤两个生命阶段流量与栖息地加权可用面积关系曲线。【结果】结果表明:随着模拟流量的增大,黄河鲤不同生命阶段的栖息地适宜度指数空间分布及栖息地加权可用面积呈现先增加,达到峰值后逐渐减小的变化规律。【结论】黄河下游花园口河段的最小生态流量为1 150 m~3/s,适宜生态流量为1 450 m~3/s,最适宜生态流量为3 000 m~3/s,研究成果加深了对大流量情景下黄河鲤栖息地质量的认识,对黄河下游生态保护与修复具有重要意义。

黄河秋汛洪水防御实践与思考

黄河秋汛洪水相比夏汛洪水,具有洪峰低、持续时间长、含沙量低的特点。2021年黄河发生严重秋汛,干支流、中下游汛情多区域交织,多场次叠加,洪量之大、历时之长,历史罕见。文章以2021年黄河秋汛洪水为例,从水库群精细联合调度、洪水防御工作部署、防洪调度成效等方面回顾了秋汛洪水防御工作,总结了此次洪水防御过程中的技术支撑及组织保障经验,展望了新形势下秋汛洪水防御工作重点,为今后秋汛洪水防御工作提供借鉴参考。

黄河中下游水资源多目标利益对古贤水库运行的响应

为量化未来古贤水库参与黄河中下游梯级水库群联合运行对供水、发电、调水调沙、生态多目标关键利益及非关键利益的影响,设置2030水平年有古贤水库及无古贤水库两种情景,基于梯级水库群多目标协同优化调度理论构建黄河中下游梯级水库群多目标协同优化调度模型,通过求解模型分析了径流减少及未来综合需水增加的背景下,黄河中下游多目标利益对古贤水库参与联合运行的响应关系。结果表明:与无古贤水库情景相比,有古贤水库情景下水库群调度系统总协同度略微增加,供水与发电子系统有序度有所增加,农业关键期、非关键期多年平均缺水量减少,水库群多年平均发电量增加;除调沙频率略微下降外,有古贤水库情景下输沙、生态目标关键利益及非关键利益均有所提升。

黄河上游近60年水沙变化特征及其影响因素

由于受人类活动及气候变化影响,黄河上游干流水沙特征发生显著变化。为探究黄河上游水沙变化情况,基于黄河上游5个水文站19642019年水沙、遥感影像等数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法、累积距平曲线和双累积曲线等突变检验方法和小波分析法,对黄河上游水沙变化特征进行研究。利用水沙关系曲线及线性回归法等方法估算人类活动和气候对水沙变化的贡献率,并着重讨论梯级水库建设及土地利用变化对水沙的影响。结果表明:1)黄河上游玛曲-小川段流域内降雨量和径流量变化幅度不明显,贵德站、循化站、小川站19862019年年均输沙量分别减至19641985年的9.8%、24.6%、38.8%,输沙量大大减少。黄河上游玛曲-小川段径流量突变多在1986年,输沙量突变多在1969、1986、2004年,径流量存在8、16、22 a周期,输沙量存在4~8、18~21、27 a周期。2)1969年后,河流输沙能力增强,水沙关系显著改变。在不同时段内,人类活动对径流量变化在19872019年贡献率为66.3%,对输沙量变化在19701986、19872004、20052019年的贡献率为72.96%、70.73%、69.7%。人类活动对黄河上游干流水沙影响占据主导因素。3)刘家峡水库淤积最为严重,单库运行期水库淤积量为2.39亿t,排沙比变化范围为1.39%~10.7%。梯级水库联调使得径流量在19642004年间减少47.8%,19642019年间梯级水库减沙94.8%,梯级水库对输沙量影响远大于对径流量的影响。4)19802020年间,草地面积增加了1880.03 km 2,增幅3.1%,有利于减少输沙量,草地拦沙效益大于截流效益。

大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响研究

为定量研究大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响,以黄河口尾闾段为研究对象提出了一种基于改进熵权法的河道出汊阈值确定方法,根据实测水沙资料确定了尾闾河道出汊指标计算公式及相应的河道出汊阈值,在还原无小浪底工程时尾闾段水沙及河槽形态调整过程的基础上,结合出汊阈值对比分析了有、无小浪底工程时尾闾段发生河道出汊概率的差异。结果表明:河段河相系数和汛期平均水流冲刷强度分别为边界和水沙条件中对河道出汊贡献最大的两个指标;黄河口尾闾段河道出汊阈值为38.16,当出汊指标大于38.16时尾闾段发生河道出汊;小浪底工程运用约束了进入尾闾段的沙量,河道出汊概率明显减小。

黄河百年径流系列连续枯水段识别和用水特征分析

连续枯水给黄河流域水资源安全造成了严重威胁。采用黄河干流兰州断面和花园口断面1920—2019水文年系列,通过距平法和标准化径流指数识别了百年系列连续枯水段,分析了枯水段的用水特征。结果显示:两断面均经历了1922—1932水文年和1990—2002水文年连续枯水段,均表现出连续枯水段和极端枯水年叠加的特征;1990—2002水文年连续枯水显著减少了入海水量;在1990—2002水文年连续枯水段初期,枯水对黄河流域及供水区用水量影响不明显,但在后期用水总量及农业用水量均大幅度减少;1990—2002水文年连续枯水段后期遭遇短期极端枯水对用水造成重大影响;龙羊峡水库在连续枯水段发挥了多年调节作用,支撑了流域供水安全。但是龙羊峡水库年际补水能力有限,未来在国家水网建设背景下,应通过建设古贤水库和跨流域调水工程提升应对连续枯水的流域水资源安全保障能力。

新形势下黄河调水调沙“丰调枯蓄”运用方式

调水调沙是黄河保护治理的重要举措。近年来,黄河水沙情势以及水库和河道边界条件发生了明显变化,现状调水调沙运用方式不能满足新形势下水沙调控多目标协同的需求。基于黄河水沙特性以及多年调度经验,提出“丰调枯蓄”的调水调沙思想和运用方式,即根据来水条件变化灵活地调整当年调水调沙策略,丰水年多开展调水调沙以使水库多排沙、河道多输沙,平水年适当开展调水调沙以满足多目标需求,枯水年不开展调水调沙以蓄水兴利。数字模型计算结果表明,相较于现状运用方式,“丰调枯蓄”运用方式可实现调水调沙的年际调度,使小浪底水库排沙、供水、生态、发电效益得到全面提升,计算期50 a水库累计淤积量减少5.78亿m^(3),不满足下游供水的年均时间少1.1 d,出库含沙量大于80 kg/m^(3)的年均时间少0.9 d,年均发电量增加1.2亿kW·h。

基于长时序稠密遥感数据分析黄河流域大中型湖库水域面积动态变化特征

黄河流域在我国经济社会发展和生态安全中具有重要地位。但从全流域的角度,基于长时序稠密遥感数据对黄河流域大中型湖库开展的研究却较少。本文基于MODIS 8天合成数据,提取了2000—2020年黄河流域大中型湖库长时序的水域信息,分析其时空变化特征,结果表明:从月际变化看,3—5月为水域面积第一个快速增长时期,6—10月为第二个增长时期,在10月达到最大值,10月之后逐渐下降,至次年2月达到最小值;从年际变化看,近20年上、中、下游湖库水域面积均呈现增长趋势,其中上游地区对全流域面积增长的贡献度最大,中游次之;湖库水域空间分布不均衡,上、中、下游近20年湖库水域面积平均占比分别为69.27%、25.02%、5.72%。

银川“西线供水”工程污染物水动力—水质传递模型

文章采用实地测量、实验和数值计算的方法,利用分析化验、实测数据建立并验证引水管道一维水动力—水质数学模型,建立西夏水库二维水动力—水质数学模型并对水流和水质进行数值模拟。利用FLUENT软件,根据实测水文和水质数据,建立并验证适合西线供水工程的数学模型,利用建立的数学模型进行水流和水质指标浓度的数值模拟研究,验证结果基本符合实际情况,为后续以黄河水为水源的西夏水库在污染物扩散机制、预防、处理等方面开展研究提供了良好的理论保障。

龙羊峡和刘家峡梯级水库生态流量核定与保障

针对建设时间早、没有设置生态流量的梯级水库,提出生态流量核定方法:根据有关规范对生态流量的要求、水库主要影响河段已批复的流量控制指标和水库已有调度任务下泄需求得到生态流量初值,通过梯级水库调度模拟模型和历史长系列实测出库径流过程分析水库对生态流量的保障能力,提出生态流量推荐值。以黄河上游龙羊峡水库和刘家峡水库为研究对象核定生态流量,结果显示:龙羊峡水库生态流量5—6月为400 m^(3)/s、其他时段为200 m^(3)/s,刘家峡水库生态流量为285 m^(3)/s,长期保证率均不低于90%。龙羊峡水库和刘家峡水库对生态流量均有较好的保障能力,但是极端枯水条件下龙羊峡水库敏感期生态流量保障仍面临风险。

黄河流域山东段地下水库建设研究

黄河流域是中华文化的源头,也构成中华文明的基石。受自然禀赋等因素限制,黄河流域山东段的生态环境一直面临着自然资源禀赋不足及承载能力弱的双重制约,水资源的保障形势严峻。为了更好地解决用水问题,通过建设地下水库,可调整水资源时空分布不均、缓解洪涝灾害、提升水资源的使用效率。文章通过分析黄河流域山东段建设地下水库的必要性和可行性,提出地下水库的建设方案和实施途径,以期为缓解黄河流域水资源问题提供参考借鉴。

Comparison of channel geometry changes in Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River before and after joint operation of large upstream reservoirs

The impact of reservoirs on downstream river channel change has been a scientific issue in fluvial geomorphology during the last few decades. However, it is still a difficult issue as to how to express quantitatively the channel adjustment in the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River induced by the joint operation of upstream reservoirs. Based on the shape parameters of channel cross-sections at four gauging stations in this river reach over a flooding season in two periods, 1978–1982 and 2008–2012, the present work investigated the channel changes in terms of shape parameter change rate under the same controlling water level in each flooding season at the channel cross-sections. Results showed that most of the change rates of the parameters evidently increased over a flooding season in both periods. However, the change rate of each parameter at the cross-sections decreased evidently in the latter period, compared with the former period. At the same time, the distribution pattern of the change rate of the shape parameters along the cross-sections thus changed from a convex curve in the former period to an S-shaped curve in the latter period. The obvious decrease of the change rates is related to the joint operation of the Liujiaxia and Longyangxia reservoirs. The reservoirs stored a large volume of water and decreased the peak discharge and maximum velocity in the flooding season; as a result, the erosion ability of the flood decreased accordingly. With the joint operation of the large reservoirs, the Inner Mongolian channel shrunk markedly. Therefore, the channel will present the possibility of an extreme flood in the future. Consequently, it is reasonable to adjust the function of the reservoirs in future. The total water and sediment discharges and the peak discharge in flooding seasons should be effectively controlled. Continuous shrinkage of the channel can thus be avoided and it can be ready for a potential extreme flood.

黄河旱涝变化特征及应对过程

为了科学识别黄河旱涝变化特征及应对能力,提出连续丰水年和连续枯水年的判定方法,采用标准化径流指数(SRI)和标准化旱涝急转指数(SDWAI)识别1956—2020年黄河利津站径流旱涝变化特征,分析水库调度在应对旱涝急转和连续枯水年中发挥的作用。结果显示:在月尺度,利津站SRI评估结果以正常至中旱为主,旱涝急转事件较少,且集中于汛期与非汛期的过渡时段;在年尺度,超过60%的年份被评估为正常或轻旱,且SRI对旱涝的评估结果与采用距平值的丰枯评估结果的一致性较好;在多年尺度,利津站发生了3次连续丰水年和2次连续枯水年,连续枯水年持续时间较长。随着水库调蓄能力的增强,已经能够较好地应对黄河旱涝急转事件,但对连续枯水年的应对能力不足。

Adjustment in the main-channel geometry of the lower Yellow River before and after the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir from 1986 to 2015

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.

小浪底水库调控后黄河下游冲淤规律与水沙调控指标

为科学指导黄河调水调沙调度实践,根据小浪底水库调控后黄河下游冲淤规律对水沙调控指标进行优化。选取2011—2022年黄河下游实测121场不同含沙量级水沙过程,分析黄河下游水沙特点及其冲淤效率与水沙条件的响应关系,以黄河下游不淤积以及主槽过流能力不降低为总体目标提出水沙调控指标。结果表明:①小浪底水库对黄河下游水沙过程具有两极分化的调控作用,高含沙量水流(平均含沙量S av>10 kg/m^(3))的沙量全年占比为94%,清水水流(S av<1 kg/m^(3))的水量全年占比为85%。②高含沙量水流的淤积效率与平均含沙量呈正相关线性关系。③清水水流的冲刷效率与平均流量呈正相关对数关系。④对于高含沙量水流,丰水年调控水量为80亿m^(3),平均流量为2000~4600 m^(3)/s,平均含沙量为50 kg/m^(3);平水年调控水量为10亿m^(3),平均流量为2000~4600 m^(3)/s,平均含沙量为150 kg/m^(3);枯水年水库不排沙。对于清水水流,需要避免下泄平均流量在800~1800 m^(3)/s范围内的水流过程。