New Eusauropod Dinosaur from Yuanmou of Yunnan Province, China

Yuanmousaurusjiangyiensis gen. et sp. nov. is erected based on an incomplete skeleton. It is characterized by more complex structures of the neural arches in the dorsal vertebrae than those in Omeisaurus, but less complex than those of Euhelopus; the dorsal vertebra bears 9 laminae, forming three cavities on the lateral surface of the neural arch; the dorsal vertebral neural spines with dorsoventrally-oriented cavities are similar to those of Omeisaurus and Patagosaurus. Yuanmousaurus is more primitive than Euhelopus, but more derived than Omeisaurus. The similar dorsal vertebral structure between Yuanmousaurus and Patagosaurus may indicate that they have a close relationship to each other.

Selection of Judging Indicators for Surface Morphology of Soil Crack under Different Development Degrees in Yuanmou Arid-Hot Valley Region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.

Three-dimensional Morphometric Analyses of Hominoid Lower Molars from Yuanmou in Yunnan Province,China

Analysis of 3D measurements of 13 landmarks on 72 Yuanmou Hominoid lower molars and some comparative samples, using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA), show that the 3D morphometric features of Yuanmou Homi noid lower molars largely resemble those of Lufengpithecus. Compared with extant great apes and humans, both Yuanmou Hominoid and Lufengpithecus differ markedly from humans, whereas they show much resemblance to apes. The two Chinese hominoids and extant great apes are different from humans in many of the same ways. Moreover, 3D morphometric features of Yuanmou Hominoid lower molars differ from those of each of the three extant great apes in similar ways. Of the three, the orangutan is the closest match to Yuanmou Hominoid in tooth morphology. However, the exact implications of these similarities and differences remain to be determined.

Planar morphology and controlling factors of the gullies in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley based on field investigation

The plane form of a gully can provide a basis for evaluating the gully volume and erosion rate, acting process, and evolutionary stage. For describing the planar characteristics of a permanent gully and understanding their controlling factors, this study, utilizing a total station and GPS RTK, measured the shoulder lines and channel curves of 112 gullies in six sites of the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley and then mapped them by Arc GIS software and calculated nine parameters. The results showed that the channel lengths range from 10.88 to 249.11 m; the widths range from 6.20 to 40.99 m; the perimeters range from 54.11 to 541.67 m; the gully areas range from 153.02 to 6,930.30 m2; the left-side areas range from 92.93 to 4,027.20 m2; and the right-side areas range from 63.65 to 3,539.77 m2. The slightly sinuous and straight gullies account for 73.21% of the total gullies; the quantity of the right skewed gullies is 8.93% greater than that of the left skewed ones based on the symmetry ratio; the shape ratios range from 1.12 to 1.40 and the morphology ratios from 0.038 to 1.294; the fractal dimension is 1.192. Gullies in different sites have diverse planar characteristics. Except for the symmetry index, which was close to a negatively skewed distribution, all of the other parameters had the characteristic of positively skewed distribution. The gully area is related to the length and width, but the gully length has a weak correlation with the width. The evolutionary stage, topographic conditions, strata, soil properties, and piping erosion played very important roles in the gully planar morphology. This study could provide useful information for controlling gully erosion and safeguarding human habitation and engineering buildings.

Soil erosion risk evaluation using GIS in the Yuanmou County,a dry-hot valley of Yunnan, China

Soil erosion is a major threat to sustainable agriculture. Evaluating regional erosion risk is increasingly needed by national and in-ternational environmental agencies. This study elaborates a model (using spatial principal component analysis [SPCA]) method for the evaluation of soil erosion risk in a representative area of dry-hot valley (Yuanmou County) at a scale of 1:100,000 using a spatial database and GIS. The model contains seven factors: elevation, slope, annual precipitation, land use, vegetation, soil, and population density. The evaluation results show that five grades of soil erosion risk: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. These are divided in the study area, and a soil erosion risk evaluation map is created. The model may be applicable to other areas of China because it utilizes spatial data that are generally available.

Simulation of Morphological Development of Soil Cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region, Southwest China

Soil cracking is an important process influencing water and solutes transport in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region of Southwest China. Studying the morphological development of soil cracks helps to further reveal the close relationship between the soil cracking process and water movement in such semi-arid regions. Here we report regular changes on surface morphology of soil cracks with decreasing water in four different soils (Typ-Ustic Ferrisols,Ver-Ustic Ferrisols,Tru-Ustic Vertisols and Typ-Ustic Vertisols) through simulation experiments. Our results indicate the following: 1) Different soils ultimately have different development degrees of soil cracks,according to their various values of crack area density. Soil cracks in Typ-Ustic Ferrisols can only develop to the feeble degree,while those in the other three soils are capable of developing into the intensive degree,and even into the extremely intensive degree. 2) Soil crack complexity,as expressed by the value of the area-weighted mean of crack fractal dimension (AWMFRAC),is found to continuously decrease as a whole through the whole cracking process in all the studied soils. 3) Soil crack connectivity shows a uniform trend in the studied soils,that is to say,connectivity gradually increases with soil crack development.

1956—2019年元谋干热河谷潜在蒸散发的变化及影响因素

为探究元谋干热河谷地区潜在蒸散发变化特征及其影响因子,通过应用彭曼蒙特斯模型、曼-肯德尔突变检验、气候倾向率和距平相关方法,分时段分析1956—2019年逐日气象要素值。结果表明:元谋干热河谷地区潜在蒸散发整体呈极显著下降的趋势,年度潜在蒸散发在1982年发生突变;各季潜在蒸散发变化明显,变化速率从大到小依次为3—5月、12月—次年2月、6—8月、9—11月;除1956—1982年12月—次年2月,1982—2019年9—11月、12月—次年2月潜在蒸散发有所增长外,剩下时段都呈减少趋势,1982年为各季的突变点。潜在蒸散发转折点为1982年;1982年前,年度潜在蒸散发距平占主导;1982年后,负距平占据主导,2008、2015年发生两次较大的波动。元谋干热河谷地区年潜在蒸散发变化主要取决于日照时间、气温和平均相对湿度;各季潜在蒸散发主要是由各气象要素共同作用的结果,且具有季节性差异;1982年以前,6—8月、9—11月潜在蒸散发的减少和12月—次年2月潜在蒸散发的增加仅与平均风速的减弱有关。

元谋干热河谷1988—2022年参考作物蒸散量的演变趋势及其影响因素

为研究元谋干热河谷地区参考作物蒸散量的变化及其影响因素,以元谋干热河谷1988—2022年气象站点逐日气象数据为基础,采用敏感度分析、贡献率分析、主成分分析、通径分析、分层聚类分析、灰色关联度等定量和定性的方法分析元谋干热河谷参考作物蒸散量变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:近35 a,元谋干热河谷年度、旱、雨季参考作物蒸散量均呈显著上升趋势(Z>1.96),每10 a增幅分别为18.663、3.903、14.761 mm,增幅表现为雨季大于旱季,2008年既是年度参考作物蒸散量转折点也是突变点,旱、雨季的参考作物蒸散量无突变点;主成分分析结果显示,根据综合得分系数和权重对8个气象因子进行排序,从大到小依次为,日最高气温、日平均气温、日相对湿度、日照时间、日最低气温、日平均风速、日平均降水、实际水汽压;聚类分析结果将8个气象要素划分为6类,灰色关联度值计算结果与主成分分析结果一致,灰色关联度和主成分分析互相验证;元谋干热河谷的年度参考作物蒸散量主要受到日最高气温的影响,而在不同季节,参考作物蒸散量的主导因素不同。

Statistical analyses of metric data of hominoid teeth found in Yuanmou of China

Mesial-distal and buccal-lingual dimensions of 1 266 hominoid teeth found in Yuanmou of Yunnan Province during the period of 1986 and 1988 have been measured. The statistical analyses of the metric data show that the tooth sizes of Yuanmou hominoid can be divided into big and small two types, and most tooth dimensions display obvious bimodalities in both histograms and 2 dimensional plots. The coefficients of variance (CV) reveal that the CVs of Yuanmou hominoid tooth sizes are within or close to the CV ranges of Lufengpithecus and extant great apes. The comparisons of tooth sizes and their proportions indicate that Yuanmou hominoids have close affinities with Lefeng and Kaiyuan hominoids, and have obvious differences with Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Orangutan. The authors believe that the hominoid fossils found in Yuanmou in the past 10 years represent a single species with highly sexual dimorphism in morphology and this species may have a close evolutionary relationship with the hominoids found in

基于机器学习算法的森林生物量多源遥感估测

为进一步探索不同空间分辨率影像在10 m×10 m样地尺度下森林生物量估测性能及协同机器学习算法(RF、SVM、DT、GBM、k-NN、Stacking)的估测效果,利用光学遥感GF2(高分二号卫星)、sentinel 2A、Landsat 8 OLI、SUM(整合3种遥感数据源)影像及辅助变量DEM高程数据、环境因子、林分因子(森林类型、优势树种),在Boruta算法变量选择下用机器学习算法对元谋地区乔木林森林生物量(地上+地下)进行遥感估测,并比较4种影像下的估测精度。研究表明:(1)基于Boruta算法分别对3种影像及整合3种影像条件下进行变量选择,单一影像中sentinel 2A的植被指数PEIP、Landsat 8 OLI的纹理因子b2_ME_9×9、GF2的GNDVI分别为3种影像下的最高得分变量,多源融合估测森林生物量中GF2的GNDVI为最佳得分变量;(2)基于Boruta算法选择的变量构建RF、SVM、DT、GBM、k-NN算法以及对5个模型的Stacking集成算法,SUM的Stacking集成算法的估测效果最优,模型决定系数(R2)为0.73,均方根误差(RMSE)为28.46 t·hm^(-2),集成算法下的SUM的估测性能优于sentinel 2A、Landsat 8 OLI,GF2优于sentinel 2A,sentinel 2A的估测性能优于Landsat 8 OLI。研究结果说明在生物量遥感估测中高分辨率影像具有较好的估测效果,同时多源遥感协同估测、集成算法均可提高森林生物量遥感估测精度,可为森林生物量遥感估测提供参考和借鉴。

Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of Yuanmou Miocene hominoids of China

Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of 5 lower permanent incisors of Late Mio-cene Yuanmou hominoids was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The enamel incremental markings, as well as perikymata spacing and its periodicity were observed and counted. Using the perikymata number and periodicity, the crown formation times of the incisors are estimated. The transverse and longitudinal microstructures of the enamel prisms are also ob-served. Comparison of the dental development and enamel microstructure features of Yuanmou hominoids with those of Lufeng hominoids shows that there are similarities and also some differ-ences between them. The relationship between Yuanmou hominoids and early hominids is dis-cussed.

基于不同权重的土地利用空间自相关模型对比分析——以元谋县为例

[目的]研究不同空间权重矩阵对土地利用空间自相关模型的影响。[方法]以元谋县土地利用变量为基础,首先分析不同权重矩阵下土地利用类型及其驱动因子的空间自相关性,建立基于queen权重矩阵、rook权重矩阵和距离阈值权重矩阵的耕地时空格局演变的空间自回归模型,选取拟合优度、最大似然对数值、赤池信息准则、施瓦茨信息准则、影响因子数量和模型残差空间自相关性等参数作为模型评价指标,对比分析经典线性回归模型、空间滞后模型和空间误差模型的差异。[结果]2018年元谋县土地利用类型和土地利用驱动因子在不同空间权重矩阵下均呈现出较强的空间正相关关系。通过对比3种权重矩阵的经典线性回归模型、空间滞后模型和空间误差模型,发现在同一空间自相关模型中,基于距离阈值权重矩阵的空间自回归模型的拟合效果较好,基于同一个空间权重矩阵,空间误差模型的拟合效果较好。[结论]空间相关性与空间权重矩阵有关,基于距离阈值矩阵的空间误差模型的拟合度最高,解释能力最强,能更好表征云南高原山区的土地利用格局的空间演变。

元谋苴林地电场改造前后数据分析

以楚雄地震监测中心站元谋苴林地电场观测资料为研究对象,结合该地电场观测以来两次改造的思路与具体内容,对两次改造前后共3个时间段内的观测数据曲线变化特征及数据质量进行对比分析,得到以下经验,供其他地电场观测台站进行改造与建设作参考:①固体不极化电极的抗干扰能力及稳定性远超铅电极;②电极埋深需更多考虑土壤电性一致而非注重埋设深度,应在建台时做好场地的地勘工作,确保各电极埋设后接地电阻无较大差距,同时还应注意电极引线埋深一定要大于农户日常耕作可能触及的深度;③双“L”型布极需严格按照地电台站建设规范布设长短极距;④对于架空线路绝缘问题,可做抱箍与电杆间先通过绝缘橡胶垫绝缘,再做抱箍与钢绞线间通过绝缘子再次绝缘,特别是有地电阻率同场地观测的台站,更应注重钢绞线绝缘问题。

Late Miocene wood flora associated with the Yuanmou hominoid fauna from Yunnan, southwestern China and its palaeoenvironmental implication

The Upper Miocene Xiaohe Formation of the Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan Pro- vince, southwestern China, is famous for its hominoid fauna and is important for studying the Late Cenozoic human and mammal evolution. Abundant fossil wood was found associated with this fauna, which provided important evidence for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the basin. Among the fossil wood, two different taxa have been identified namely, Quercoxylon sp. （Fagaceae） and Pterocarya sp. （Juglandaceae）. Based on the habitats of their Nearest Living Relatives （NRLs）, it is suggested that upland subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by QuercuslLithocarpus was common around the basin, while a lowland deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by Pterocarya was present on the river bank of the basin during the Late Miocene.

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Neoproterozoic Metamorphism of Kangding and Yuanmou Intrusive Complexes,Sichuan and Yunnan

To clarify the relationship of the metamorphic intrusions along the west margin of the Yangtze craton and their metamorphic history after crystallization, the petrochemical and trace element geochemical characters, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating, and the chemical compositions of coexisting hornblendes and plagioclases from Neoproterozoic metamorphic intrusions in Kangding （康定）, Sichuan （四川） Province, and Yuanmou （元谋）, Yunnan （云南） Province, were studied. Combined with the former published data, it is indicated that the Kangding granitic plutons and Yuanmou complex in the west margin of the Yangtze craton generally formed at the same period. Metamorphic event at ~700 Ma existed extensively, at least covering from Kangding area in Sichuan to the Eshan （峨山） area in Central Yunnan. Moreover, amphibolite facies may represent the peak regional metamorphic condition.

傅元谋教授从阳虚痰凝辨治肿瘤经验

肿瘤系目前医学界一大难题、也是阻碍人类健康的一大祸首。中医在肿瘤治疗中展现出一定的优势与应用前景。傅元谋教授责肿瘤为阳气虚羸、寒痰凝结。在治疗上,傅老尤重脾胃、阳气,亦重脉证一致与否,创制傅氏温阳散结汤进行治疗,在肺癌骨转移一例中疗效显著。

Paleomagnetic age and palaeobiological significance of hominoid fossil strata of Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan

The two sections containing hominoid fossils in the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Prov-ince have been studied by means of magnetostratigraphy. The results are as follows. The Xiaohe section records over 8 polarity zones corresponding to Cande-Kent95 time scale, including C3Br.1n, C3Br.1r, C3Br.2n, C3Br.2r, C4n.1n, C4n.1r, C4n.2n and C4n.2r, attaching to Late Mio-cene. This section comprises two layers of hominoid fossils: the lower layer (the 1st layer in fig. 4) which records the lower portion of C4n.2r with paleomagnetic age of 8.20—8.10 Ma and the upper layer (the 16th layer in fig. 4) which records C3Br.1r with paleomagnetic age of 7.20—7.15 Ma. So the age of hominoid fossils in the Xiaohe section is about 8.20—7.15 Ma. The Leilao section records over 11 polarity zones corresponding to Cande-Kent95 time scale, including C3Br, C3Br.1n, C3Br.1r, C3Br.2n, C3Br.2r, C4n.1n, C4n.1r, C4n.2n, C4n.2r, C4n.3n and C4n.3r, attaching to Late Miocene. This section also consists of two layers of hominoid fossils: the lower layer (the 3rd layer in fig. 3) which records C4n.2r with the age of 8.20—8.10 Ma and the upper layer(the 19th layer in fig. 3) which records the middle portion of C3Br with the age of 7.15—7.1 Ma. So the age of hominoid fossils in the Leilao section is about 8.20—7.10 Ma. Sedimentary environments reflected in both sections are extremely similar, and the ages of hominoid fossils are of correspondency. The age of the lower and upper fossil layers is 8.20—8.10 Ma and 7.20—7.10 Ma respectively, which probably imply that hominoids living in Xiaohe and Leilao basins have uniform activity areas. There were hominoids activities all along during 8.00—7.00 MaBP in this field.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON GENETICS AND TYPE FOR EARTH FOREST IN YUANMOU BASIN

The earth forest is a geomorphic type of the running water found in recent years in China. At some distribution regions of loose or semicemented fluviolacustrine facies strata, owing to scouring of rainstorm runoff, thousands of gullies and ravines and some stretches of earth columns were formed, like a stretch of forest observed at a distance, thus it was named earth forest.The earth forest landform developed the most typically in the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Province. Through the study, such as strata of fluviolacustrine facies, neotectonics, geomorphics, soil, climate, vegetation, etc., the authors pointed out the condition for forming the earth forest landform and its five development stages, and then divided it into four types: thin gully-earth gemma type, round basin-earth column type, broad gully column fort type and slope-remaining column type.

云南某铜矿尾矿库涉重金属堆场环境风险隐患排查与评估分析

对云南省某铜矿尾矿库涉重金属堆场的现状进行调查和研究,综合评估该铜矿尾矿堆场的环境风险隐患,发现存在的重金属矿种可能含有铜、镍、铅、锌等重金属成分,这些重金属在高浓度情况下对环境和生态系统具有潜在的危害性,通过加强环境风险管理和整治工作,可为尾矿堆场的可持续运营和社会责任发挥积极作用。

Soil Crevice Formation and Erosion in Yuanmou Dry-Hot Valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent rubified soil is probed. Results show that there are similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay （D〈0.002 mm） contents （Co） are relatively higher between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents are lower between 2.2-6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils have a high content of 2：l type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which are the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics show that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure are the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices change the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term ＂soil crevice erosion＂ was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion plays a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area.