The clutch size,incubation behavior of Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation

Weather conditions play a pivotal role in embryo development and parental incubation costs,potentially impacting the clutch size and incubation behavior of birds.Understanding these effects is crucial for bird conservation.Reeves’ s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) is a threatened species endemic to China,which is characterized by female-only incubation.However,there is a lack of information regarding the impact of weather conditions on clutch size and incubation behavior in this species.Using satellite tracking,we tracked 27 wild female Reeves’ s Pheasants from 2020 to 2023 in Hubei Province,China.We explored their clutch size and incubation behavior,as well as their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation.Clutch size averaged 7.75 ±1.36,had an association with average ambient temperature and average daily precipitation during the egglaying period,and was potentially linked to female breeding attempts.Throughout the incubation period,females took an average of 0.73 ±0.46 recesses every 24 h,with an average recess duration of 100.80 ±73.37 min and an average nest attendance of 92.98 ±5.27%.They showed a unimodal recess pattern in which nest departures peaked primarily between 13:00 and 16:00.Furthermore,females rarely left nests when daily precipitation was high.Recess duration and nest attendance were influenced by the interaction between daily mean ambient temperature and daily precipitation,as well as day of incubation.Additionally,there was a positive correlation between clutch size and recess duration.These results contribute valuable insights into the lifehistory features of this endangered species.

Snowfall Shift and Precipitation Variability over Sikkim Himalaya Attributed to Elevation-Dependent Warming

Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial,rain,and snow-fed springs and lakes.Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways,and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them.This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming(EDW),snowfall shift,and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset.Furthermore,the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north.The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall.A positive advancement in snowfall trend(at a rate of 1 mm per decade)has been noticed above 4500 meters.The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns,moving from lower elevations to much higher regions.This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen(3600 m)to higher elevated areas.Moreover,the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March(JFM)to February-April(FMA).Subsequently,the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature,precipitation,and snowfall.The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall(–0.9),temperature and S/P ratio(–0.5)suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid,which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation.The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern.In the climate change scenario,a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.

IMPACT OF SSTA OF SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ON FLOOD SEASON PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN YUNNAN

Based on the reanalysis data of monthly mean global SST and wind from the NCEP/NCAR and the observation data of rain seasons in 124 stations of Yunnan province from 1961 to 2006, we applied the analytical methods of correlation analysis and composite analysis and a significance testing method to two sets of samples of average differences. The goal is to investigate into the influence of the Southern Hemispheric(SH) SST on the summer precipitation in Yunnan from January to May so as to identify the key time and marine regions. Physical mechanisms are obtained by analyzing the influence of sea level wind and the key marine regions on the precipitation during Yunnan's rain season.Results show that there is indeed significant relationship between the SST in SH and summer precipitation in Yunnan.The key areas for influencing the summer precipitation are mainly distributed in a region called "West Wind Drift" in the SH, including the Southeast Indian, southern Australia, west coast of eastern Pacific off Chile, Peru and the southwest Atlantic Magellan. Besides, the most significant marine region is the west coast of Chile and Peru(cold-current areas of the eastern Pacific). Diagnostic analysis results also showed that monsoons in the Bay of Bengal, a cross-equatorial flow in the Indian Ocean near the equator and southwest monsoon in India weaken during the warm phase of the Peruvian cold current in the eastern Pacific. Otherwise, they strengthen.

THE INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION FOR YUNNAN PROVINCE IN RAINY SEASON AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TROPICAL UPPER LAYER TEAT CONTENT

Based on the monthly precipitation data of 126 observation stations from 1961 to 2000 in Yunnan Province, the interannual and decadal variability of precipitation in rainy seasons are studied by using wavelet analysis. It is shown that there is a 2-6 year oscillation at the interannual time scales and a quasi-30 year oscillation at the decadal time scales. These periodic oscillations relate to the distribution of tropical heat content. When the precipitation is much more (less) than normal, the upper seawater is colder (warmer) in almost all the tropical Indian Ocean, and warmer (colder) in the western Pacific as well as colder (warmer) in the eastern Pacific. The key areas of the anomaly heat content distribution that have significant correlation to the Yunnan precipitation in rainy season are in the southern hemispheric Indian Ocean with a dipole pattern in the winter as well as in the deep basin of the South China Sea (SCS) before the Yunnan rainy season begins. Therefore, the anomalous distributions of the heat content in the southern Indian Ocean and the SCS In winter are good indicators for predicting drought or flood in Yunnan Province in the following rainy season.

滇西南1976年龙陵M_(S)7.3、M_(S)7.4双强震触发滑坡遥感解译及其构造意义

深入研究中国滇西南地区发育的龙陵-澜沧新生地震构造带对于合理划分活动地块边界及未来开展强震危险性评价工作具有重要意义。使用高分辨率卫星影像对已发生的双强震震例开展回溯研究是一种可行的技术手段。文中对震前、震后高分辨率Keyhole卫星影像进行遥感解译,结合野外验证和前人研究结果,获得了1976年M_(S)7.3、M_(S)7.4龙陵双强震触发滑坡较为完整的数据库。结果显示:1)共解译滑坡14448个,总面积为17.2km^(2),70.9%的滑坡分布在花岗岩质的岩体风化层中,单体滑坡面积集中在数百至1000m^(2)区间,多为表层风化层内的浅层滑坡,滑动距离较小;2)同震滑坡密集区与高烈度区不匹配,其空间分布显示破裂区规模约为30km,且均位于活动断裂的一侧,表明其发震构造并非为龙陵-瑞丽断裂或畹町断裂。滇西南地区共轭强震破裂可能局限了单次强震的空间规模,因此在确认未来强震危险区时应重点关注NE向与NW向构造的交会部位。

Influence of precipitation on bacterial structure in a typical karst spring,SW China

Micro-organisms are major components in the environment, which play a key role in groundwater environment. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity over time in a typical karst spring named S31 and its response to hydrogeochemical parameters. Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was adopted to detect changes of the bacterial community structure. For the correlations between hydrogeochemical parameters and predominant phyla, redundancy analysis were adopted. According to the results, hydrochemical characteristics were controlled by carbonate equilibrium system and dynamic groundwater transformation which was influenced distinctly by precipitation. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that HCO_3^-, Ca^(2+), Eh, temperature and cumulative precipitation are the most important hydrogeochemical and environmental parameters to determine the bacterial community structures. That is to say, temperature can influence bacterial abundance by controlling dissolved oxygen content. Precipitation is another important factor which determines the community composition and bacterial structure directly or indirectly. Moreover, acidobacteria, proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes play key roles in response to the environmental factors in the groundwater of karst zones.

Variation characteristics of extreme precipitation from 1955 to 2015 in Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province

In order to give guidelines for the execution of countermeasures in response to extreme precipitation events.the tempo-spatial variation characteristics of extreme precipitationare are analyzed by 11 extreme precipitation indexes during the past 60 years(1955-2015)in Shijiazhuang City.The results showed that the extreme precipitation of Shijiazhuang City generally showed a downward trend in the past 60 years,and the wet day precipitation(PRCPTOT)exhibited the most obvious downward trend.There were significant spatial differences in the trend of extreme precipitation indexes.According to the spatial superposition of the historical trend of extreme precipitation index and Hurst index,the extreme precipitation intensity indexes in most areas of Shijiazhuang city will continue to decline in the future,and the extreme precipitation intensity indexes in some central areas will continue to rise.

汕头S波段双偏振雷达降水估测效果分析

为提高雷达定量降水估测的精度,本文选取2018—2022年汕头地区3次西南季风和3次台风降水过程,利用S波段双偏振雷达和自动站雨量计资料进行雷达降水估测效果分析。通过5个误差指标,分析了传统的PPS法、Ryzhkov的Ryzhkov法、郭佳的CSU-HIDRO_I法和汪舵的HCA-LIQ法,共4种雷达降水估测算法在6次降水过程中的降水估测效果,得出以下结论:在不分降水量级和降水类型的情况下,采用CSU-HIDRO_I进行雷达降水估测效果最优;在分雨强的情况下,小雨类采用Ryzhkov最优,中雨类和强降水类采用CSU-HIDRO_I最优;在分降水类型的情况下,西南季风降水过程中采用CSU-HIDRO_I最优,而台风降水过程中采用HCA-LIQ最优。在实际应用中,可综合考虑雨强和降水类型,采用相应的降水估测算法以提高雷达在定量降水估测的精度。

Site and Regional Trend Analysis of Precipitation in Central Macedonia, Greece

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trend of precipitation in Kilkis region (Greece) at the site and regional level in various time scales. At the site level, the precipitation trend was analyzed using three tests: 1) Mann-Kendall, 2) Sen’s T and 3) Spearman while the trend slope was estimated using the Sen’s estimator. At a regional level, nonparametric spatial tests such as Regional Average Mann-Kendall (RAMK) and BECD’s (Bootstrap Empirical Cumulative Distributions) were elaborated with and without the effect of cross correlation. The trend of precipitation was noticed generally downward at annual time scale and statistically significant at 5% level of significance only in only one station. The results of the analysis of trends at the regional level showed in total the influence of cross correlation in the time series since the number of trends detected is reduced when cross correlation is preserved. Precipitation data from 12 stations were used. The study results benefit water resource management, drought mitigation, socio-economic development, and sustainable agricultural planning in the region.

丽江与芦山两次M_(S)7.0地震震例回溯研究及亚失稳特征探讨

基于川滇地区的跨断层观测资料,采用多种形变分析方法,针对川滇地区监测状况较好的1996年丽江、2013年芦山两次M_(S)7.0地震开展震例回溯研究,并以亚失稳理论及实验室结果为指导,归纳总结跨断层观测获得的断层运动在亚失稳阶段的时空变化特征及可能的表现形式,寻找区域范围内断层运动协同化现象,探索地震进入亚失稳状态的跨断层识别标志。结果表明:两次地震前,震源区在震前数年主要表现为弱变形的状态,可能是孕震晚期发震断层闭锁、断层近场应力应变积累趋于极限的表现。震源区边缘附近300 km范围内在震前数月至3年出现显著的断层形变异常,断层活动具有协同化现象,但仅个别跨断层场地观测到了与实验室岩石破裂失稳过程类似的图像,大多数场地仅仅观测到了稳态(线性阶段)、亚稳态(偏离线性阶段)特征,亚失稳态特征并不清晰,分析可能与跨断层场地所处的构造位置及观测周期有一定关系。

滇西南地区地壳S波速度结构反演及强震孕震环境分析

基于滇西南地区31个宽频带地震台站记录的远震三分量波形数据,提取径向P波接收函数,以“中国地震科学实验场地区地壳剪切波速模型”为初始模型,进行精细化结构反演(垂向精度达2km级),并采用Bootstrap重采样技术进行统计和评估,获取了各台站下方的S波速度结构,结合地壳厚度、泊松比分布,对滇西南地区的地壳深部结构及强震孕震环境进行研究。结果表明:①研究区地壳S波速度分布在横向和垂向上均存在明显的非均匀特性。在中上地壳0~20km深度范围内存在明显且连续的低速层,平均厚度约15km,最大厚度达20km。在中下地壳20~28km深度范围内局部区域存在明显的低速层(厚度约8km),主要分布在普文断裂北端至阿墨江断裂中部区域(23°N附近),另外,在红河断裂附近和澜沧江断裂北部的局部区域也有分布;②从孕震环境来看,景谷M_(S)6.6和M_(S)5.8、墨江M_(S)5.9地震均发生在中上地壳低速层内,老挝M_(S)6.0地震发生在高、低速度的过渡区域。滇西南地区新生破裂带较为发育,地震波速的减小可能与地壳断裂或微裂隙中有流体的存在有关,研究区NW向新生破裂带的存在以及流体的长期作用,为带内高应变的突然释放提供了条件。另外,4个地震均发生在泊松比变化的高梯度带上,且地震发生处地壳厚度变化均较大。地壳厚度、泊松比变化剧烈的地区,地壳物质组成差异明显,壳内应变易于积累,有利于强震的诱发。

泸定M_(S)6.8地震卫星红外辐射异常

1研究背景将卫星遥感红外资料应用于地震监测,起始于20世纪80年代前苏联科学家。后续国内外学者陆续开展了这方面的研究,提出了涡度、RST、ZS、距平和功率谱等异常提取方法,取得了大量震例和机理方面的研究成果(张元生等,2002;Tramutoli et al,2005;Ouzounov et al,2007;Freund,2011;Jing et al,2022)。张铁宝等(2016)研究表明,川滇块体东边界带强震前,川滇块体存在显著的超阈值辐射增强异常。利用该地区通过震例总结得到的红外辐射异常特征,持续对川滇块体红外辐射进行了多年跟踪,在2022年9月5日四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震前,川滇块体又再次出现了类似的异常变化。泸定地震发生在川滇块体东边界的鲜水河断裂带磨西段。本研究主要分析泸定地震前红外辐射的异常变化。

Q value of anelastic S-wave attenuation in Yunnan region

The study of seismic attenuation property is a major subject in seismology. Seismic waves recorded by seismic stations （seismographs） contain source effect, seismic wave propagation effect, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response. The path effect of seismic wave propagation, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response must be taken out in the study of source property with seismic data. The path effect of seismic wave propagation （seismic attenuation） involves an important influential factor, the anelastic attenuation of medium, which is measured with quality factor Q, apart from geometric attenuation with the distance. As a basic physical parameter of the Earth medium, Q value is essential for quantitative study of earthquakes and source property （e.g. determination of source parameters）, which is widely used in earthquake source physics and engineering seismology.

Comprehensive drought monitoring in Yunnan Province, China using multisource remote sensing data

Development of drought monitoring techniques is important for understanding and mitigating droughts and for rational agricultural management. This study used data from multiple sources, including MOD13 A3, TRMM 3 B43, and SRTMDEM, for Yunnan Province, China from 2009 to 2018 to calculate the tropical rainfall condition index(TRCI), vegetation condition index(VCI), temperature condition index(TCI), and elevation factors. Principal component analysis(PCA) and analytic hierarchy process(AHP) were used to construct comprehensive drought monitoring models for Yunnan Province. The reliability of the models was verified, following which the drought situation in Yunnan Province for the past ten years was analysed. The results showed that:(1) The comprehensive drought index(CDI) had a high correlation with the standardized precipitation index, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, temperature vegetation dryness index, and CLDAS(China Meteorological Administration land data assimilation system), indicating that the CDI was a strong indicator of drought through meteorological, remote sensing and soil moisture monitoring.(2) The droughts from 2009 to 2018 showed generally consistent spatiotemporal changes. Droughts occurred in most parts of the province, with an average drought frequency of 29% and four droughtprone centres.(3) Monthly drought coverage during 2009 to 2014 exceeded that over 2015 to 2018. January had the largest average drought coverage over the study period(61.92%). Droughts at most stations during the remaining months except for October exhibited a weakening trend(slope > 0). The CDI provides a novel approach for drought monitoring in areas with complex terrain such as Yunnan Province.

泸定M_(S)6.8地震前后川滇强震活动幕式图像分析

1研究背景2022年9月5日四川泸定发生M_(S)6.8地震,该事件对于未来强震活动形势发展及主体活动区域转移有何意义,是目前关注的焦点。本文继承了黄圣睦(2000)的川滇地区幕式结构研究思路和判定依据,其主要内容为:川滇作为一个地震构造块体,有着相同的新构造环境和地震活动紧密相连的充分依据。川滇之间没有像四川和甘肃或四川和青海之间存在的EW向秦岭构造带的横亘、阻截,将四川和云南作为整体研究,其幕式活动图像明显,可以比较容易把握强震活动规律。

Using leaf area index(LAI) to assess vegetation response to drought in Yunnan province of China

Climatic extremes such as drought have becoming a severe climate-related problem in many regions all over the world that can induce anomalies in vegetation condition. Growth and CO2 uptake by plants are constrained to a large extent by drought.Therefore, it is important to understand the spatial and temporal responses of vegetation to drought across the various land cover types and different regions. Leaf area index(LAI) derived from Global Land Surface Satellite(GLASS) data was used to evaluate the response of vegetation to drought occurrence across Yunnan Province, China(2001-2010). The meteorological drought was assessed based on Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)values. Pearson's correlation coefficients between LAI and SPI were examined across several timescales within six sub-regions of the Yunnan. Further, the drought-prone area was identified based on LAI anomaly values. Lag and cumulative effects of lack of precipitation on vegetation were evident, with significant correlations found using 3-, 6-, 9-and 12-month timescale. We found 9-month timescale has higher correlations compared to another timescale.Approximately 29.4% of Yunnan's area was classified as drought-prone area, based on the LAI anomaly values. Most of this drought-prone area was distributed in the mountainous region of Yunnan.From the research, it is evident that GLASS LAI can be effectively used as an indicator for assessing drought conditions and it provide valuable information for drought risk defense and preparedness.

Geochemistry of Jinman Copper Vein Deposit,West Yunnan Province,China─Ⅱ.Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Geochemical Characteristics

The Jinman deposit is a Ag-bearing copper vein deposit located at the north marginof the Lanping-Simao back-arc basin in West Yunnan. Systematic studies of fluid inclusions andstable isotopes are presented in this paper. The filling-replacement stage and the boiling-exhala-tive precipitation stage of mineralization took place at T1 = 140 - 280℃ and T2 = 94 - 204℃under pressure of (600 - 1200) ×105 Pa. The salinity of ore-forming solutions ranges from 5 wt%-20. 8 wt% (NaCl). Sulphide δ34S(CDT) values are in the rang of - 9.6‰ - + 11.03% witha range of 22. 66‰ showing an apparent "pagoda"-shaped distribution in histogram. Mean-while, the δ34S values of the various sulphides are consistent with the characters of isotope equi-librium fractionation, i. e., δ34SPy>δ34 SCp> δ34SBn. The TS/TOC ratios of the ores are widelyvariable between 0.16 and 5. 54 with no correlation of any kind can be established. Accirding to themodel of Ohmoto, the oxidation-reduction ratios of sulfur species in ore-forming solutions at the twomineralization stages were calculated to be R’1 = 2. 16×10(-17) and R’2 = 1. 55×104. δ13CCO2 (PDB)values obtained from fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz are between - 8.12‰ - - 3. 18‰, av-eraging - 5. 26‰, which are comparable with the isotopic composition of mantle-derived CO2.Inclusions in quartz yield δ13CCH4(PDB) between - 32. 11‰ and - 22. 04‰ (averaging- 26. 69‰),similar to that of methane in modern geothermal gases. For the ore-forming soutions, δ18OH2O(SMOW) values are between - 10. 57‰ and + 9. 77‰ and δDH2O(SMOW) are between - 51‰and - 135‰. Considering the effect of isotope exchange during waterrock reactions, most ofthe data are plotted along or close to the line defined by the reaction of meteoric water withclastic rocks, while a small part of the points fall near the reaction line of magmatic water withclastic rocks. In δ13C vs. δ18O diagram, the ore-forming soutions are plotted for the most partinto the mixing area between the meteoric fluid and the deep-seated fluid and partially on themixing line of P = 1.

Interannual Variation of the Onset of Yunnan’s Rainy Season and Its Relationships with the Arctic Oscillation of the Preceding Winter

Based on an analysis of the circulation in May associated with the interannual variation of the onset of Yunnan’s rainy season, this study examined the rela-tionship between Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the onset timing of the rainy sea-son by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and observational precipitation data for 1961-2010. The results indicated that, on an interannual time scale, intense Asian summer monsoon and an active EU-pattern wave train circulation in its positive phase, associated with a cold cyclonic cell covering the western part of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ), jointly contributed to the onset of the rainy season in May. Otherwise, the onset might be suppressed. The cold cyclonic cell over East Asia likely led to the southward shift and enhancement of EASWJ as well as its secondary circulation around the jet entrance, which could provide a favorable dynamic and thermal condition for rainfalls in Yunnan as was revealed in previous studies on 10 - 30-day time scale. Further examination showed that the preceding wintertime AO played a significant role in the timing of the onset of the rainy season before the mid-1980s’ by mostly modulating the wave-train-like circulation over East Asia in May. During that time period, when the AO index of the previous winter was positive (negative), Yunnan’s rainy season tended to begin earlier (later) than normal. Correspond-ingly, the precipitation in May was also closely linked to wintertime AO.

Frequency-dependent attenuation of P and S waves in Yunnan region

We analyzed digital seismogram data of 5668 earthquakes that occurred in Yunnan region between July of 1999 and December of 2003. Among the 22 seismic stations, six ones, namely Baoshan, Yongsheng, Lijiang, Heqing, Yimen, and Luquan, were selected and their attenuations of P and S waves were measured by using the extended coda-normalization method. The six stations were classified into three regions according to their location, that is, Baoshan area, Yongsheng-Lijiang-Heqing (YLH) area and Luquan-Yimen (LY) area. The values of QS-1 and QP-1 are expressed as QS-1=0.00867 f-0.86, QP-1=0.01155 f-0.93, QS-1=0.01824 f-0.92, QP-1=0.02288 f-0.92, and QS-1=0.01647 f-0.91, QP-1=0.02826 f-0.97 in Baoshan, YLH, LY areas respectively. The attenuation of YLH, LY are closer to each other, however, Baoshan area is apparently lower. Comparing attenuation in the three areas with other areas of the world using the same method, it is suggested that the attenuations of P and S waves in YLH and LY areas are close to Kanto of Japan, but much higher than southeast of South Korea. The QS-1 and QP-1 in Baoshan area are slightly higher than southeastern South Korea. Furthermore, the results indicate that our QS-1 in Yunnan area is close to others by analyzing the coda attenuation.

滇西北兰坪盆地金满-连城脉状Cu多金属矿床Cu-S同位素特征及其指示意义

兰坪盆地西缘发育一系列脉状Cu多金属矿床,成矿独具特色,它们的成矿流体普遍存在大量富CO_(2)流体包裹体,在整个兰坪盆地罕见,显著区别于世界上已知的各类贱金属矿床。本研究测定了兰坪盆地西缘两个代表性脉状Cu矿床(金满Cu矿床和连城Cu-Mo矿床)主成矿阶段黄铜矿和黝铜矿的Cu-S同位素组成,探讨其成矿物质来源和成矿机制。结果表明,金满Cu矿床黄铜矿的δ^(65)Cu值变化较大(-3.62‰~0.48‰),δ^(34)S值为-4.0‰~12.1‰,可能与多期流体活动、成矿物质多来源有关,成矿主要与深部岩浆活动有关,成矿晚期有地层物质的加入。连城Cu-Mo矿床主成矿期黄铜矿δ^(65)Cu值为-0.31‰~2.12‰,δ^(34)S值为-3.6‰~1.4‰,暗示成矿与深部岩浆作用有关。