Determination of vanadium in food and traditional Chinese medicine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Various experimental conditions were described for the vanadium determinationby graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The experiments showed that whenatomization took place under the conditions where the combination of a pyrolytic coating graphitetube and fast raising temperature were used and the temperature was stable, the signal peak shapescould be improved, the sensitivity was enhanced, and the memory effect was removed. The vanadium infood and traditional Chinese medicinal herbs can be accurately determined using the standard curvemethod.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Nickel (Ⅱ) by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Coupled with Cloud Point Extraction

A new method based on the cloud point extraction（CPE） for separation and preconcentration of nickel（Ⅱ） and its subsequent determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry（GFAAS） was proposed, 8-hydroxyquinoline and Triton X-100 were used as the ligand and surfactant respectively. Nickel（Ⅱ） can form a hy-drophobic complex with 8-hydroxyquinoline, the complex can be extracted into the small volume surfactant rich phase at the cloud point temperature（CPT） for GFAAS determination. The factors affecting the cloud point extraction, such as pH, ligand concentration, surfactant concentration, and the incubation time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, a detection limit of 12 ng/L and a relative standard deviation（RSD） of 2.9% were obtained for Ni（Ⅱ） determination. The enrichment factor was found to be 25. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of nickel（Ⅱ） in certified reference material and different types of water samples and the recovery was in a range of 95%―103%.

A Study of the Background Absorption of Chitosan in the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

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Preconcentration of Vanadium(Ⅴ) on Crosslinked Chitosan and Determination by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A new method is proposed for the preconcentration of vanadium(Ⅴ) with crosslinked chitosan (CCTS) and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The adsorption rate of vanadium(Ⅴ) by CCTS was 97% at pH 4.0, and vanadium(Ⅴ) was eluted from crosslinked chitosan with 2 mL 2.0 mol·L -1 chlorhydric acid and determined by GFAAS. The detection limit (3σ,n=7) for vanadium(Ⅴ) was 4.8×1 0 -12g and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) at concentration level of 2.6 μg·L -1 is less than 3.6%. The method shows a good selectivity and high sensitivity, and it was applied to determination of vanadium(Ⅴ) in oyster and water samples. The analytic recoveries are (97±5)%.

Determination of Trace Iron in High Purity Sodium Fluoride by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A method is described for the direct determination of iron in high purity sodium fluoride using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Interferences caused by the matrix are investigated. It is shown that the ashing temperature can be increased to 1 400°C and matrix interferences eliminated, the sensitivity of iron increased in 1. 27 fold by the addition of nickel nitrate. The method is applied to the determination of iron in sodium fluoride and satisfactory results are obtained.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead by Modified Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Liquid Phase Microextraction with Pyrimidine-2-thiol

The liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was combined with the modified Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) for determination of lead in the water and solid samples. In a preconcentration step, lead was extracted from a 2 ml of its aqueous sample in the pH = 5 as lead-Pyrimidine-2-thiol cationic complex into a 4 μl drop of 1,2 dichloroethane and ammonium tetraphenylborate as counter ion immersed in the solution. In the drop, the lead-Pyrimidine-2-thiol ammonium tetraphenylborate ion associated complex was formed. After extraction, the microdrop was retracted and directly transferred into a graphite tube modified by [W.Pd.Mg] (c). Some effective parameters on extraction and complex formation, such as type and volume of organic solvent, pH, concentration of chelating agent and counter ion, extraction time, stirring rate and effect of salt were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor and recovery were 525% and 94%, respectively. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.01 - 12 μg?L–1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9975 under the optimum conditions of the recommended procedure. The detection limit based on the 3Sb criterion was 0.0072 μg?L–1 and relative standard deviation (RSD) for ten replicate measurement of 0.1 μg?L–1 and 0.4 μg?L–1 lead was 4.5% and 3.8% respectively. The characteristic concentration was 0.0065 μg?L–1 equivalent to a characteristic mass of 26 fg. The results for determination of lead in reference materials, spiked tap water and seawater demonstrated the accuracy, recovery and applicability of the presented method.

A Study of the Background Absorption of Slurry Algae in the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

In general, biological organisms have the ability to absorb a specific element selectively. Holcombe and his co-workers reported that copper, nickel and cobalt could be separated from riverine and sea-water samples and cadmium from river water samples by unicellular green algae and were determined by slurry GFAAS. Dar-

Determination of Pb Content in Soil Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[ Objective] A method was established to determine trace Pb in soil by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. [ Method] The pre-treatment of soil sample was conducted by nitric acid -perchloric acid -hydrochloric acid system. Palladium nitrate was added to eliminate ma- trix interference. Digestion acid, ashing and atomization temperature of the sample were selected. The operating parameters of instrument and tem- perature-rise program of graphite furnace were optimized. National standard matter was used to verify accuracy of the method. [Result] The detec- tion limit for Pb was 0.27 μg/g by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and the recovery rate was 91.0% -96.1%. [ Conclusion The method had rapid analysis velocity, high sensitivity, less interference and easy operation. When applied to determination of trace Pb in the soil, the method obtained satisfactory results.

Measuring Conditions for the Determination of Lead in Iron-Matrix Samples Using Graphite Atomizers with/without a Platform in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

In graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), the atomization process of lead occurring in graphite atomizers with/without a platform plate was investigated when palladium was added to an iron-matrix sample solution containing trace amounts of lead. Absorption profiles of a lead line were meas- ured at various compositions of iron and palladium. Variations in the gas temperature were also estimated with the progress of atomization, by using a two-line method under the assumption of a Boltzmann distribu- tion. Each addition of iron and palladium increased the lead absorbance in both the atomizers, indicating that iron or palladium became an effective matrix modifier for the determination of lead. Especially, palladium played a significant role for controlling chemical species of lead at the charring stage in the platform-type atomizer, to change several chemical species to a single species and eventually to yield a dominant peak of the lead absorbance at the atomizing stage. Furthermore, the addition of palladium delayed the peak after the gas atmosphere in the atomizer was heated to a higher temperature. These phenomena would be because the temperature of the platform at the charring stage was elevated more slowly compared to that of the furnace wall, and also because a thermally-stable compound, such as a palladium-lead solid solution, was produced by their metallurgical reaction during heating of the charring stage. A platform-type atomizer with palladium as the matrix modifier is recommended for the determination of lead in GF-AAS. The optimum condition for this was obtained in a coexistence of 1.0 × 10–2 g/dm3 palladium, when the charring at 973 K and then the atomizing at 3073 K were conducted.

Investigation of Distribution for Trace Lead and Cadmium in Chinese Herbal Medicines and Their Decoctions by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Lead and cadmium in herbal medicines are highly toxic to living organisms even in low concentrations. An effective method is developed for analysis of trace lead and cadmium in Chinese herbal medicines and their decoctions by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The effects of analytical conditions on absorbance were investigated and optimized. A water-dissolving capability for Pb and Cd was investigated, and the contents of different species in five Chinese herbal medicines and their decoctions were analyzed. The content ratios (kow) of n-octanol-soluble Pb or Cd to water-soluble Pb or Cd were evaluated, and the distribution of Pb and Cd in water decoction at stomach and intestine acidities was developed, in the first time. The contents of water-soluble Pb and Cd, n-octanol-soluble Pb and Cd, and their content ratios were related with the kind of medicine and the acidity of the decoction. The proposed method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity and high speed, with 3 σ detection limits of 4.2 pg for Pb and 0.1 pg for Cd.

Determination of Heavy Metals at Sub-ppb Levels in Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Direct Introduction Technique after Preconcentration with an Iminodiacetate Extraction Disk

A direct analysis method combining an iminodiacetate extraction disk (IED) with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for the determination of Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn, Pb, and Bi at sub-ppb levels in water. A 100 mL water sample was adjusted to pH 5.6 with nitric acid and a 1 mol?L–1 ammonium acetate solution, and then passed through an IED (diameter, 47 mm;effective filtering diameter, 35 mm) at a flow rate of 80 - 100 mL?min–1 to preconcentrate seven analytes. The IED was dried at 100?C for 20 min in an electric oven, and 110 - 145 small disks, each 2 mm in diameter, were punched out from the IED. A small disk was introduced into the graphite furnace and atomized according to a heating program. For Cd, Sn, Pb, and Bi measurements, Pd was used as a chemical modifier to enhance the absorbances. Calibration was performed using aqueous standard solutions. The detection limits, corresponding to three times the standard deviation (n = 5) of the blank values, were 0.092 μg·L–1 for Co, 0.12 μg·L–1 for Ni, 0.40 μg·L–1 for Cu, 0.077 μg·L–1 for Cd, 0.92 μg·L–1 for Sn, 0.61 μg·L–1 for Pb, and 0.80 μg·L–1 for Bi with an enrichment factor of 140 using a 100-mL water sample. A spike test for the seven analytes in tap water, rainwater, river water, and mineral drinking water showed quantitative recoveries (93% - 108%).

Mechanism of boron atomization in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

The mechanism of the atomization of boron and the enhancement of sensitivity by matrix modifier Sr(NO_3)_2 in graphite furnace AAS were discussed.X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic calculation were applied to study the mechanism of boron atomization with and without matrix mo- difier Sr(NO_3)_2.The formation of boron atom is due to the sublimation of solid boron which derived from the reduction of B_2O_3 by carbon.The enhancement of boron signal in the presence of Sr(NO_3)_2 is due to the formation of SrB_6 before atomization,which decreased the volatization losses of B_2O_3 and retarded the formation of B_4C.

Z-2700石墨炉原子吸收测定化探样品中痕量金

本文采用泡塑富集化探样品中痕量金,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定痕量金。试样经灼烧,王水密封溶矿,泡塑富集,硫脲解脱等过程进行了改进及条件控制,该方法具有检出限低,灵敏度高,操作简便,速度快,劳动强度小,适用地质化探样品中痕量金的测定。

悬滴微萃取-高分辨连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯石墨中的超痕量金

准确测定高纯石墨中的超痕量金,难点是如何在最大程度地减少样品前处理过程中器皿、试剂、材料、环境及设备所引入的二次污染的前提下,实现对样品溶液中超痕量金(0.1~1ng/mL)的有效分离和高倍富集。本文建立了铂皿中灰化、酸解、磷酸三丁酯悬滴微萃取的方法用于高纯石墨中超痕量金分析。首先于铂皿中高温灼烧除去样品中的固定碳,然后采用氢氟酸-王水-高氯酸将灰分消解完全制备成样品溶液,再以微升级磷酸三丁酯悬滴作为萃取剂,分离富集样品溶液中的金,最后采用高分辨连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)对悬滴中的金进行测定。实验结果表明,使用2.5μL磷酸三丁酯悬滴(氯仿体积为20%)作为萃取剂,在10%盐酸介质的样品溶液中萃取金2min,对金的富集倍数可达283倍。在实验条件下,金的质量浓度在0.1~2.0ng/mL范围内与其吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.999,检出限为0.11ng/g,样品溶液中一定量的共存元素(如钠、镁、铝)对金的测定无干扰。按照实验方法测定5个高纯石墨实际样品中的金含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.5%~4.9%,加标回收率为94.9%~105.3%。

石墨炉原子吸收测定间接空冷机组循环水中的痕量铝

采用石墨炉原子吸收测定SCAL型间接空冷机组循环水中的痕量铝,从石墨炉工作参数、基体改进剂、试剂空白、水样前处理等方面进行了实验条件优选。实验结果表明:石墨炉灰化温度、原子化温度分别为700℃和2 700℃,不加基体改进剂条件下,铝离子标液质量浓度在0~20μg/L范围内标准曲线线性相关系数可达到0.999 8,相对标准偏差小于10%,检测下限为0.5μg/L。采用水样酸化静置1 h后直接测定并与标准加热消解法测定值进行了对比,相对误差小于5.0%,空白值小于0.5μg/L,有效解决了加热消解法空白值高的问题,提高了间接空冷机组循环水中小于10μg/L痕量铝测定的准确性。

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测量干香菇镉含量的不确定度来源评定

依据国家计量技术规范《测量不确定评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012),针对干香菇镉含量的原子吸收光谱法(石墨炉法)检测过程,分析测量不确定度的来源,不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、标准物质、样品制备、线性拟合标准曲线、石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪等5个方面,通过建立相应的数学模型,计算评定上述5个方面来源的相对标准不确定度分别为0.00743、0.00268、0.02275、0.00866和0.00005,合成标准不确定度为0.0151 mg∕kg,最终得出测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.03 mg∕kg。结果表明,在该试验中标准曲线线性拟合计算质量浓度是不确定度引入的最主要因素。

Cd在污泥厌氧消化中的检测及其对产沼气的抑制研究

为了研究重金属Cd对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响,在序批式反应器中,通过控制进料中Cd的浓度,分析了Cd在污泥处理系统内的检出与去除规律,以及Cd对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响。研究结果表明,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法能有效检测污泥中Cd的浓度,且Cd的初始浓度会影响Cd的去除效率;浓度>1.0 mg·L-1的Cd抑制了污泥厌氧消化产甲烷,最低甲烷产量为77.9 mL·g-1;Cd降低了污泥厌氧消化内有机质的水解,5.0 mg·L-1的Cd暴露组中溶解性COD和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的最大值分别为1455 mg·L-1和794 mg·L-1,低于对照组。高浓度Cd会降低污泥减量率,至24.5%,增加了污泥后续处理的难度。

Z-2000石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定化探样品中的痕量金

使用泡沫塑料富集金，经硫脲解脱，采用斜坡升温模式和热解涂层石墨管，经管壁原子化，分析测定化探样品中的痕量金，讨论不同曲线对测定结果的影响。通过标准回收实验和不同分析方法结果对照及对国家一级标准物质的分析测定，表明该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度，方法检出限为0．1×10^-9，方法回收率在97％-106％之间，精密度（RSD，n=12）为3％～11％，满足1：5万化探样品中痕量金的分析要求。

Z-5000石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定痕量金检出限的探讨

以泡沫塑料富集分离—石墨炉测定痕量金为例,讨论了检出限测定过程中空白试剂的选择及测定,并通过测定方法的改进来提高石墨炉原子吸收测定痕量金的检出限。从检测结果来看,试剂空白计算得到的检出限只代表仪器的检测能力,而真实空白得到的检测限才能体现出方法的真实检出限。研究结果表明,通过加入抗坏血酸和增加进样可有效提高泡沫塑料富集分离—石墨炉测定痕量金的检出限。

Z-2000偏振塞曼石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定地球化学样品中痕量金

用φ=50％的王水分解样品，聚氨酯泡沫塑料吸附富集金，10g／L硫脲为解脱剂，偏振塞曼石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定痕量金。对干燥、灰化、原子化、净化温度和时间，以及载气流量和灯电流强度进行了讨论；对影响金吸附效果的泡塑载体和王水浓度等因素进行了研究。通过实验得到了Z-2000偏振塞曼原子吸收分光光度计最佳石墨炉分析测试条件。方法检出限为0.3ng／g，回收率为95．0％-101．0％，精密度（RSD，n=12）低于8．0％，经国家一级标准物质（GBW07243-GBW07245）分析验证，结果与标准值相符。