花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)凋落物分解过程中酚酸的释放及其浸提液对土壤化学性质的影响

应用分解网袋法研究了花椒凋落物分解过程中(0、10、30d和60d)酚酸的释放动态及凋落物浸提液对花椒林地土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明:花椒凋落物在分解过程中呈现出明显的毒性动态。凋落物分解的60d中,凋落物残留量在前30d内变化最大,30d后无显著变化;凋落物中酚酸含量随分解时间的延长,呈显著降低的趋势,且在分解10d时,酚酸释放量最大。4个分解动态的凋落物浸提液显著地改变了土壤好气性自生固氮菌、氨化细菌、好气性纤维素分解菌的数量和土壤pH值、酚酸含量、铵态氮、有效磷等化学性质。不同分解时间的凋落物浸提液均造成了土壤pH值的显著升高;分解10d的凋落物浸提液对土壤铵态氮的含量具有显著的降低作用,对土壤好气性自生固氮菌和氨化细菌的生长均具有显著的促进作用,而对好气性纤维素分解菌的生长具有抑制作用;分解60d的凋落物浸提液显著地降低了土壤酚酸含量,对土壤有效磷含量具有显著的升高作用,对好气性自生固氮菌的生长具有抑制作用,而对好气性纤维素分解菌的生长具有促进作用。

Transdermal permeation of Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil on TCM components with different lipophilicity

Objective:To investigate the percutaneous penetration enhancement effect of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.(Z.bungeanum oil)on active components in externally-applied traditional Chinese medicines.Methods:Five model drugs,geniposide,puerarin,ferulic acid,tetramethylpyrazine,and osthole,were chosen based on their lipophilicity and tested using in vitro transdermal permeation studies consisting of Franz diffusion cells and full thickness rat abdominal skin.Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphological changes of rat skin tissue after treatment with Z.bungeanum oil.The molecular interactions between the oil and the polar head groups in stratum corneum(SC)lipids were monitored using molecular dynamic simulation,and the SC/vehicle partition coefficients and saturation solubilities of the selected model drugs treated with and without the oil were also determined to ascertain its mechanisms of action.Results:As oil concentration increased,the log ERflow trended toward a negative linear relationship with the lipophilicity of drugs.After treatment with Z.bungeanum oil,a mild lifting up and wrinkle on the SC surface were observed,and appeared to become more pronounced as oil concentration increased.There was no significant difference between the control and the Z.bungeanum oil at different concentrations in terms of saturation solubility of GP,while saturation solubilities of the 4 other drugs gradually increased as oil concentration increased.The oxygen-containing constituents in Z.bungeanum oil,such as terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole,which accounted for 57.95%of total oil,could form stable hydrogen bonds with the polar head group of ceramide 3.Conclusion:Z.bungeanum oil facilitated transdermal permeation of drugs with different lipophilicity,including the extremely hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs,whereas it exhibited greater enhancement activity for strongly hydrophilic drugs.The mechanisms of transdermal permeation enhancement by the oil could be explained with SC/vehicle partition coefficient,saturation solubility,and the interactions with SC lipids.

Identifying potential flavonoid biosynthesis regulator in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. by genome-wide characterization of the MYB transcription factor gene family

Plant MYB transcription factors(TFs) play crucial roles in regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids but current analysis on their role in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.(ZBM) is far from comprehensive. In this study, we identified 270 MYB genes in ZBM and divided them into four subfamilies. The R2 R3-MYB(ZbMYB) category contained 251 genes and was classified into 33 subfamilies according to their phylogenetic results and sequence similarity. These subfamilies included 24 subgroups containing both MYBs of ZBM plants and AtMYBs, and nine subgroups containing only ZBM MYBs or AtMYBs. ZbMYBs with similar functions clustered into the same subgroup, indicating functional conservation. The subcellular localization analysis predicted that most ZbMYB genes were found in the nucleus. The transposed duplications appeared to play a major role in the expansion of the MYB gene family in ZBM. Through phylogenetic analysis and transcriptome profiling, it was found that 28 ZbMYB genes may regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids in ZBM, and these genes expression presented distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns. In different fruit development stages of ZBM, the expression patterns of EVM0042160 and EVM0033809 genes obtained by qRT-PCR analysis are very similar to the flavonoid and anthocyanin content curves in ZBM. Further correlation analysis showed that the content of flavonoids in different fruit development stages and the transcript abundance levels of 28 ZbMYB genes have different degrees of correlation relationship. These results indicated that the ZbMYB genes might be involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathway. This comprehensive and systematic analysis of MYB family genes provided a solid foundation for further functional analysis of MYB TFs in ZBM.

Control of Southern Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato and Regulation of Soil Bacterial Community by Biofumigation with Zanthoxylum bungeanum Seed

Biofumigation is an environmentally friendly strategy used to control nematodes and plant diseases.The volatile oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum has high insecticidal and antibacterial activity.However,it is not known if the seed of Z.bungeanum is a suitable material for biofumigation to control southern root-knot nematodes(SRKN)on tomato,and how it may regulate the soil bacterial community structure.We used pot experiments in the greenhouse to determine the effects of Z.bungeanum seeds on SRKN,plant growth parameters,soil physicochemical and microbial characteristics.A total of 26 volatile components,including nematicidally active substances,were identified from Z.bungeanum seeds.Z.bungeanum seed biofumigation significantly reduced the SRKN population by 88.89%and 81.55%on the 50th and 100th day after transplanting,respectively.Compared to the control,the total soluble sugar,soluble solids,soluble protein,titratable acid,root activity and the fruit yield per tomato plant increased significantly.The content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available potassium and the soil enzyme activities were also significantly increased.The soil bacterial diversity and the co-occurrence network complexity were increased by Z.bungeanum seed biofumigation.Relativelymore keystone OTUs in biofumigation soil had potential plant growth-promoting capabilities.The function of Z.bungeanum seed increasing tomato production in SRKN-infected soil depends on directly killing SRKN and improving soil properties.These results indicate that Z.bungeanum seed can be used as both a nematicide and a high quality organic fertilizer in tomato production.

Extracts of Zanthoxylum bungeanum regulate cholesterol accumulation induced by sterols and LPS in vitro and in vivo

In this investigation,the effects of PE,EtOAc,and BuOH fractions from Zanthoxylum bungeanum on cholesterol accumulation induced by sterols and LPS were determined in vitro and in vivo.HepG2 cells induced by 25-hydroxychoelsterol and cholesterol were employed as cell model.After treatment with PE,EtOAC,or BuOH fractions,cellular total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B secretion were significantly reduced.In addition,compared with control group,expressions of SREBP2,HMGCR,and ACAT decreased,while CYP27A1,ABCA1,and LDLR levels increased.Cholesterol accumulation was also induced in C57BL/6 mice by LPS and the mice were used as the animal model.Determination of serum TNF-α level and hepatic mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-6,iNOS,COX-2 revealed that EtOAc and BuOH fractions had anti-inflammatory effects.Furthermore,hepatic total cholesterol was reduced,accompanied by the elevation of LXR-α and ABCA1 gene expression in BuOH fraction treated mice.Since EtOAc and BuOH fractions were found active,bioassay-guided isolation was performed and β-sitosterol,eudesmin,sesamin and syringaresinol-β-D-glucoside were isolated from the fractions.

New alkylamides from pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum

Two new unsaturated alkylamides （2E,7E,9E）-N-（2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl）-6,11-dioxo-2,7,9-dodecatrienamide （1） and （2E,6E,8E）-N-（2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl）-10-oxo-2,6,8-decatrienamide （2） together with six known compounds （3-8） have been isolated from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR experiments.

Antitumor Compound Identification from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil Based on Composition-activity Relationship

The chemical composition of Zanthoxylum bungeanum（Z bungeanum） essential oi1（39 batches） was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） analysis（23 ingredients）, and the antitumor activity against HeLa cells was detected via the MTT[3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Two composition-activity relationship（CAR） models, generalized regression neural network（GRNN） and support vector regression（SVR） were respectively used to calculate the mean impact value（MIV） so as to identify bioactive com- pounds. Among them 9 ingredients（peaks 4, 15, 7, 8, 13, 3, 16, 9 and 11） were selected due to their high absolute MIVs. All of them have been confirmed with potential antitumor activity by previous researches. The CAR model combined with MIV was expected to be a credible tool for the active compound identification from herbs.

Cytotoxicity and enhancement activity of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.as a natural transdermal penetration enhancer

The aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil （essential oil from Z. bungeanum Maxim.） on cytotoxicity and the transdermal permeation of 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The cy- totoxicity of Z. bungeanum oil on dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes was studied using an MTT （3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide） assay. The rat skin was employed to determine the percutaneous penetration enhancement effect of Z. bungeanum oil on hydrophilic and lipophilic model drugs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil and indomethacin. The secondary structure changes of the rat stratum comeum （SC） were determined using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （ATR-FTIR）, and saturated solubilities and SC/vehicle partition coefficients of two model drugs with and without Z. bungeanum oil were also measured to un- derstand its related mechanisms of action. It was found that the half maximal inhibitory concentration （ICs0） values of Z. bungeanum oil were significantly lower in HaCaT and CCC-ESF-1 cell lines compared to the well-established and standard penetration enhancer Azone. The Z. bungeanum oil at various concentrations effectively facilitated the percutaneous penetration of two model drugs across the rat skin. In addition, the mechanisms of permeation en- hancement by Z. bungeanum oil could be explained with saturated solubility, SC/vehicle partition coefficient, and secondary structure changes of SC.

Essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and its main components used as transdermal penetration enhancers: a comparative study

Our previous studies had confirmed that the essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. （Z. bungeanum oil） could effectively enhance the percutaneous permeation of drug molecules as a natural transdermal penetration enhancer. The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the skin penetration enhancement effect of Z. bungeanum oil and its main components on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） active components. Toxicities of Z. bungeanum oil and three selected terpene compounds （terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and limonene） in epidermal keratinocytes （HaCaT） and dermal flbroblast （CCC-ESF-1） cell lines were measured using an MTT （3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide） assay. Five model drugs in TCM external preparations, namely osthole （OT）, tetramethylpyrazine （TMP）, ferulic acid （FA）, puerarin （PR）, and geniposide （GP）, which were selected based on their lipophilicity denoted by IogKo^w, were tested using in vitro permeation studies in which vertical Franz diffusion ceils and rat abdominal skin were employed. The secondary structure changes of skin stratum corneum （SC） and drug thermodynamic activities were investigated to understand their mechanisms of action using Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy and saturation solubility studies, respectively. It was found that Z. bungeanum oil showed lower toxicities in both HaCaT cells and CCC-ESF-1 cells compared with three terpene compounds used alone. The enhancement permeation capacities by all tested agents were in the following increasing order： terpinen-4-ol=1,8-cineole〈limonene〈Z, bungeanum oil. The mechanisms of permeation enhancement suggested that these enhancers promoted the skin permeation of drugs mainly by affecting SC lipids. These results indicated that Z. bungeanum oil exhibited better performance in enhancing the skin permeation of active components in TCM preparations.

花椒病虫害绿色防控技术研究进展

花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)经济价值较高,在中国广泛种植,但其生长过程中易遭受病虫危害,科学的防治技术措施对花椒的绿色发展至关重要。从生态调控技术、生物防治技术、理化诱控技术、科学用药技术4个方面对花椒病虫害绿色防控技术进行综述,以期为生产上花椒病虫害绿色防控提供参考。

不同产地花椒中多酚类物质的鉴定与差异性分析

以不同产地大红袍花椒为研究对象,通过高效液相串联飞行时间质谱技术对花椒中多酚类物质进行定性和定量分析,并采用主成分分析法对各产地花椒进行综合评价。结果表明:在8个产地花椒中共鉴定出多酚类物质35种,其中酚酸类物质10种、黄酮类物质20种、香豆素类物质4种和酚醛类物质1种;17种多酚定量结果表明,绿原酸、槲皮苷和金丝桃苷是花椒中含量最高的3种多酚类化合物;对8个产地花椒中存在相关性的12种酚类物质做主成分分析并构建主成分得分表达式,结果显示,陕西安康大红袍花椒综合得分最高。综上表明,花椒中多酚类物质分布存在显著差异,并且以安康样品为最佳。

花椒根腐病拮抗菌株W-1基因组测序及抑菌机理研究

【目的】分析贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)W-1的全基因组序列信息,探究其对花椒根腐病的生防机理,为该菌的高效开发和应用提供生物信息学基础,并为该菌开发为生物农药提供理论支持。【方法】采用三代PacBio平台测序技术对菌株W-1进行全基因组测序,并对测序结果进行基因功能注释和比较基因组学分析;采用菌丝生长速率法测定菌株W-1发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物对花椒根腐病病原菌菌丝形态、病原菌孢子悬浮液电导率和核酸含量的影响。【结果】菌株W-1基因组全长4166284 bp,GC含量为46.32%,其中编码蛋白基因4037个;GO、eggNOG和KEGG数据库中注释到的基因数分别为2935、3087和2185个;预测到菌株W-1能产生14种次级代谢产物合成基因簇,包括sur‐factin、butirosin A/butirosin B、planttazolicin、macrolactin H、bacilaene、fengycin、diffcidin、bacillibactin和bacilysin等9种已知基因簇及5种未知基因簇;菌株W-1特有的基因家族53个,特有基因414个,与模式菌株B.velezensis FZB42的亲缘关系较近。菌株W-1提取物对花椒根腐病病原菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为4.50 mg/mL、最小杀菌浓度(MFC)为9.00 mg/mL。菌株W-1提取物可造成病原菌菌丝内含物外渗,在提取物浓度9.00 mg/mL处理10 h后,病原菌孢子悬浮液相对电导率比空白对照高57.63%、核酸含量比空白对照高64.91%。【结论】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌W-1能产生多种抗菌物质,其发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物可破坏花椒根腐病病原菌菌丝细胞膜的完整性,具有开发成生物农药的潜力,在花椒根腐病的绿色防控中具有良好的应用前景。

甘肃陇南不同种类花椒籽的营养成分对比研究

文章旨在以甘肃省陇南市文县九月青花椒籽、红花椒籽、无刺嫁接红花椒籽、为研究对象,采用凯氏定氮法、色谱法等测定花椒籽中蛋白、挥发油等主要营养成分的含量,评价3个不同种类花椒籽的饲用价值。结果表明,经过品种改良后,无刺嫁接花椒籽中的水分、总灰分和粗纤维含量下降,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量增加;无刺嫁接红花椒籽中粗脂肪、粗蛋白和挥发油含量显著高于九月青花椒籽和红花椒籽(P<0.05)。无刺嫁接红花椒籽中α-亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、顺油酸、顺亚油酸和十五烷酸中含量显著高于九月青花椒籽(P<0.05)。无刺嫁接红花椒籽中的天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、组氨酸含量和氨基酸总量均显著高于九月青花椒籽和红花椒籽中的氨基酸含量(P<0.05)。无刺嫁接红花椒籽所含必需氨基酸中异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸均低于FAO/WHO的推荐值,且只在无刺嫁接红花椒籽中检测出蛋氨酸,其中亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸和缬氨酸均高于FAO/WHO的推荐值。综上所述,3个不同种类的花椒籽中各组成成分种类和含量有所不同,其中无刺嫁接花椒籽富含多种营养成分,具有良好的饲用开发价值。

桂皮、八角和花椒中重金属的溶出及健康风险评估

为研究八角、桂皮和花椒中的重金属摄入风险,从主产区采集15份桂皮(广西藤县)、15份八角(广西浦北县)和15份花椒(贵州德江县)样品,采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱仪测定8种重金属(砷、钡、镉、铬、铜、锰、镍和铅)的含量,结合日常食用习惯,分析了这3种香辛料中的重金属在不同煮沸时间下的溶出情况,采用溶出结果计算其靶标危害指数(THQ)和非致癌风险指数(HI)。结果表明,这3个地区采集的八角、桂皮和花椒样品均未超过GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》要求,桂皮中Mn含量要显著高于其他香调料的含量。桂皮和八角中的As,八角中的Ba、Cd、Mn和Ni溶出率超过50%,Mn和Ni在16 h后溶出率超过了95%(分别为95%和96%)。桂皮和花椒的HI值在不同时间的煮沸浸提时间段没有显著性差异(P≥0.05),八角的HI值要显著高于桂皮和花椒(P≤0.05);通过计算发现:无论是单种香辛料摄入单个重金属的THQ值,还是单种香辛料摄入8种重金属的HI值或3种香辛料叠加摄入的HI值,正常摄入来自这些地区的八角、桂皮和花椒不会引起非致癌的健康风险。

大红袍花椒对流-辐射并联干燥BP神经网络模拟与品质研究

为探究热风干燥、热风-红外和热风-微波对流-辐射并联干燥对大红袍花椒干燥特性及品质的影响,实验分析了不同温度、装载量、干燥功率等条件下的大红袍花椒干燥曲线特征,运用BP神经网络进行拟合,并采用感官评价与GC-MS对3种干燥方式干制大红袍花椒挥发油进行分析。结果表明,热风-红外并联干燥的恒速期干燥速率高于热风干燥一个数量级,热风-微波并联干燥时长最短,出现二次升速且降速期不明显;升温、减少装载量或加大微波功率均有利于提高干燥速率和缩短干燥时间。BP神经网络的相关系数R值均能达到0.985以上,均方误差最低可达1.010×10^(-4),平均相对误差值E为4.55%,可很好地描述大红袍花椒的干燥动力学特性,预测大红袍花椒干燥过程含水率准确且迅速。3种干燥方式挥发油分别鉴定出40、39、28种化学成分,热风-微波并联干燥获取大红袍花椒挥发油中烯烃类化合物相对含量最大,但色泽和口感差,热风干燥花椒色泽最佳,挥发油中化合物种类最多,热风-红外并联干燥既缩短了大红袍花椒干燥时间,又能保持其良好品质,为较佳选择。

不同贮存年份的大别山区野生花椒精油成分分析及抗氧化活性测定

为了分析不同贮存年份的大别山区野生花椒精油成分,并测定不同贮存年份花椒所提取精油的抗氧化能力,采用顶空气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对其挥发性成分进行分析;采用DPPH法测定花椒精油的抗氧化活性。结果表明,当年、贮存1年和贮存2年的花椒精油提取率分别为(2.3±0.17)、(2.0±0.14)、(1.8±0.25)mL/100 g;当年、贮存1年和贮存2年的花椒精油中分离有效成分分别为23、15和12种;花椒精油浓度为16%时对DPPH的清除率最高,当年、贮存1年和贮存2年的花椒精油清除率分别达77.3%、64.7%和52.5%。因此,不同贮存年份的大别山区野生花椒精油均具有抗氧化能力,抗氧化能力随着贮存年份的延长而降低。在食品、保健品和香料香精等行业中使用花椒精油时,尽量使用当年采收的花椒。

花椒黄酮提取液-壳聚糖复合保鲜涂膜剂制备及其对圣女果保鲜效果评价

以花椒黄酮提取液、壳聚糖作为复合保鲜涂膜剂制备材料,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计安排试验,以花椒黄酮提取液及壳聚糖溶液浓度为自变量,加速货架期试验后圣女果质量保持率、硬度、可溶性糖及VC含量等指标的加权综合评分为响应值,利用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络结合遗传算法对复合保鲜涂膜剂配比进行优化研究;将按较优配比制备的复合保鲜涂膜剂对圣女果进行涂膜处理,分别在4、25℃下贮存,定时抽样检测,评价其保鲜效果。结果表明,复合保鲜涂膜剂较优制备条件为:花椒黄酮提取液浓度0.5283 mg/mL、壳聚糖溶液浓度0.6957%,两者复配比例1:1(v/v);贮存试验结果显示,其对圣女果保鲜效果良好。研究结果可为该涂膜剂在果蔬保鲜领域的应用提供参考。

不同花椒种质的花粉生活力分析及人工授粉对坐果率的影响

对4个国内外花椒优良种质的雄株花粉生活力进行初步测定,并对6个不同种质花椒进行人工授粉,计算坐果率,了解不同种质间人工授粉对花椒坐果率的影响,探究授粉与花椒产量提升间的相关性,以期为椒农生产生活提供理论支持。以供试4个花椒种质的雄株花粉为试验材料,利用TTC染色法对不同条件及不同贮藏时间下花粉生活力进行测定。选取晴朗高温天气,随机选取6个供试种质雌株各100花序,记录花序中小花数量。坐果期记录果实数量,计算坐果率。结果表明,花粉生活力在不同品种间存在极显著差异(P≤0.01)。其中凤县花椒花粉生活力最低(2.03%),‘朝仓’花椒花粉生活力最高(55.98%)。花椒花粉最适贮藏温度为-80℃,且花椒花粉生活力随贮藏时间增加而逐渐下降。其中,凤县花椒耐贮性较差,‘朝仓’花椒耐贮性较好。对花椒进行授粉后发现,‘朝仓’花椒在未授粉时坐果率极低,坐果率提升最明显(80.43%)。在国内花椒中,凤县花椒坐果率提升较大(10.89%)。在花椒种间杂交试验中,‘朝仓’花椒花粉对其余品种花椒坐果率均存在抑制作用,国内花椒种质花粉对‘朝仓’花椒授粉时,‘朝仓’花椒不坐果。不同花椒种质的花粉生活力存在差异,但花椒属植物花粉生活力均处于较低水平。-80℃为花椒花粉最适贮藏温度,且花粉生活力随贮藏时间下降。花椒授粉后坐果率与花粉生活力关联性不显著,导致坐果率变化的具体原因仍需进一步分析。‘朝仓’花椒可能与国内花椒种质远缘不亲和,存在生殖隔离。

不同温湿度大红袍花椒对流辐射干燥试验研究

为对比大红袍花椒热风干燥、热风-红外与热风-微波联合干燥的特性和品质,揭示对流辐射联合干燥大红袍花椒的干燥过程,指导大红袍花椒生产实践。通过薄层干燥试验,研究三种干燥方式在不同温度(50℃、60℃、70℃)和相对湿度(10%、30%、50%)条件下的干燥曲线和有效水分扩散系数,结合Weibull函数的尺度参数α、形状参数β及估算有效水分扩散系数进行干燥动力学分析,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察干制花椒油苞结构,提取挥发油进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明:热风干燥时间最长,升温降湿有利于提高热风干燥速率、缩短干燥时间,但对热风-红外和热风-微波干燥影响较小;Weibull函数能很好地模拟三种干燥方式,α随干燥条件变化明显,β>1,水分迁移是由物料表面和内部共同控制,估算水分扩散系数变化范围分别为1.303×10^(-7)~2.815×10^(-7)m^(2)/min、7.646×10^(-7)~9.628×10^(-7)m^(2)/min、2.200×10^(-6)~2.778×10^(-6)m^(2)/min,且与温湿度变化相关;热风干燥和热风-红外干燥能较好地保留花椒油苞,热风-微波干燥花椒油苞更为饱满;热风-微波干燥后花椒挥发油提取量最高(7.5%),烯烃类物质相对含量最大,热风干燥花椒提取挥发油含量最低,但挥发油中化合物种类最多。热风-红外联合干燥在缩短干燥时间和保持品质方面是较好的选择。

石漠化地区不同配方施肥下九叶青花椒产量与生长和养分储存的关系

【目的】揭示配方施肥下九叶青花椒产量与枝梢和根系生长、养分积累之间的关系,为提高花椒幼年期的经济产量及提前进入丰产期提供依据。【方法】在赤水河流域的遵义市播州区三合镇人工种植九叶青花椒林地设置样地,设置N、P和K共3个肥料因素,各因素均设置4个施肥水平,分析不同施肥处理对幼年期九叶青花椒枝梢和根系生长、非结构性碳水化合物含量、花芽分化率、结果枝率、穗粒数和产量等的影响。【结果】以尿素590 g/株、过磷酸钙1335 g/株、硫酸钾480 g/株、硼肥10 g/株、有机肥10 kg/株处理促进效果最佳,可显著提升九叶青花椒的花芽分化率、结果枝率、穗粒数、千粒重、坐果率和产量,其中,产量在各处理中最高,达1.088 kg/m^(2),比不施肥对照高73.49%。施肥改变养分在生长、养分贮藏以及生殖(开花结实)间的资源分配,施肥促进枝梢和根系生长,有利于植株获取养分,进而促进结实。产量与穗粒数显著相关,表明施肥能促进花芽分化且减少落花落果。施肥也促进枝条和根系可溶性糖含量积累,进而提高植株抗逆性。【结论】施肥可促进九叶青花椒养分积累、抗逆性提高(主要是对冬季低温),减少落花落果,进而提高产量。